急性脑血管病血清肿瘤坏死因子α和可溶性白细胞介素－2受体α的研究

探讨急性脑血管病（ＡＣＶＤ）时体内免疫状态的变化。对５１例ＡＣＶＤ患者应用酶联免疫吸附分析（ＥＬＩＳＡ）法进行血清肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）和可溶性白细胞介素２受体α（ｓＩＬ２Ｒα）测定。结果：ＡＣＶＤ急性期血清ＴＮＦα和ｓＩＬ２Ｒα水平均明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ均＜０．００１），其中重度组ＴＮＦα水平高于轻度组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；恢复期血清的ＴＮＦα和ｓＩＬ２Ｒα水平虽有所下降，但仍高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．００１）。表明单核巨噬细胞和Ｔ细胞的免疫功能状态与ＡＣＶＤ的发病有一定的关系。     

血浆P—选择素和IL—8的测定在急性吸收窘迫综合征中的临床价值

目的：探讨血浆Ｐ－选择素和ＩＬ－８的测定在急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）中的临床价值。方法：分别采用放免法和酶联免疫吸附法检测２５例ＡＲＤＳ患者血浆Ｐ－选择素和ＩＬ－８，同时行ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分，结果：ＡＲＤＳ患者血浆Ｐ－选择素和ＩＬ－８明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），且随着ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分增高，Ｐ－选择素也明显增高。两者呈正相关（Ｐ〈０．０１），死亡患者血浆Ｐ－选择素，ＩＬ－８及ＡＰＡＣＨ     

血清可溶性白细胞介素-2受体水平在预测高血压急性脑出血手术治疗中的意义

目的：探讨血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ＳＩＬ２Ｒ）水平在预测高血压急性脑出血（ＨＡＣＨ）患者手术治疗中的意义。方法：采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定２０例正常人及４９例ＨＡＣＨ急性期手术和非手术患者血清ＳＩＬ２Ｒ含量。结果：ＨＡＣＨ患者入院当日血清中ＳＩＬ２Ｒ含量〔（０．５９２±０．０３７）Ｕ／Ｌ〕显著高于正常对照组〔（０．２３７±０．０６９）Ｕ／Ｌ〕；手术组患者术前与术后第１天和第１０天血清ＳＩＬ２Ｒ含量比较分别为无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）和有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；手术组患者术后第１日和第１０日与非手术组患者血清ＳＩＬ２Ｒ含量同步比较分别为无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）和有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；死亡患者入院当日血清ＳＩＬ２Ｒ含量〔（０．７４３±０．０４９）Ｕ／Ｌ〕高于存活组〔（０．５９８±０．０４４）Ｕ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕，且显著高于对照组〔０．２３７±０．０６８）Ｕ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕。结论：ＳＩＬ２Ｒ与ＨＡＣＨ患者免疫功能紊乱有关，动态测定血清ＳＩＬ２Ｒ含量，可作为观察ＨＡＣＨ病情发展变化的一项指标，同时对判断ＨＡＣＨ的预后亦有一定临床意义。     

肾综合征出血热患者尿液中TNF,IL—6,IL—8的检测及意义

采用双抗体夹以ＥＬＩＳＡ法对４８例ＨＦＲＳ患者１５６份系列尿液中ＴＮＦ，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８进行了动态检测，结果发现：ＨＦＲＳ患者尿液中ＴＮＦ，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８含量较对照组明显增高（Ｐ〈０．００１），且病程前三期平均含量较全病中明显高，ＴＮＦ与ＩＬ－６呈显著正要关（γ＝０．５６２１，Ｐ〈０．００５），ＩＬ－６与ＩＬ－８呈显著正相关（γ＝０．３８４５，Ｐ〈０．０１）；ＴＮＦ含量发热期明显升高，低血压     

急性出血性脑血管病并发多脏器功能失常综合征患者血浆内皮素-1及降钙素基因相关肽水平的观察

目的：探讨血浆内皮素１（ＥＴ１）和降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）在急性出血性脑血管病（ＡＨＣＶＤ）并发多脏器功能失常综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）发病中的作用。方法：采用放射免疫法分别测定２１例ＡＨＣＶＤ合并ＭＯＤＳ患者（ＭＯＤＳ组）、２０例ＡＨＣＶＤ患者（ＡＨＣＶＤ组）及３０例正常人（正常对照组）血浆中ＥＴ１和ＣＧＲＰ水平。结果：ＭＯＤＳ组及ＡＨＣＶＤ组血浆ＥＴ１水平明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１），ＭＯＤＳ组ＥＴ１水平又明显高于ＡＨＣＶＤ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＡＨＣＶＤ组血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平高于正常对照组，但无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。而ＭＯＤＳ组血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平明显低于正常对照组，ＥＴ１／ＣＧＲＰ（Ｅ／Ｃ）比值明显高于ＡＨＣＶＤ组及正常对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。结论：血浆ＥＴ１水平升高、ＣＧＲＰ水平降低、Ｅ／Ｃ比值严重失衡与ＭＯＤＳ的发生相关；检测血浆ＥＴ１和ＣＧＲＰ水平对评估ＡＨＣＶＤ患者预后有一定意义     

运动、巯甲丙脯酸与巯甲丙脯酸运动肾显像检测原发性高血压的肾功能

目的：观察和分析运动（ＥＸ）、巯甲丙脯酸（ＣＡＰ）及巯甲丙脯酸运动（ＣＡＰ－ＥＸ）介入对轻中度原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者肾功能的影响。方法：１０例正常志愿者和１５例轻中度原发性高血压患者,在１个月内完成基础双核素肾显像（ＢＳ－ＲＳ）、运动双核素肾显像（ＥＸ－ＲＳ）、巯甲丙脯酸双核素肾显像（ＣＡＰ－ＲＳ）及巯甲丙脯酸运动双核素肾显像（ＣＡＰ－ＥＸ－ＲＳ）４次检查。图像均按ＡＤＡＣ公司提供的计算机软件进行处理。结果：ＥＸ和ＣＡＰ－ＥＸ介入,ＧＦＲ,ＥＲＰＦ均明显降低（Ｐ＜００１）;而ＣＡＰ介入未见明显变化。ＥＨ组与对照组相应方法间ＧＦＲ,ＥＲＰＦ不存在显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）。１５例ＥＨ患者中,基础肾显像及巯甲丙脯酸肾显像结果均正常,而４０％（６／１５）的患者出现异常运动肾图,３０％（５／１５）出现异常巯甲丙脯酸运动肾图,二者同时异常的有５例,其中１例于ＣＡＰ－ＥＸ－ＲＳ介入时,异常更加明显,均表现为对称性的１３１Ｉ－ＯＩＨ和９９ｍＴｃ－ＤＴＰＡ排泄延迟,１３１Ｉ－ＯＩＨ肾图和９９ｍＴｃ－ＤＴＰＡ肾图曲线宽大,排泄段抬高。上述异常变化在１３１Ｉ－ＯＩＨ和９９ｍＴｃ－ＤＴＰＡ肾图曲线中,以９９ｍＴｃ－ＤＴＰＡ肾图     

慢性乙肝患者PBMC的增殖反应,NK细胞活性及血清中TNF …

目的：了解ＨＢＶ感染后细胞免疫及ＴＮＦ－α，ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ在其中所起作用，探讨慢性乙肝患者的细胞免疫状态，方法：对７６例慢性乙肝患者及２７例健康献血员，以＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法检测ＰＢＭＣ对不同抗原的增殖反应和ＮＫ细胞活性及应用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法测定血清中ＴＮＦ－α，ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ结果：慢性乙肝患者ＰＢＭＣ对ＨＢｓＡｇ增殖反应阳性者，ＰＨＡ的增殖指数明显高于ＨＢｓＡｇ增殖反应阴性者（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＮＫ细胞     

血清酮体比值判断感染性多脏器功能失常综合征病情严重程度及预后的意义

目的：探讨血清酮体比值（ＡＫＢＲ）对判断感染性多脏器功能失常综合征病情轻重程度和预后的意义。方法：测定正常对照组、肝硬化组、急性感染组（又分Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ３组）患者乙酰乙酸（ＡｃＡｃ）、β羟丁酸（３ＨＢ）及ＡＫＢＲ等指标水平。结果：肝硬化组ＡｃＡｃ〔（０．４２±０．１５）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ〕和３ＨＢ〔（０．８２±０．１８）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ〕明显低于正常对照组〔（０．９９±０．２０）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和（１．４０±０．２５）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ〕，Ｐ均＜０．０１；急性感染Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ３组的ＰａＯ２、乳酸、阴离子间隙具有显著性差异（Ｐ均＜０．０１）；ＡＫＢＲ与ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅢ评分呈明显负相关（ｒ＝－０．８１２，Ｐ＜０．００１）；血清酮体水平与ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅢ评分间无明显直线相关关系（ｒ＝０．１６３，Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＡＫＢＲ和ＰａＯ２与ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅢ评分间有明显相关性（ｒ＝０．７２２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＡＫＢＲ能更早期、直接、准确地反映肝细胞线粒体的受损程度和能量代谢状态，可以作为评估感染性ＭＯＤＳ病情严重程度及预后的重要指标。     

胃癌病人血清TNF-α和IL-6的水平变化及临床意义探讨

探讨胃癌病人血清ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６水平的变化及其临床意义。方法：利用ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定３５例胃癌病人血清ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６水平,并与胃良性肿瘤组和正常对照组相比较。结果：胃癌病人血清ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６水平明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,并与疾病分期有关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,病灶切除后血清ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６水平明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：胃癌病人具有细胞免疫功能紊乱,血清中ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６水平的增高可能和疾病的发生发展有关,测定血清ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６可作为胃癌病人病情判断和疗效观察的指标之一。     

骨髓增生异常综合征血清降钙素和降钙素基因相关肽测定及其意义

目的寻找一个早期预测骨髓增生异常综合征（ＭＤＳ）向急性髓系白血病（ＡＭＬ）转化的指标。方法对ＭＤＳ患者４５例,ＡＭＬ患者４０例,对照组５０例,利用放射免疫法（ＲＩＡ）检测其血清中的人降钙素（ｈＣＴ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）水平,并对ＭＤＳＲＡ组、ＲＡＥＢ组中部分患者进行随访,观察其临床转归及与ｈＣＴ、ＣＧＲＰ血清水平的关系。结果ＭＤＳ各型及ＡＭＬ初发组患者ｈＣＴ、ＣＧＲＰ血清水平均有升高,与对照组相比差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＲＡＥＢ组高于ＲＡ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,在ＲＡ向ＲＡＥＢ、ＲＡＥＢ向ＡＭＬ转化过程中ｈＣＴ、ＣＧＲＰ均逐渐升高。结论ｈＣＴ、ＣＧＲＰ血清水平检测可以作为早期预测ＭＤＳ向ＡＭＬ转化的指标     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.