Onyx结合微弹簧圈经静脉入路治疗硬脑膜动-静脉瘘

研究背景采取单纯微弹簧圈栓塞供血动脉姑息治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的方法,在栓塞血管巢近端供血动脉后,可出现新的供血动脉并可能改变静脉引流途径,从而增加颅内出血风险。闭塞引流静脉是一种十分有效的治疗方法,且经静脉途径闭塞引流静脉成功率较高,本研究尝试经静脉入路注射液体栓塞剂Onyx结合微弹簧圈栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘,并探讨其疗效。方法经静脉入路栓塞治疗12例硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者(海绵窦区8例、横窦乙状窦区4例),通过脑血管造影检查及临床随访评价疗效。结果术后即刻全脑血管造影检查瘘口完全闭塞者11例、瘘口处血流速度明显减慢者1例。随访3个月至3年,临床症状完全消失者11例、明显缓解者1例。结论应用液体栓塞剂Onyx结合微弹簧圈经静脉入路栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘安全有效。     

Transarterial Embolization of Intracranial Arteriovenous Fistulas with Large Venous Pouches in the Form of Venous Outlet Ectasia and Large Venous Varix or Aneurysm : Two Centers Experience

ObjectiveThere are different types of cerebral vascular malformations. Pial arteriovenous fistulas (PAVFs) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are two entities; they consist of one or more arterial connections to a single venous outlet without a true intervening nidus. The high turbulent flow of PAVFs and aggressive DAVFs with cortical venous reflux can result in venous outflow varix and aneurysmal dilatation. They pose a significant challenge to transvenous embolization (TVE), stereotactic radiosurgery, and surgical treatment. We aim to share our centers’ experience with the transarterial embolization (TAE) for arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) with large venous pouches and to report the outcome. MethodsThe authors’ two institutions’ databases were retrospectively reviewed from February 2017 to February 2021. All patients with intracranial high flow PAVFs and aggressive DAVFs with venous outlet ectasia and large venous varix and were treated by TAE were included. ResultsFifteen patients harboring 11 DAVFs and four PAVFs met our inclusion criteria. All patients underwent TAE in 17 sessions. Complete angiographic obliteration was achieved after 14 sessions in 12 patients (80%). Four patients (25%) had residual after one TAE session. Technical failure was documented in one patient (6.7%). Fourteen patients (93.3%) had favorable functional outcome (modified Rankin score 0–2). ConclusionsTAE for high flow or aggressive intracranial AVFs is a safe and considerable treatment option, especially for those associated with large venous pouches that are challenging and relatively high-risk for TVE.     

血管内栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(附18例报告)

目的探讨海绵安区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的血管内栓塞治疗策略。方法对18例海绵窦区DAVF病人根据供血动脉和引流静脉的情况，分别采用经动脉或静脉入路进行血管内栓塞治疗。结果共行19次栓塞。完全闭塞11例，部分闭塞7例。随访3个月～5年，治愈病例无复发，好转病例无恶化、结论血管内栓塞是海绵窦区DAVF较为理想的治疗方法。     

Endovascular treatment for dural arteriovenous fistulas at the jugular foramen

We report the technique and results of the endovascular treatment of jugular foramen dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) in 4 (3 men and 1 women, mean age 50.75 years) symptomatic patients. The jugular foramen DAVFs accounted for 5.9% of intracranial DAVFs. Three patients presented with pulsatile tinnitus and 1 patient presented with intracranial hemorrhage. Angiography demonstrated an AV fistula at the jugular foramen, mostly arising from the middle meningeal, ascending pharyngeal and vertebral arteries with direct drainage to the internal jugular vein. All patients underwent transarterial embolization using Onyx-18. Complete shunt obliteration was achieved in 3 patients; and shunt reduction, in 1 patient, who was cured with additional surgery. Our study suggests that in jugular foramen DAVF transarterial embolization with Onyx should be considered when access is available.     

侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的血管内介入治疗

目的本文报道我科对连续收治的10例侧窦区(横窦和乙状窦)硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)行超选择性动脉内栓塞的初步经验。方法所有病人先进行脑血管造影,确诊为侧窦区DAVF后立即对供血动脉行超选择性造影术并用NBCA胶或PVA颗粒进行栓塞。结果10位病人进行16次栓塞治疗(有6例行2次),共对23根供血动脉进行了栓塞。其中8例采用NBCA胶,另2例采用PVA颗粒进行栓塞。8例栓塞后获得解剖学和临床治愈,另2例虽获临床治愈,但造影中仍可见少量病灶残留。4例伴有搏动性耳鸣和杂音者在首次栓塞后其症状和体征消失,其中1例搏动性耳鸣在第一次部分栓塞后2个月复发,但在第二次栓塞后消失。无一例病人在栓塞后出现并发症。结论超选择性动脉内栓塞治疗对于某些类型的侧窦区DAVF是一个安全、有效和微侵袭的治疗方法。     

经动脉入路Onyx-18栓塞治疗小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨一组经动脉入路应用Onyx-18栓塞小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床治疗经验。方法于2005年9月～2007年2月期间,连续经动脉入路应用Onyx-18治疗8例小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,就临床表现、影像学、治疗策略及结果进行研究。结果8例均有软膜静脉逆流,Cog-nard分型均为Ⅳ型,其中6例患脑出血,2例有进行性神经功能障碍。术后6例血管造影示病变消失,1例术后神经功能下降。随访2～12个月,术后神经功能下降患者神经功能有所改善,均未出现再次颅内出血,6例GOS=5,2例GOS=4。结论经动脉入路应用非黏附性液体栓塞剂栓塞可以完全栓塞小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘。     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘单次血管内栓塞治疗的安全性和有效性分析

目的 探讨单次血管内栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2005年4月至2018年12月采用血管内栓塞治疗的46例DAVF的临床资料。所有病例均尝试进行单次瘘口栓塞术,对部分残余分流或软脑膜静脉逆行引流（RLVD）的病例则择期二次手术。结果 42例（91.3%）单次手术治疗后实现完全闭塞或仅轻微残余分流。34例Borden分型Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病例中,33例（97.1%）首次治疗后RLVD明显改善,仅4例需要二次治疗。所有病例最终均完全闭塞,术后未发生与DAVF相关的卒中和死亡事件。术后随访7~96个月,平均23个月;4例（8.7%）复发。结论 单次血管内手术治疗DAVF是安全、有效的,能有效预防卒中事件。     

Tips and tricks in the diagnosis of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: A pictorial review

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are complex vascular abnormalities that account for 10-15% of intracranial vascular malformations. DAVFs are typically encountered in middle-aged adults, with a slightly female predominance. The causative factors are still uncertain; however, abnormal local hemodynamics and neoangiogenesis related to dural sinus or venous thrombosis can contribute to DAVF occurrence. The diagnosis is dependent on a high level of clinical suspicion and high-resolution imaging techniques. Computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging aid in the diagnosis, but conventional angiography remains the most accurate method for the complete characterization and classification of DAVFs. The therapeutic approach can be conservative or more aggressive, based on symptom severity, sequelae risk and patient characteristics. This article is a pictorial review of adult intracranial DAVFs that highlights some tips and tricks for recognizing useful red flags in the suspicion of DAVFs.     

Endovascular angioplasty and stent placement in venous hypertension related to dural arteriovenous fistulas and venous sinus thrombosis

Venous hypertension in lateral sinuses resulting from dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) and venous sinus thrombosis (VST) can manifest with severe neurological deficits, such as infarction or intracerebral hemorrhage. It has been proved that venous hypertension plays a significant role in the evolution and progression of DAVF and VST. The definite treatment in complicated conditions such as multiple DAVFs or multiple sinus occlusions is still unknown. Traditional transarterial embolization, transvenous embolization or radiosurgery alone has limited effects on these conditions. We reported one case with venous hypertension presenting with severe neurological symptoms. The case had quick clinical recovery after correction of venous hypertension by endovascular angioplasty and stent placement in occluded lateral sinuses. Accordingly, we propose this method can be an ideal treatment option either in single or staged therapy of venous hypertension related to DAVFs and VST.     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘的头痛表型及可能机制

硬脑膜动静脉瘘是发生在颅内硬脑膜动脉和静脉之间异常交通的脑血管畸形。头痛作 为其常见症状,临床表型多样,可表现为偏头痛样头痛和非偏头痛样头痛,并常伴有搏动性耳鸣、眼 肌麻痹等,为诊断增加了难度。目前DSA仍然是硬脑膜动静脉瘘诊断和表征的“金标准”。保守治疗 和血管内栓塞治疗减少硬脑膜动静脉瘘分流可有效缓解头痛症状。本文旨在对硬脑膜动静脉瘘的头 痛表型特征、可能机制及治疗转归进行综述。     

Treatment outcomes of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses from a single institute in Asia

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses (TSS) are rare in Asian populations. This study sought to evaluate the treatment outcomes of intracranial TSS DAVFs at a single Asian institute. Between 1989 and 2007, 122 patients presented to the Seoul National University Hospital with intracranial DAVFs; we performed a retrospective analysis of the 38 patients (31.1%) with TSS DAVFs. The common clinical presentations were headache (44.7%), tinnitus (39.5%), and intracranial hemorrhage (26.3%), and 71.1% had Borden type II or III lesions. Two patients were conservatively managed, two underwent surgery, and 34 were treated endovascularly with transarterial embolization (TAE), transvenous embolization (TVE), or both. The complete occlusion rate immediately after treatment was 50%. Of the 31 patients (81.6%) who underwent follow-up angiography, initial complete occlusion was achieved in 51.6%, and, at the last follow-up, the complete occlusion rate was 64.5%, with the surgery and TVE groups achieving 100% occlusion. The clinical cure rate was 34.2%, and 86.8% of patients had a favorable clinical outcome. However, all patients in both the surgery and TVE groups achieved a favorable clinical outcome. Four (26.7%) of 15 lesions with initially partial embolization showed delayed occlusion. Five patients (13.2%) exhibited clinical or angiographic signs of recurrence, and five patients had permanent complications. TSS DAVFs were less common than cavernous sinus DAVFs, unlike in Western countries, but the angiographic and clinical characteristics of TSS DAVFs were similar to those in Western countries. TSS DAVFs were successfully managed with different modalities, but both surgery and TVE were superior to conservative management or TAE.     

Spontaneous Carotid Cavernous Fistula in a Case with Protein S Deficiency that Newly Developed Ophthalmoplegia after Embolization

Background

Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. The pathogenesis of spontaneous CCF remains unclear, although sinus thrombosis is known to be a predisposing factor for dural arteriovenous fistula. Because spontaneous CCFs are mainly of the dural type, we considered that thrombogenic conditions, such as, protein S deficiency might be associated with CCF.

Case Report

A 42-year-old woman complained of conjunctival injection and retro-orbital pain that first appeared 1-month before visiting our hospital. She had no history of head trauma or intracranial surgery. Exophthalmos and chemosis were observed in her left eye, which also had lower visual acuity and higher intraocular pressure than the right eye. Magnetic resonance images and cerebral angiography revealed a left dural CCF. Her protein S was low, at 41% (normal range: 70-140%), but other hematologic values related to coagulation were normal. Her symptoms were relieved after initial transvenous coil embolization. However, a newly developed sixth-nerve palsy was detected 4 days after initial embolization. Follow-up angiography revealed a minimal shunt, and thus transvenous coil embolization was repeated. Two days later, the ophthalmoplegia started reducing, and 1-month later it had almost disappeared.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous dural CCF in a Korean patient with concurrent protein S deficiency. Interestingly, transient sixth-nerve palsy developed after transvenous coil embolization in this patient. This additional symptom caused by the residual fistula was relieved after additional transarterial embolization.     

Clinical characteristics of dural arteriovenous fistula.

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is an uncommon neurosurgical condition; in particular, it has been infrequently reported in Korea. To understand the general clinical characteristics of DAVFs, the authors reviewed 53 cases and analyzed factors affecting DAVF hemorrhage of and treatment outcome. Since 1980 we have encountered 480 pial and 53 DAVFs, a ratio of 9.1 to 1. The age of these patients ranged from 1 month to 71 years, the most common being in the 6th decade, and females exceeded males by 1.65 to 1. All lesions except three were single, and symptoms were related to location and the venous drainage pattern. The most common location was the cavernous sinus, accounting for about 64% of cases, with the result that the most common clinical symptoms of DAVFs were ocular, namely proptosis and chemosis. The next was tinnitus also found in transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVFs. Intracranial hemorrhage was seen in eight cases,(15%) the primary cause of hemorrhage was retrograde intracranial venous drainage (P=0.017), and one hemorrhage was observed in cases with no intracranial venous drainage. Intracranial hemorrhage was more frequently in transverse-sigmoid than cavernous sinus DAVFs (P=0.049), and this proved to be so even where there was intracranial venous drainage. However, two of 34 patients with cavernous DAVFs became blind in one eye, demonstrating that in such patients, the clinical course could be aggressive. Thirteen patients were treated conservatively. The conservative treatment group was comprised of 13 patients, two of three patients with transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVF expired, and 7 of 10 with cavernous sinus DAVF experienced a clinical improvement or cure. Surgical excision was performed in only two patients. A total of 39 patients underwent embolization; clinical cure was achieved in 13, improvement of symptoms in 12, an unchanged or aggravated result occurred in 9, one died, and four were lost to follow up. During intervention, there was one hemorrhagic complication, owing to obstruction of the venous outflow with embolic materials.In this study, the most common location of DAVFs was the cavernous sinus. The cortical venous drainage remains the primary determinant of intracranial hemorrhage. Common indications for treatment include hemorrhage and neurological deficit. Endovascular treatment is preferred in the majority of cases except tentorial DAVF. The goal of embolization in cavernous DAVF is the alleviation of symptoms, not angiographic cure. But transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVF with venous restriction and leptomeningeal drainage should be treated aggressively.     

Usefulness of 3-Dimensional CT Angiograms Obtained by 64-Section Multidetector Row CT Scanner for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

The authors reported a case of a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus, in which 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) angiograms (3D-CTAs) by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner were useful for its diagnosis and treatment. The DAVF in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus appeared on the digital subtraction angiogram. 3D-CTAs were obtained by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner before an endovascular treatment. The feeders and draining veins of the DAVF were clearly demonstrated on the 3D-CTAs, which clarified the relationship between the normal dural sinuses and DAVF. The DAVF was successfully treated with endovascular surgery, a transvenous embolization through the mastoid emissary vein, which was easily detected by using the 3D-CTA, showing both the subcutaneous vein and calvalium. 3D-CTAs by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner are useful for both diagnosis and treatment of DAVFs.     

前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘的经动脉入路治疗

目的评价经动脉入路栓塞前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的临床疗效。方法分析6例有症状前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVFs)经动脉血管内治疗技术和结果。结果 6例经动脉入路插入导管用Onyx-18胶栓塞。本组病例在治疗过程中都能接近瘘口处并栓塞动静脉分流区域。最后血管造影显示DAVF完全闭塞。治疗后没有观察到相关后遗症,6例均进行临床随访,GOS评分均为5。6例获脑血管造影随访,均未见瘘口显影。结论经动脉入路栓塞前颅窝底DAVFs是可行的。     

Relative signal intensity on time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography as a novel indicator of aggressive presentation of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas

Asymptomatic dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with cortical venous reflux (CVR) are now more commonly encountered. However, patients with an incidental onset may have a less aggressive clinical course. It is desirable to explore methods and indicators to predict the clinical outcomes. This study investigates whether the relative signal intensity (rSI) of the draining vessels on the time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography is related to clinical behavior in patients with intracranial DAVFs. We retrospectively reviewed 36 intracranial DAVFs. The patients were categorized as those with either aggressive-presentation or non-aggressive-presentation (n = 16 and 20, respectively). The rSIs of the shunt points, affected sinuses, and veins with CVR were compared between the two groups. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of rSIs of the shunt points and affected sinuses (p = 0.37 and 0.41, respectively). However, a significant positive correlation was observed in the rSI of the veins with CVR between the aggressive and non-aggressive behavior groups (p < 0.0001). The rSI of the veins with CVR could serve as a reliable indicator of aggressive behavior in intracranial DAVFs, and its optimal cutoff value was 1.63 with high sensitivity and specificity for predicting aggressive behavior (area under the curve, 0.909).     

Course of apparent diffusion coefficient values in cerebral edema of dural arteriovenous fistula before and after treatment

Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful to distinguish vasogenic and cytotoxic edema due to cerebovascular diseases. Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage may cause cerebral edema by venous congestion. We report herein the course of ADC values of cerebral edema before and after endovascular treatment in DAVFs. A 65-year-old woman with transverse-sigmoid (T-S) sinus DAVFs with retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage presented with severe edema in cerebellar hemisphere and brainstem. In preoperative MRI, increased ADC values were observed in the edema area. The isolated sinus was obliterated completely by transvenous embolization. On the following day after treatment, the ADC values in cerebral edema area increased slightly without any new neurological deficits and improved at 1 week later. Rapid resolution of venous congestion due to DAVFs may cause a slight, transient progression of vasogenic edema.     

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的:探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的病因、发病机理、临床症状反诊断、治疗方法。方法:23例病人应用微导管技术,在数字减影血管造影(DSA)监视下,对海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘行血管内栓塞治疗。5例单纯用颈动脉压迫法治疗。结果:28例中,23例应用上述方法治愈,治愈率为82.1％。4例症状明显改善,1例好转。结论:应用颈动脉压迫法及微导管技术栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘是有效的治疗手段。     

A rare brainstem hemorrhage during transvenous embolization of a cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula

Intravascular treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) is usually safe and effective. However, we describe a patient with a rare brainstem hemorrhage during transvenous embolization (TVE). A 79-year-old woman suffered from left chemosis and diplopia. Cerebral angiography revealed a left cavernous dAVF with cortical venous drainage. The patient underwent TVE of the cavernous sinus (CS) via the left inferior petrosal sinus. Superior petrosal sinus (SPS) outflow occlusion was performed to avoid venous congestion, followed by superficial middle cerebral vein outflow occlusion, selective shunt occlusion of the middle meningeal artery, and superior orbital vein outflow occlusion. The patient's condition suddenly deteriorated during CS packing. A CT scan revealed a massive brainstem hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography did not show SPS reopening or redistributed drainage to the posterior fossa. Thus, TVE for cavernous dAVF can result in life-threatening vascular complications. Well-planned treatment strategies could avert this rare complication.     

静脉入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨Onyx胶联合弹簧圈经静脉途径栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（CDAVF）的可行性及效果。方法经全脑血管造影确诊CDAVF20例,均经静脉途径用Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗。结果本组20例均治愈,栓塞后1例出现外展神经麻痹,经对症处理后痊愈。随防3个月～1年,20例患者均无复发。结论应用Onyx胶联合弹簧圈经静脉入路栓塞治疗CDAVF是一种安全、有效的方法。