The arteries of the humeral head and their relevance in fracture treatment

Bone vascularisation has gained increased interest in relation to the blood supply of bone fragments during treatment of fractures. In the current study the pattern of vascular supply of the proximal humerus was studied in six cadavers by the corrosion technique. Furthermore, the effect of fractures on the vascular supply was also investigated. In all preparations the intraosseous arteries of the humeral head arose from the circumflex arteries, which surrounded the humerus and dispatched branches towards the proximal end. The main vessel was the branch of the anterior circumflex artery, penetrating the major tubercle in six of six cases. Due to the intraosseous arch shape of this vessel it is referred to as the arcuate artery. Besides other smaller vessels, there was also a vascular network arising from the posterior circumflex artery. Their branches penetrated medially at the cartilage bone interface in five of six preparations. The medial bone arteries appear to gain distinctive importance in humeral head fractures by their impact on the vascularisation of the fracture fragments. After disruption of the arterial supply from the arcuate artery, the vascularisation of the head fragments is most likely ensured by this group of vessels. Therefore, necessary repositioning manoeuvres during open reduction of the fracture should be conducted with care in order to preserve these arteries.     

腓骨头血供的应用解剖学

在30例成人、10例儿童、2例胎儿尸体下肢上,对腓骨头血供进行应用解剖学研究。胫前返动脉,旋腓骨支和膝下外侧动脉在腓骨头外形成动脉吻合网。腓骨滋养动脉上升支供养腓骨头内松质骨。研究结果认为:在成人作腓骨头移植时可以腓动脉为蒂:若在儿童作腓骨头移植时,除了吻合腓血管外,最好同时吻合膝下外侧动脉,以充分保证骨骺的血供。     

带血管蒂肱骨中段骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的 :为带血管蒂肱骨中段骨膜瓣移位术提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 8侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体上肢标本上对肱骨中段前内侧面和部分前外侧面骨膜血管的来源、走行、分支、分布及吻合进行观测 ,并在 4侧标本上摹拟手术实验。结果 :旋肱前动脉主干行经喙肱肌和肱二头肌短头深面 ,绕肱骨外科颈外进至结节间沟外侧缘处分出升支和降支 ,升支上行分布于肱骨头及小结节部 ,降支有 2条分别沿胸大肌止腱内、外侧紧贴骨膜下行 ,为内侧降支和外侧降支。肱动脉肌间隙支自肱动脉发出后向外上走行至三角肌止端内侧发一升支即直接骨膜支上行连接旋肱前动脉的内侧降支。结论 :以旋肱前动脉内侧降支和肱动脉肌间隙支为蒂的肱骨中段骨膜瓣移位可用于修复肱骨头缺血性坏死和肱骨上、中段骨不连、骨缺损。     

The arterial supply of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii in the human: A combined anatomical and radiological study

PurposeArthroscopic repair of superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions is often associated with a prolonged period of pain during the rehabilitation process. This might possibly be due to hypoxia in the biceps tendon anchor caused by sutures. The purpose of the study was to investigate the arterial supply of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHBT) that may be impaired by surgery in the region of the biceps tendon anchor.MethodsOn 20 human formalin-fixed bodies, the anterior circumflex humeral artery (ACHA) was located and followed into the intertubercular groove until it reached the LHBT. On 10 fresh-frozen anatomic specimens of the upper extremities, contrast medium was injected into the axillary artery, a 3D scan was performed, and multiplanar reconstructed (MPR) slices were generated. A set of maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstructions from 10 computed tomography angiographies (CTA) of the upper extremities was used to confirm the findings of the 3D scan.ResultsAll anatomical dissections and radiological investigations revealed that the proximal portion of the LHBT was consistently supplied by an ascending branch of the ACHA. No artery was found to supply the biceps tendon anchor from the proximal aspect.ConclusionsAs the arterial supply of the LHBT is mainly provided by the ACHA, which enters the glenohumeral joint from the distal aspect, surgery at the bony origin of the LHBT may not interfere with this specific vessel.     

Rare variation of the axillary artery

The third part of the axillary artery unilaterally divides into two major arterial stems, named according to their localization as deep brachial artery and superficial brachial artery (brachial artery). The deep brachial artery gives off the posterior circumflex humeral artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, subscapular artery, and profunda brachii artery. It continues its course in the arm lateral to the median nerve and terminates by giving a minute twig to the radial artery. The superficial brachial artery is larger in caliber than the deep brachial artery and gives no branches in the arm region. In the cubital fossa it gives the ulnar and the radial arteries. This case is a variant of the axillary artery that has been rarely (0.12-3.2%) documented in the literature. Accurate knowledge of the normal and variant arterial anatomy of the axillary artery is important for clinical procedures in this region. Clin. Anat. 13: 66-68, 2000.     

旋肱前血管外侧降支为蒂肱骨上段骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的：为带旋肱前动脉外侧降支为蒂的肱骨上段外侧面骨膜瓣痊术提供解剖依据：方法：在３８侧经动脉环绕色乳胶的成人上肢标本上对旋肱前上侧降支的来源、走行、分布进行了了解剖学观测,并在４侧标本上不幕拟手术实验。结果：旋肱前动脉经 肱肌和肱二头肌短头深面,绒上科颈外进至结节间沟外侧缘分别分出升支和降支。升支上行分布于肱骨头和小结节部。降支有２条分别沿胸大肌止腱内、个侧紧贴骨膜下行,为内侧降支和外侧降支。外侧     

人工肱骨头置换中使用胸骨针行肱骨近端骨折肩袖重建

背景：越来越多的粉碎、移位严重而无法重建的肱骨近端骨折患者需要行人工肱骨头置换,但此类患者肩袖的重建直接影响治疗效果,置换过程中往往需要良好的肩袖重建。 目的：探讨胸骨针在肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换肩袖重建中的应用体会。 方法：34例肱骨近端四部分骨折患者行人工肱骨头置换时使用胸骨针修复肩袖,年龄67-78岁。人工肱骨头置换时未过分剥离骨折块与肩袖组织,保留肩袖组织与骨块相连,将胸骨针沿着肩袖大小结节表面肌腱-骨结合部环形缝合备用,可用多根,假体置入后,将肱骨大、小结节及碎骨块解剖复位,收紧胸骨针,大小结节及肩袖附着的碎骨块均原位贴在人工肱骨头下方。术中应尽可能将残余的肩袖和肌肉组织损伤进行缝合修复,并要注意缝合后的动力平衡。采用Neer标准对人工肩关节功能的恢复情况进行评价。 结果与结论：34例患者均获随访,随访时间1-3年,24例优,10例良,2例可;无关节脱位、半脱位等关节不稳情况,未见感染、神经损伤及假体松动病例。提示人工肱骨头置换过程中使用胸骨针进行肩袖修复及大小结节固定能使肩袖和大小结节接近解剖位置,并且比常规的涤纶线强度高,固定牢靠,能满足人工肱骨头置换后康复训练的需要,对肩关节的稳定性及功能恢复有重要作用。     

吻合血管腓骨修复股骨颈骨折与股骨头坏死的解剖学

目的：对吻合血管腓骨移植修复股骨颈骨折与股骨头缺血性坏死进行解剖学再探讨。方法：成人下肢标本,观测供区、受区血管的解剖学。结果：(1)观测了腓动脉及其伴行静脉起点的位置和外径及腓骨滋养动脉的分布。(2)观测了旋股外侧动脉及其升支的起点位置、干长和外径及其伴行静脉的外径。结论：旋股外侧血管升支为术式首选的受区血管,将腓动脉与旋股外侧血管的升支吻合,有利于重建股骨头颈的血供。     

肩袖损伤经关节镜辅助小切口和全关节镜肩袖修补的疗效比较

目的研究关节镜辅助小切口及全关节镜肩袖修补术对肩袖损伤的疗效。方法选取2013年5月~2015年5月骨科收治的72例肩袖损伤患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法进行分组,对照组(36例)进行关节镜下小切口肩袖修补术治疗,研究组(36例)进行全关节镜肩袖修补术治疗。对比归纳两组患者临床治疗情况、住院时间、关节功能恢复等。结果两组手术前后加州大学肩关节(UCLA)评分、美国肩与肘协会(ASES)评分、关节活动度、肌力等比较,0.05,无明显差异;研究组术后视觉疼痛量表(VAS)评分、住院时间优于对照组,0.05,差异显著;组内比较:两组术后VAS评分、UCLA评分、ASES评分、关节活动度、肌力等均优于术前,差异明显(0.05)。结论全关节镜与关节镜辅助小切口肩袖修补对肩袖损伤的治疗近期疗效相当,患者术后肩关节肌力、功能恢复佳;但全关节镜治疗患者术后疼痛轻,恢复迅速,具有较高的临床治疗意义。     

肩胛下血管蒂复合组织瓣移植的解剖学基础

目的：为以肩胛下血管为蒂复合组织瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：４０侧成人上肢标本解剖观察肩胛下动脉的分支类型及分布。结果：肩胛下动脉分支有３种类型：①肩胛下动脉直接分出旋肩胛动脉和胸背动脉,占５２．５％;②肩胛下动脉发出旋肩胛、胸背、旋肱后或胸外动脉,占４０％;③旋肩胛动脉与胸背动脉分别起于腋动脉,占７．５％。旋肩胛动脉恒定发浅、深支,浅支分布于肩胛冈下部筋膜皮肤,深支分布于肩胛骨外侧缘。胸背动脉恒定发肩胛骨支、前锯肌支,分布于肩胛骨外侧缘中下部、前锯肌及第５～７肋。胸背动脉于肩胛骨下角上方１．９ｃｍ处分为内、外侧支。结论：９２．５％可以肩胛下血管为蒂形成：①肩胛（骨）皮瓣与背阔肌皮瓣;②肩胛（骨）皮瓣与侧胸皮瓣;③肩胛（骨）皮瓣与前锯肌肋骨瓣。７．５％则可以胸背动脉为蒂形成背阔肌皮瓣与前锯肌肋骨瓣。     

带血管蒂大转子骨瓣修复股骨头、颈的解剖及其应用

通过60侧解剖标本观测了供应大转子后部的应供来源.我们设计了以旋股内侧动脉深支或臀下动脉吻合支为血管蒂的大转子骨瓣转位植骨以修复股骨颈骨折和股骨头缺血性坏死.临床已施行20例均取得良好的近期效果.     

Bilateral double axillary artery: embryological basis and clinical implications

An unusual bilateral variation in the arterial pattern of the axilla was observed in an embalmed cadaver. Each axilla contained two axillary arteries of similar origins but different patterns of branching and fate. The first part of each axillary artery was a single vessel as is the norm. It gave off a supreme thoracic artery and then bifurcated into two medium-sized arteries hence referred to as regular and variant. The variant artery ran in an antero-medial course, partly covered by the one axillary vein. The regular artery gave off the thoracoacromial and two posterior branches from its second part, the anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries from its third part, and then continued as the brachial artery with all the usual branches except the profunda brachii on the right side. The variant gave off five arteries from the second part, a thoracoacromial artery, two separate long thoracic arteries each with a branch that ran along the intercostobrachial nerve to the arm, and two posterior branches. In the third part of the variant, the subscapular artery arose with its usual branches plus a common origin for two additional humeral circumflex arteries. The variant terminated as the profunda brachii artery to the right side while on the left side it terminated in muscular branches to the triceps. Hence, the arterial blood supply to the upper limb, and the axillary region in particular, was shared on both sides by two major arteries instead of one. These two arteries emanated from the first part of the axillary artery and may represent persisting branches of the capillary plexus of the developing limb buds. The findings have an embryological basis and clinical relevance considering the frequency of procedures in this region.     

肩袖修复术后再撕裂相关因素的研究

肩袖损伤是临床常见的肩关节疾病，目前肩关节镜下肩袖修复术已广泛用于肩袖损伤治疗，但术后再撕裂率仍较高，部分患者再次出现肩关节持续疼痛、活动受限，严重影响患者生活质量。肩袖再撕裂主要发生在关节镜修复术后6~26周，高龄、骨质疏松、糖尿病、原始撕裂大小、肌肉脂肪浸润程度、修复强度不足及过度术后康复等为其危险因素。本文对肩袖修复术后腱骨愈合机制、术后再撕裂的诊断及影响因素（内在因素、外在因素、康复因素）进行综述，以期为临床治疗提供参考依据。     

带血管蒂大转子骨瓣联合植骨治疗股骨头坏死

背景：由显微外科技术在股骨头坏死治疗的运用中发展而来的带血管蒂大转子骨瓣联合植骨为治疗中青年股骨头缺血性坏死的主要方法之一。 目的：通过回顾及分析对于大转子骨瓣移植治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的相关临床及基础研究,从不同层面对大转子骨瓣移植术的研究进行探讨。 方法：以“Osteonecrosis Femoral Head、greater trochanter bone flap”或“Osteonecrosis Femoral Head、 bone flap”或“Osteonecrosis Femoral Head、 finite element analysis”为检索词,检索pubmed数据库(1972年1月至2011年10月);以“股骨头坏死、大转子骨瓣”为检索词,检索CNKI数据库(1979年1月至2011年10月)。选择以大转子骨瓣移植治疗股骨头坏死相关,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。根据纳入标准共46篇文章进行综述。 结果与结论：关于目前较常用的病灶清除+带旋股外侧动脉横支大转子骨瓣联合打压植骨+游离髂骨瓣植骨治疗股骨头缺血性坏死报道甚少,此术式结合了皮质骨的生物力学优势,同时又有带旋股外侧动脉横支大转子骨瓣加松质骨粒提供良好的血供环境,能很好的解决血供与力学重建的平衡性,达到股骨头的生理重建。     

同种异体带血供肱骨移植的解剖学研究

目的为吻合血管同种异体肱骨移植提供解剖学依据。方法在40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本上,着重观测肱骨上端及肱骨干滋养血管和骨膜血管的来源、分布、长度和外径;50根干燥成人肱骨,观察肱骨上端及肱骨干的滋养孔。结果肱骨上端外科颈周围平均有(7.7±2.0)个(4～12个)滋养孔,滋养支来自旋肱前动脉和旋肱后动脉。肱骨干滋养孔1～3个,主要位于肱骨中段前内侧面,距内上踝(11.7±2.2)cm(6.5～17.0cm)。滋养动脉主要来自肱动脉,长(2.6±0.7)cm(1.5～5.0cm),外径(1.3±0.6)mm(0.8～2.2mm)。结论选用旋肱前血管为蒂,可行肱骨上段移植,选用肱血管和肱深血管为蒂,可作肱骨中段移植。     

Variant anatomy of the cystic artery in adult Kenyans

Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy.