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目的探究儿童哮喘控制测试(C-ACT)评分与哮喘患儿肺功能及气道反应性的相关关系。方法对2009年10月至2010年5月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院哮喘门诊就诊的273例哮喘患儿,测量肺功能并同时完成C-ACT评分,以第1秒用力呼气流量占预计值百分比(FEV1%)和最大呼气流量占预计值百分比(PEF%)作为通气功能指标与C-ACT进行相关性分析;根据乙酰甲胆碱激发实验将气道反应性分为重度、中度、轻度和极轻度4级,比较各级间C-ACT得分及大小气道通气功能指标的差异,研究C-ACT与通气功能及气道反应性的关系。结果 C-ACT与FEV1%、PEF%的相关系数分别为0.25和0.34(P<0.01),去除就诊前4周患上呼吸道感染和小于7岁的患儿后,其相关系数分别为0.42和0.52(P<0.01);气道反应性重度和极轻度组间C-ACT得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),中度和轻度组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 C-ACT评分与哮喘患儿通气功能、气道反应性有较好的相关性,就诊前4周内是否患有上呼吸道感染和年龄是影响其相关性的两个主要因素。     

哮喘儿童支气管舒张试验中大小气道功能指标变化对比研究

目的 探讨儿童哮喘发作时支气管舒张试验中大小气道功能指标变化的临床意义.方法 选择2012年10月至2014年4月哮喘初次发作患儿51例,采用Master Screen肺功能仪,在雾化吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇前、后进行肺功能检测;比较用力肺活量(FVC)、呼气峰流速(PEF)、1秒用力肺活量(FEV1)、1秒率(FEV1/FVC)、最大呼气中段流量(MMEF)、用力呼气流速(FEF)25、FEF50、FEF75的变化.结果 51例患儿的平均年龄(7.30±2.33)岁.患儿哮喘发作时支气管舒张试验总阳性率58.8%,并有随病情加重而升高的趋势;与舒张试验前比较,舒张试验后大小气道各指标的绝对值、占预计值百分比均明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01);以代表大气道指标的FEV1改善率≥12%判定为舒张试验阳性,阳性率58.8%;以代表小气道指标的MMEF改善率≥25%判定为舒张试验阳性,阳性率70.6%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.214).结论 哮喘发作患儿FEV1基础值>70%亦可行支气管舒张实验,同时结合大、小气道指标以判断气道可逆性可以更全面反映哮喘的病情严重程度.     

Sex influences on lung function and medication in childhood asthma

AIM: To evaluate possible sex differences in prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of asthma, and influence on lung function associated with asthma severity in a population-based birth cohort (BAMSE) of 4089 children. METHODS: At 4-y follow-up, 92% responded to a questionnaire on symptoms of asthma, current medication and doctor's diagnosis of asthma. A total of 2965 children participated in clinical testing, including measurements of peak expiratory flow (PEF), and were assigned to groups of asthma or no asthma by reported airway symptoms. RESULTS: Children in asthma groups had lower PEF readings compared to healthy children. This effect was most pronounced for both sexes in the persistent group (boys p<0.05, girls p<0.001) and for girls in the transient group (p<0.01). A doctor's diagnosis of asthma did not significantly differ between boys and girls, but significantly more boys than girls had inhaled corticosteroids, even when stratifying by frequency of symptoms. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that when 4-y-old children are stratified according to common diagnostic criteria, girls have a larger effect on PEF of asthma symptoms and are less frequently treated compared to boys.     

儿童哮喘控制测试在哮喘病情评估中的应用

多年来的国内外研究证明,经过合理诊断、评估及治疗,哮喘可以得到有效的管理和控制,其中,对哮喘患儿病情的准确评估成为哮喘控制管理中的重要环节。1儿童哮喘病情评估方法的发展1.1哮喘严重度自1991年美国哮喘教育和预防项目     

常规肺通气功能检测在儿童哮喘评估中的应用

目的探讨哮喘病情与肺功能指标变化特点,为哮喘规范化治疗提供客观依据。方法采用肺功能测定系统对25例哮喘患儿于急性期、缓解期6个月及1年分别行常规肺通气功能测定,比较各期实测值与预计值比值之间的差异。结果哮喘患儿的症状与肺功能指标呈现出一致性,急性期大气道指标用力肺活量(FVC)、1秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1)、最大呼气峰流量(PEF)及75%、50%、25%肺活量时用力呼气流速(FEF25、50、75)、中段呼气流速(MMEF75/25)等实测值与预计值比值均降低,治疗6个月后FVC、FEV1等大气道功能指标基本恢复,1年后小气道功能指标FEF50、75及MMEF75/25等指标恢复。结论肺功能指标在哮喘的病情评估方面具有重要作用,对于哮喘治疗具有重要指导作用。     

Influence of genetic variants on childhood lung function – The Generation R Study

Genetic variants associated with adult lung function could already exert the effects on childhood lung function. We aimed to examine the associations of adult lung function‐related genetic variants with childhood lung function and asthma, and whether these associations were modified by atopic predisposition, tobacco smoke exposure, or early growth characteristics. In a population‐based prospective cohort study among 3347 children, we selected 7 and 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with adult forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV ₁) and FEV ₁/forced vital capacity (FEV ₁/FVC ), respectively. Weighted genetic risk scores (GRS s) for FEV ₁ and FEV ₁/FVC were constructed. At age 10, FEV ₁, FVC , FEV ₁/FVC , forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% (FEF _25‐75), and forced expiratory flow at 75% (FEF ₇₅) of FVC were measured, and information on asthma was obtained by parental‐reported questionnaires. The FEV ₁‐GRS was associated with lower childhood FEV ₁, FEV ₁/FVC , and FEF ₇₅ (Z ‐score (95% CI ): ?0.03 (?0.05, ?0.01), ?0.03 (?0.05, ?0.01), and ?0.04 (?0.05, ?0.01), respectively, per additional risk allele). The FEV ₁/FVC ‐GRS was associated with lower childhood FEV ₁/FVC and FEF ₇₅ (Z ‐score (95% CI ): ?0.04 (?0.05, ?0.03) and ?0.03 (?0.05, ?0.02), respectively, per additional risk allele). Effect estimates of FEV ₁‐GRS with FEF _25‐75, FEV ₁, FEF ₇₅, and FVC , and of FEV ₁/FVC ‐GRS with FEV ₁/FVC and FEF _25‐75 were stronger among children exposed to non‐atopic mothers, smoking during pregnancy or in childhood, or those born with a lower birthweight, respectively (P ‐values for interaction < .05). Genetic risk scores were not associated with asthma. Adult lung function‐related genetic variants were associated with childhood lung function. Maternal atopy, smoking during pregnancy or in childhood, and birthweight modified the observed effects.     

Indoor environmental risk factors and seasonal variation of childhood asthma

Seasonality of asthma may result from varying exposures. This cross‐sectional study was designed to examine the relationship between indoor environmental factors and seasonal childhood asthma. Study subjects were participants from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) in 2004, a population‐based surveillance, which included school children aged 6–15 yr in south Taiwan. Cases included 1725 children who experienced asthma symptoms in the past 12 months and the references consisted of 19,646 children who reportedly have no asthma history. By using a moving average and principal component analysis, asthmatic children were grouped into four asthma subtypes: winter, spring, summer/fall, and perennial. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of indoor environmental factors on seasonality of childhood asthma. For all asthma prevalence, a peak occurred in the winter and a nadir appeared in summer. Contributing factors of asthma for children, regardless of seasonality, included younger age, parental atopy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breast feeding, and perceived air pollution. After adjusted for salient risk factors, water damage was significantly associated with all subtypes of asthma. Presence of cockroaches was related to the summer/fall asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12–2.55). Visible mold on the walls was associated with an increased occurrence of winter and spring asthma (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.26–1.85 and aOR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.10–1.62, respectively). Passive smoking was shown to be related to spring and summer/fall asthma. Water damage is a possible risk for childhood asthma year‐round. Cockroaches and visible mold on the walls may play essential roles for seasonality of childhood asthma in Taiwan. Plausible mechanisms and allergic effects should be further determined. Elimination of these allergens is necessary to help prevent the development of asthma.     

儿童支气管哮喘与母孕期及新生儿期相关影响因素分析

目的 分析儿童支气管哮喘在母孕期及新生儿期的影响因素,为早期防治儿童哮喘提供依据。方法 选择306例哮喘患儿(哮喘组)和250例正常儿童(对照组),对所有儿童母孕期和新生儿期的临床资料进行调查。结果 单因素分析显示哮喘组与对照组在孕期使用抗生素、新生儿期使用抗生素、新生儿期服用益生菌、早产、剖宫产、低出生体重、母乳喂养方面比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,孕期使用抗生素(OR=3.908,95%CI:1.277~11.962)、新生儿期使用抗生素(OR=24.154,95%CI:7.864~74.183)、早产(OR=8.535,95%CI:2.733~26.652)及剖宫产(OR=4.588,95%CI:2.887~7.291)为儿童哮喘的独立危险因素;而新生儿期服用益生菌(OR=0.014,95%CI:0.004~0.046)及母乳喂养6个月(OR=0.161,95%CI:0.103~0.253)为儿童哮喘的保护因素。结论 孕期减少抗生素的使用、减少剖宫产、新生儿期避免滥用抗生素、尽量母乳喂养、尽早添加益生菌可对儿童哮喘起到一定的早期预防作用。     

Trends in childhood asthma hospitalisation in three Asia Pacific countries

Aim: The study aims to examine recent childhood asthma hospitalisation rates in the Asia Pacific countries of Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore. On the background of reported decline in many countries with high asthma prevalence during late 1990s. Methods: Annual asthma hospitalisation (ICD9‐CM: 493 or ICD10‐AM: J45‐46) * and population data from 1994 to 2008, of children aged 0–14 years old, were obtained from the Australian National Hospital Morbidity Database, from the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong and from the Ministry of Health in Singapore. Data were stratified in two age groups: 0–4 and 5–14 years old, and also in different periods of calendar years. Time‐series regression analyses were used to examine temporal trends. Diagnostic transfer was addressed by examining bronchitis hospitalisations. Results: Significant decreases of up to 6.5% per annum in childhood asthma hospitalisation rates were found over the study period. However, the latter half of the study period showed increases in hospitalisation rates in all countries studied. No evidence of diagnostic transfer was found. Conclusion: Although there has been a decrease in childhood asthma hospitalisation rates since the 1990s, a modest increase was observed from 2003 to 2008. Ongoing monitoring is required.     

Wheezing requiring hospitalization in early childhood: Predictive factors for asthma in a six-year follow-up

Although asthma is common after wheezing in early childhood, the risk factors for and the prevention of later asthma are poorly understood. During the present follow-up study, a range of possible predictive factors for school-age asthma was evaluated. The study group consisted of 82 children hospitalized for wheezing at age < 2 years in 1992–93. The baseline data were collected on entry to the study. In 1999, the children were re-examined at the median age of 7.2 years. A structured questionnaire was applied to chart the symptoms suggestive of asthma, and the children were examined clinically. An exercise challenge test, as well as skin prick tests (SPT) to common inhalant allergens, was performed. Asthma was present in 33 (40%) children, 30 (91%) having continuous medication for asthma. The significant asthma-predictive factors, present on entry to the study, were blood eosinophilia (p = 0.0008), atopic dermatitis (p = 0.0089), elevated total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) (p = 0.0452), and a history of earlier episodes of wheezing in infancy (p = 0.0468). SPT positivity in early childhood was also associated with school-age asthma (p = 0.002). In contrast, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) identification during the index episode of wheezing played a minor role as a predictive factor for asthma. In conclusion, if hospitalization for wheezing occurs in infancy, more than every third child will suffer from asthma at early school age; the risk is significantly increased with recurrent wheezing in infancy and the development of allergic manifestations.     

Adenoidectomy during early life and the risk of asthma

The objective of the study was to evaluate the risk of asthma in children who had undergone an adenoidectomy, an operation frequently performed on children with glue ear or recurrent otitis media. Two surveys were carried out, a nation-wide questionnaire returned by 483 individuals (survey A) and a survey of hospital discharge records involving 1616 children who had undergone an adenoidectomy and 161 control children who had undergone probing of the nasolacrimal duct due to congenital obstruction (survey B). The questionnaire (survey A) showed that an adenoidectomy before the age of 4 years was associated with asthma (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.25; 8.13) and with allergy to animal dust (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.27; 4.95). In survey B, asthma diagnosis was retrieved from the national asthma register. It showed also that adenoidectomy at an early age was associated with an increased risk of asthma (OR 6.74, 95% CI 2.99; 15.2). There was an association between asthma and adenoidectomy, even before adenoidectomy had actually been performed. The risk of asthma was highest among children who had had adenoidectomy because of recurrent otitis media. The observed association between an adenoidectomy and asthma may be explained by an underlying factor predisposing to both recurrent otitis media and asthma.     

上海地区儿童脉冲振荡肺功能预计值建立

目的建立上海地区5～11岁儿童脉冲震荡肺功能的预计值。方法纳入上海地区5～11岁的746名健康儿童,采用德国Jaeger公司生产的Master Screen IOS肺功能检测仪检测受试儿童平静呼吸状态下的呼吸总阻抗(Zrs)、响应频率(Fres)、不同振荡频率下的黏性阻力(Rrs)及弹性阻力(Xrs)等指标,并进行分析。经多元逐步回归建立不同性别脉冲振荡(IOS)相关参数的回归方程。结果 746例儿童中男510例、女236例,年龄5～11岁,中位年龄8岁。5岁组男性身高高于女性,5～、7～、10～岁组男孩体质量均高于女孩,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。无论男女,不同年龄、身高组之间IOS主要参数的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),Zrs、Fres、R_5和R_(20)数值随年龄和身高的增长而下降,而X_5则随着年龄和身高的增加逐渐增大。多元逐步回归分析发现,IOS参数与身高、年龄、体质量均有关,多数IOS参数与身高关系最为密切(回归系数绝对值最大)。结论建立了上海地区健康儿童脉冲震荡肺功能正常预计值;在肺功能检查评估中,采用该预计值方程式更符合中国儿童特点。