Improving social functioning and life satisfaction among patients with personality dysfunction: Connectedness and engagement in integrative group treatment

Reduced social impairment and improved life satisfaction are important objectives in group treatment for patients with personality dysfunction. Knowledge regarding patient characteristics and group treatment processes that contribute to these outcomes, however, remains limited. Dispositional connectedness, the valuing of interpersonal connections, may be an important patient factor that influences patients' experience of group treatment in ways that facilitate therapeutic benefits. The present study investigated the roles of dispositional connectedness and group engagement in contributing to improvement in social functioning and life satisfaction through integrative group treatment for personality dysfunction. Seventy‐nine patients who completed an integrative group treatment programme were assessed for dispositional connectedness at baseline and social functioning and life satisfaction at pretreatment and posttreatment; each also provided ratings of group engagement during treatment. Regression analyses using bootstrap confidence intervals found significant indirect effects for dispositional connectedness regarding improvement in both social functioning and life satisfaction, through the mediating effect of group engagement. Thus, patients who entered treatment with tendencies towards interpersonal connectedness perceived a higher level of engagement in the group environment. Group engagement in turn contributed to greater improvement in social functioning and to greater improvement in life satisfaction following treatment. The findings indicate dispositional connectedness as a salient characteristic in selecting patients for group treatment and highlight the role of an engaged interpersonal climate in facilitating improvement in social functioning and life satisfaction.     

高中毕业班学生高考压力与心理健康的关系

目的：了解高中毕业班学生高考压力与焦虑、睡眠质量及心理健康水平的关系。方法：采用《压力自评量尺》《中学生心理健康量表》《状态特质焦虑问卷》和《匹兹堡睡眠质量指数》对长沙市某中学130名高中三年级应考生进行自评问卷调查。结果：23．1％的学生存在不同程度的心理健康问题。56．9％的学生感到处于较高的压力状态,并且压力与学生的心理健康水平、状态一特质焦虑、匹兹堡睡眠指数显著相关,表现为睡眠质量更差,感受到的焦虑也更多。结论：高考压力高的学生心理健康问题更多。不论是为了考生更好地备考,还是为了提高学生的心理健康水平,教育者均应重视学生考试压力相关心理干预。     

团体干预对地震灾区初中生创伤后应激和抑郁症状的作用

目的:探索团体干预是否有助于缓解地震灾区初中生的创伤后应激症状和抑郁症状。方法:在汶川地震发生后6个月,以方便取样的原则选取四川彭州地区某学校初二的2个班级,1个班为对照组(n=38),另1个班为干预组(n=47),对干预组实施以提高社会支持为目标的班级团体干预方案(共2周,每周2次)。用儿童事件影响量表(Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale,CRIES)和儿童抑郁量表(Children’s Depression Inventory,CDI)进行测量,比较两组在干预前(前测)、干预2周后(后测)及干预结束4个月后(追踪)CRIES和CDI得分的变化。结果:在CRIES得分上,组别和测量时间交互作用显著,前测时两组得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预2周后,两组的CRIES得分均降低,但干预结束4个月后,干预组得分持续降低,而对照组升高;在CDI得分上,组别和测量时间交互作用不显著。在3个时间点上,干预组得分始终低于对照组,并且两组CDI得分均持续降低,干预组下降程度要高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:团体干预能够在短期内降低初中生的创伤后应激症状和抑郁水平。在干预结束后较长时间内,干预的作用持续存在。     

Adolescent social stress and social context influence the intake of ethanol and sucrose in male rats soon and long after the stress exposures

Social instability stress in adolescent rats (SS; postnatal day 30–45, daily 1 hr isolation +new cage partner) alters behavioural responses to psychostimulants, but differences in voluntary consumption of natural and drug rewards are unknown. SS also is associated with an atypical behavioural repertoire, for example reduced social interactions. Here, we investigated whether SS rats differ from control (CTL) rats in ethanol (EtOH) or sucrose intake in experiments involving different social contexts: alone, in the presence of an unfamiliar peer, in the presence of its cage partner, or in competition against its cage partner. SS rats drank more EtOH than CTL rats irrespective of social context, although the effects were driven primarily by those tested soon after the test procedure rather than weeks later in adulthood. SS and CTL rats did not differ in sucrose intake, except in adulthood under conditions of competition for limited access (SS>CTL). Adolescent rats drank more sucrose than adults, in keeping with evidence that adolescents are more sensitive to natural rewards than adult animals. Overall, adolescent SS modified the reward value of EtOH and sucrose, perhaps through stress/glucocorticoids modifying the development of the mesocorticolimbic system.     

Improving low health literacy and patient engagement: A social ecological approach

ObjectiveThis article posits four principal objectives related to the overarching goal of broadening the conceptualization of health literacy. We propose a social ecological approach to health literacy and patient engagement by illustrating how this multilevel approach offers an array of strategic options for interventions.DiscussionA social ecological approach supports a broader understanding of health literacy that aligns with increased patient engagement. The ecological model highlights the importance of context, demonstrates how health literacy and patient engagement are inextricably connected, and gives rise to strategies to enhance them both. We illustrate the five multilevel intervention strategies for addressing low health literacy and promoting patient engagement: accumulation, amplification, facilitation, cascade, and convergence strategies. In addition, we provide a theoretical foundation to facilitate the development of interventions to enhance health literacy and ultimately increase patient engagement.ConclusionsThe practice implications of adopting a broader social ecological perspective to address low health literacy shifts the field from thinking about individual educational interventions to how individual interventions may be augmented or supported by interventions at additional levels of influence. The potential benefit of adopting a multilevel intervention approach is that combining interventions could produce synergies that are greater than interventions that only utilize one level of influence.     

Type D personality and cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress: The mediating effects of social support and negative social relationships

Type D personality has been consistently associated with adverse cardiovascular health with atypical cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress one potential underlying mechanism. As Type D individuals have been noted to report lower social support and greater perceptions of negativity in social interactions, this study examined if the association between Type D personality and cardiovascular reactivity was mediated by these social relationships. A sample of 195 undergraduate students (138 female) participated in this observational study, where they completed measures assessing Type D personality (DS14), social support, and perceptions of negative social relationships (National Institute of Health social relationship scales), before undergoing a traditional cardiovascular reactivity protocol. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP; DBP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were monitored throughout. ANCOVAs and regressions indicated that Type D personality was associated with lower cardiovascular reactivity to a mental arithmetic stressor. Furthermore, mediation analyses (process macro) indicated that the relationship between Type D personality and cardiovascular reactivity was mediated via increased perceptions of negative social relationships, as well as lower levels of social support. Apart from a significant association between Type D personality and increased HR reactivity, all results failed to withstand adjustment for the individual effects of negative affect (NA) and social inhibition (SI) in controlled analyses. Overall, these findings suggest that the predictive utility of Type D personality on cardiovascular reactivity above and beyond the individual effects of NA and SI is limited, and may vary depending on the cardiovascular parameter of focus.     

Physiological adaptation to recurrent social stress of extraversion

The present studies examined the influence of extraversion on physiological reactivity, recovery, and physiological habituation‐sensitization to repeated social stressors. In Study 1, subjective and physiological data were collected from 97 college students who were categorized as high (n = 51) and low (n = 46) on extraversion (NEO‐FFI) across five laboratory stages: baseline, stress 1, poststress 1, stress 2, and poststress 2. Results indicated high extraversion (HE) participants exhibited relative lesser heart rate (HR) reactivity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) withdrawals to, and more complete HR and RSA recovery after the first social stress, and also exhibited relative lesser HR reactivity to the second social stress. When repeatedly exposed to a social stressor, HE participants showed pronounced systolic blood pressure (SBP) adaptation, low extraversion (LE) participants displayed diastolic blood pressure (DBP) sensitization. In Study 2, data were collected from another 78 participants (HE: n = 40, LE: n = 38) across the same laboratory stages with speech performance videotaped. After controlling for the speech styles, Study 2 found the same HR response and SBP/DBP adaptation pattern across extraversion groups to social stress as Study 1 but not RSA reactivity. These findings suggest extraverts exhibit more adaptive physiological reactivity to recurrent social stressors, which thus might benefit their health.     

Social status,social support,and stress: a comparative review of the health consequences of social control factors

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to present evidence that two fundamental relationship dimensions, social status and social support, play significant roles in protecting individuals from stressors, stress responding, and related health problems. While there is a substantial literature on the link between social support and health, the role of social status has been largely overlooked in health psychology research. Research with humans and animals, in a variety of disciplines, demonstrates the effects of both status and support on acute stress responding and long-term health outcomes. Taken together, this research suggests that status and support serve to increase the individual's control over the social and physical environment, thus reducing the experience and effects of stress. The proposed social control model has implications for future research, including development of new measures, identification of health-relevant relationships, and generation of research questions to further illuminate our understanding of how social interactions affect health.     

中学生自尊与网络游戏成瘾的关系：学校满意度的中介作用

目的探讨中学生自尊与网络游戏成瘾的关系及学校满意度在其中所起的中介作用。方法采用线上游戏成瘾量表、自尊量表、青少年学校生活满意度问卷对1427名中学生进行团体施测。结果1自尊与网络游戏成瘾呈显著负相关,自尊对网游成瘾存在负向预测作用;2学校生活满意度在自尊与网游成瘾之间的部分中介效应显著,中介效应占总效应的比例为54%。结论自尊可以预测网游成瘾倾向,低自尊者更容易网游成瘾;学校满意度在自尊与网游成瘾之间起部分中介作用。     

学校氛围对大学生学习投入的影响:情绪智力的中介作用

目的:为探讨学校氛围、情绪智力与大学生学习投入的关系。方法:研究采用学校氛围量表、情绪智量表和学习投入量表对313名大学生进行了调查,并用偏差校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap方法对情绪智力在校氛围影响学习投入的过程中的中介效应进行检验。结果:(1)学校氛围与情绪智力、学习投入都有显著的正相(r=0.401,0.410;P0.01);情绪智力和学习投入显著正相关(r=0.573,P0.01);(2)情绪智力在学校氛围对学生学习投入的影响过程中起到中介作用,中介效应值占总效应的73%。结论:情绪智力在学校氛围对大学生习投入的影响过程中起到完全中介作用。     

Exploring social-emotional learning,school climate,and social network analysis

There is currently limited research on student peer leadership in the social-emotional literature. This paper used exploratory methods of social network analysis to understand the structure of school peer relationships, peer leadership, and school climate. Self-report measures of perceptions of peer leadership and climate were given to students during the 2016–2017 school year. Data collected from a peer leadership survey were used to calculate closeness and indegree centrality values. The results showed that student Ambassadors have higher peer nominated leadership scores compared to non-Ambassador controls and the rest of the school. Additionally, Ambassadors did not demonstrate a change in centrality scores, non-Ambassador students increased in centrality scores, and school climate was not correlated with the leadership centrality score. Results suggest that influence spreads, and that good leadership may be emulated among students, leading to a diffusion effect. This supports the need for good leaders in schools. Additionally, climate may not be associated with leadership centrality scores due to the length of the intervention. Future studies should look toward behavioral data to unravel what comprises positive and negative influences in Social-Emotional and Character Development interventions.     

初中生感知的父母冲突与安全感:心理韧性的中介作用

目的:探索初中生感知的父母冲突,心理韧性与安全感之间的关系。方法:采用儿童感知的父母冲突量表、青少年心理韧性量表、安全感量表对湖北省440名初中生进行了调查。结果:(1)心理韧性(98.31±17.67)分,安全感(57.79±13.64)分,冲突频率(16.15±5.73)分,冲突强度(17.55±6.78)分,冲突不解决(10.20±6.28)分;(2)心理韧性,安全感在性别上没有显著性差异;但女生感知到的冲突频率、冲突强度、冲突不解决显著高于男生(t=-2.856,-2.249,-2.087;P均0.05);(3)感知的父母冲突(冲突频率、冲突强度、冲突不解决),心理韧性(两维度及总分),安全感(两维度及总分)这三者之间均显著相关(r=-0.246~0.783,P0.05),其中感知的父母冲突与心理韧性,安全感显著负相关(r=-0.505~-0.246,P0.05);心理韧性与安全感显著正相关(r=0.606,P0.01);(4)心理韧性在初中生感知的父母冲突对其安全感的影响中起完全中介作用。结论:初中生感知的父母冲突通过影响心理韧性间接影响安全感。     

高中生的学习投入及其与应激的关系

目的探讨高中生的学习投入水平及其与应激事件的关系。方法380名高中生接受中文版Utrecht工作投入量表和青少年生活事件量表的调查。结果高中生的学习投入水平一般,高二的活力水平要显著高于高一,女生的专注程度要显著高于男生,应激事件是学习投入重要的预测变量。结论高中生的学习投入水平良好,应激事件对学习投入有重要影响。     

中学生应对倾向在成就目标与考试焦虑中的中介作用

目的:探讨中学生的应对倾向在成就目标与考试焦虑之间的中介作用.方法:选取12～20岁中学生508人(女生301人,男生206人,1人信息缺失;初中生269人,高中生239人),于期末考前1周完成考试焦虑量表(TAS)、成就目标量表(AGS)与特质应对量表(TCSQ),评定中学生的考前焦虑、成就目标倾向和应对倾向的程度(TAS得分＞20分为重度考试焦虑).采用LISREL8.80统计分析中介效应ab的估计值及显著性检验.结果:TAS平均分为(16.8±5.4),重度考试焦虑检出率为30.9％.重度组女生得分高于男生[(24.3±3.1)vs.(23.2±2.0),P＜0.05],重度组初中生与高中生的得分差异无统计学意义[(24.0±3.1) vs.(23.8±2.4),P＞0.05].TAS分与成就目标、应对倾向因子分的相关有统计学意义(r =0.09～0.41,P＜0.05).消极应对分别中介了掌握回避与考试焦虑的关系(中介效应为0.05,P＜0.05;占总效应12％)、成绩回避与考试焦虑的关系(中介效应为0.06,P＜0.01).消极应对分别与掌握回避、成绩回避共同解释考试焦虑方差的5.3％与3.9％.结论:中学生对考试的担忧可能源自回避式成就目标;应对倾向可能有一定程度的中介作用.     

中学生家庭应激源与物质主义价值观的关系:亲子依恋的中介作用

目的:考察中学生物质主义价值观与家庭应激源、亲子依恋的关系。方法:采用青少年物质主义价值观量表、家庭压力量表和青少年父母与同伴依恋问卷中的父母分问卷,对江苏某高中1344名学生进行调查。结果:家庭应激源显著正向预测中学生物质主义价值观水平,亲子依恋显著负向预测中学生物质主义价值观水平;中介回归分析结果显示,在考虑亲子依恋的影响时,家庭应激源对中学生物质主义价值水平的预测作用虽仍显著但已减弱。亲子依恋在家庭应激源与物质主义价值观之间的间接效应占总效应的13.30%,其90%置信区间为[0.003,0.024],P0.05。结论:亲子依恋在中学生家庭应激源和物质主义价值观水平之间起部分中介作用。     

中学生应激与应对方式:情绪弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨情绪弹性在中学生应激和应对方式间的中介作用。方法:采用问卷调查法,运用青少年生活事件量表、青少年情绪弹性量表和中学生应对方式量表对800名中学生进行调查。结果:1中学生应激、情绪弹性和应对方式三者间两两显著相关。应激与积极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.138,P0.01),而与消极应对方式显著正相关(r=-0.310,P0.01);情绪弹性与应激显著负相关(r=-0.372,P0.01);情绪弹性与积极应对显著正相关(r=0.312,P0.01),与消极应对显著负相关(r=-0.298,P0.01);2情绪弹性在应激与积极应对间起到完全中介作用;情绪弹性在应激与消极应对间有部分中介作用。结论:应激和情绪弹性都是影响应对方式的重要因素,情绪弹性在应对方式中起中介作用。     

汶川地震灾区1960名中学生创伤后应激障碍症状调查

目的:了解汶川大地震灾区中学生创伤后应激障碍症状(Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,PTSD)的发生率。方法:采用方便取样。以汶川地震灾区3所中学1960名中学生为研究对象,用创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)症状清单平民版(PTSD Checklist-Civilian version,PCL-C)(分B、C、D三组症状群),进行自填式调查。结果:(1)PTSD症状群筛查总阳性率为78.3%,B组阳性率最高(68.9%)。(2)女性、高年级、少数民族、来自农村、地震中受伤、家庭财产受损学生PTSD症状总体阳性率及三组症状群阳性率均分别高于男性、低年级、汉族、来自城镇、地震中未受伤、家庭财产未受损失学生[如,PTSD总体阳性率:女82.2%,男73.9%,P0.05]。(3)女生和农村学生重度PTSD症状发生率高于男生和城镇学生(27.9%vs.19.9%,26.7%vs.21.4%,均P0.05)。结论:创伤后应激障碍症状是地震重灾区中学生主要心理问题,不同特征的中学生创伤后应激障碍症状表现及严重程度不同,应采取有针对性的干预措施。