Quadruple coaxial catheter system on transvenous embolization for dural arteriovenous fistula

Abstract

Background:

Although transvenous embolization (TVE) is an effective method for treating dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF), directing the catheter to the lesion site is difficult.

Objective:

We report on the utility of a quadruple coaxial catheter system for TVE.

Materials and methods:

The quadruple catheter system comprised a 6 Fr guiding sheath, 6 Fr guiding catheter, 4 Fr intermediate catheter, and a regular microcatheter. The system was utilized in 27 consecutive dural AVF cases treated with TVE. In this study, we reviewed our experience with this system, including the theory, method of use, and complications.

Results:

Stenosis or obstruction of the vascular access was identified in 12 cases. The catheter could not reach to the lesion in three cases of cavernous sinus (7·4%); therefore, transarterial embolization was employed. Angiographic results revealed that the cases consist of total occlusion (n = 16, 59·5%), subtotal (n = 10, 37·0%), and partial occlusion (n = 1, 3·7%). Complete resolution or improvement of symptoms was observed in 23 patients (85·2%), no improvement of symptoms was observed in three patients (7·4%), and deterioration of symptoms was observed in one patient (3·7%). Venous perforation occurred in one patient without any neurological deficit. The catheter system provided access to the lesion and provided stability during the mechanically demanding process navigating the catheter and placing the coils.

Conclusion:

We determined that the quadruple coaxial system was safe and efficient for TVE for dural AVF.     

经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的 探讨经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的效果、面临的问题及相应的处理。方法 经股静脉-岩下窦入路和经股静脉-面静脉-眼上静脉入路到达病变侧海绵窦，用GDC、EDC、游离弹簧圈和丝线等多种栓塞材料填塞海绵窦，同时闭塞瘘口。结果 应用两种静脉入路对13例病人的17侧海绵窦进行了栓塞治疗。10例治疗后即刻造影显示海绵窦和瘘口完全闭塞。3例虽将海绵窦闭塞，但仍残留岩下窦的引流(1例)和翼丛引流(2例)。栓塞术后最常见症状为头痛伴呕吐。1例伴有动眼神经麻痹的病例在栓塞治疗后其它眼部症状消失，但动眼神经功能仍未恢复。随访3个月到26个月未见复发。3例残留瘘口的病例均于术后3个月行脑血管造影复查：2例残留瘘口消失，1例仍有翼丛引流。其他病例未行脑血管造影复查。结论 经静脉途径栓塞治疗是海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的有效方法，应作为首选治疗方法。     

经静脉入路栓塞治疗横窦-乙状窦区的硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的评价经静脉入路栓塞治疗横窦-乙状窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的安全性和有效性。方法经静脉入路到达患侧的横窦-乙状窦,用微弹簧圈填塞病变静脉窦,同时闭塞瘘口。结果经静脉入路治疗横窦-乙状窦区DAVF共16例。病变累及横窦-乙状窦交界处者11例、横窦者3例、乙状窦者2例。根据Cognard分类,IIa型3例,IIb型1例,IIa b型12例。单纯应用静脉入路7例,经静脉入路前先采用经动脉途径栓塞者8例,经静脉入路栓塞治疗后再经动脉途径栓塞者1例。瘘口完全闭塞13例,瘘口残留3例,但瘘口流量已减少95%以上。15例(94%)在栓塞治疗后临床症状消失,1例栓塞后出现颅内出血死亡,未见其他并发症。随访4～23个月,临床症状无复发。11例行造影复查:3例残留瘘口者2例消失,1例曾行3次造影复查瘘无明显变化,由于无临床症状,未再行栓塞治疗;另外8例造影复查未见复发。结论对于适当选择的横窦-乙状窦区DAVF病例,经静脉入路闭塞病变静脉窦是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

经动脉入路Onyx-18栓塞治疗小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨一组经动脉入路应用Onyx-18栓塞小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床治疗经验。方法于2005年9月～2007年2月期间,连续经动脉入路应用Onyx-18治疗8例小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,就临床表现、影像学、治疗策略及结果进行研究。结果8例均有软膜静脉逆流,Cog-nard分型均为Ⅳ型,其中6例患脑出血,2例有进行性神经功能障碍。术后6例血管造影示病变消失,1例术后神经功能下降。随访2～12个月,术后神经功能下降患者神经功能有所改善,均未出现再次颅内出血,6例GOS=5,2例GOS=4。结论经动脉入路应用非黏附性液体栓塞剂栓塞可以完全栓塞小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘。     

Transvenous embolization of an intraosseous dural arteriovenous fistula of the anterior condylar vein with anomalous venous drainage causing ocular manifestations

We report a patient with a rare dural arteriovenous fistula of the anterior condylar vein, who presented with unusual clinical symptoms due to the anomalous venous drainage. The patient had progressive ocular signs, a dilated venous pouch at the skull base and, on angiography, retrograde venous drainage into the superior ophthalmic vein. Transvenous embolization of the venous pouch produced complete amelioration of the ocular symptoms. Such treatment may be curative for dural arteriovenous fistulas of the anterior condylar vein.     

经静脉途径栓塞32例硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经静脉途径栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床效果。方法对32例硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者行经静脉途径栓塞治疗，其中海绵窦区22例，侧窦区10例，通过脑血管造影及临床随访来评价临床疗效。结果术后即刻造影示瘘口完全闭塞19例，瘘口处血流速度明显减慢13例。9例患者术后眼球突出、结膜水肿一过性加重。随访3月～2年，临床症状消失21例，症状明显缓解11例。结论经静脉途径栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者是一种有效的疗法。     

经静脉途径应用Eval胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的 探讨经静脉入路应用Eval胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（CS-DAVF）的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年10月收治的17例CS-DAVF的临床资料。所有病人均经静脉入路应用Eval胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗。结果 术后即刻DSA显示,17例CS-DAVF均完全栓塞。术后早期出现治疗相关并发症5 例（29.41%）,其中头痛2例,动眼神经麻痹2例,外展神经麻痹1 例。术后随访3~24个月,平均7.3个月;改良Rankin量表评分0分16 例,1分1例（遗留动眼神经麻痹）。结论 经静脉入路使用Eval胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗CS-DAVF,效果良好,治愈率高,并发症少。     

Clinical approach of using Onyx via transarterial access in treating tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula

Abstract

Objective:

In this study, based on clinical presentation and angiographic findings, we try to investigate the possibility to do transarterial embolization using Onyx to treat tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (TDAVF). Particular attention will be given to the relationship between vascular anatomic characteristics and clinical management.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic data of 26 patients with TDAVFs, who were treated via transarterial approach using Onyx (including three cases treating with balloon assisting) at our department from January 2005 to April 2010.

Results:

The total obliterated rate was 85·7, 53·8, and 66·7% in the tentorial marginal, lateral, and medial subtype, respectively. Symptoms were improved significantly in the patients whose fistulas were totally and sub-totally obliterated. The mean follow-up duration was 2·9 years. After operation, patients’ symptom was dramatically improved indicated by the decrease of individual modified Rankin scale (MRS). Only one patient suffered from temporary paralysis of cranial nerve (CN) III. All 26 patients were clinically stable and without any relapsed, increased, or new symptoms. All patients had resumed their normal activities until the latest follow-up.

Conclusion:

Treating the TDAVF via transarterial approach using Onyx maybe a feasible clinical practice. The fistula obliterated rate is highly related to the anatomic characteristic, and high complete obliterated rate can be achieved. Our preliminary results showed that Onyx injection with ‘balloon assisting’ technique can be helpful in some of the cases.     

Onyx胶栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的初步经验

目的 探讨Onyx胶在硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)血管内治疗中的应用价值.方法 全麻下经股动脉穿刺插管,造影证实病变后,微导管超选择插管到达瘘口附近,用Onyx-18栓塞治疗DAVF 10例.其中Cognard Ⅰ、Ⅱ型者6例,Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型者4例;单纯型7例,复合型3例.结果 10例DAVF患者,共行14次栓塞治疗,7例为一次栓塞,2例为二次栓塞,其中1例因DAVF供血动脉复杂,行三次栓塞治疗.最终栓塞达80%以上者8例,其中完全栓塞6例;50%～80%栓寨者2例.本组病例无并发症发牛.结论 Onyx胶栓塞是治疗DAVF较为安全、有效的方法.     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘血管内栓塞治疗效果评估

目的评价经动脉入路血管内栓塞治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘（sDAvFs）的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析近6年来我中心采用经动脉栓塞治疗的24例SDAVFs患者的临床资料。结果术后造影显示79．16％（19／24）的患者实现完全闭塞。19例治愈患者临床随访1～12个月,症状改善（Aminoff-Logue评分降低1分以上）9例（47．05％）,稳定（Aminoff-Logue评分不变）7例（36．8％）,进展（Aminoff-Logue评分降提高1分以上）3例（15．7％）;其中16例术后6。12月复查脊髓血管造影均未见SDAVFs复发。结论经动脉入路血管内栓塞治疗SDAVFs是安全、可行、有效的方法。     

经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(附8例报告)

目的探讨经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的方法及效果。方法 8例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,分别经股静脉-岩下窦、股静脉-面静脉-眼上静脉、直接开放眼上静脉入路到达病变侧海绵窦,用GDC可控微弹簧圈和ONXY胶等多种栓塞材料填塞海绵窦,同时闭塞瘘口。结果 7例治疗后即刻造影显示海绵窦和瘘口完全闭塞,临床症状消失。1例虽将海绵窦闭塞,但仍残留翼丛引流,临床症状明显缓解,术后行压颈治疗后症状消失。栓塞术后最常见并发症为头痛伴呕吐及外展神经麻痹,1周后缓解。5例患者术后随访3～26个月症状未见复发,其中4例均于术后3月复查DSA未见异常,1例残留瘘口的患者术后6月行脑血管造影复查,显示残留瘘口消失。结论经静脉入路栓塞是治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘安全、有效的方法。     

Surgical cannulation of a cortical draining vein for endovascular treatment of a dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) of the cavernous sinus most commonly present with ocular symptoms and can be observed or treated with endovascular approaches, surgery, or radiosurgery. Combined surgical-endovascular approaches have been used for fistulas that are not amenable to standard endovascular approaches. A 40-year-old man presented with ocular symptoms from a cavernous sinus DAVF. Multiple previous transarterial and transvenous embolization attempts had failed. The patient underwent craniotomy for surgical exposure and cannulation of an arterialized sylvian vein. Subsequently he underwent coiling and onyx embolization of the DAVF. The intervention resulted in effective obliteration of the fistula. If a cavernous sinus DAVF is refractory to treatment, surgical exposure and cannulation of a cortical draining vein can facilitate transvenous endovascular treatments.     

经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的 探讨经静脉入路治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(CSDAVF)的最佳方法.方法 回顾性研究19例经静脉入路栓塞治疗CSDAVF的患者,将其分为两组:A组12例,仅应用可脱弹簧圈栓塞治疗;B组7例,应用弹簧圈联合Onyx胶栓塞治疗.本文对治疗后的影像学结果、并发症、临床表现和随访结果进行比较分析.结果 两组的临床治愈率分别为91.7%和100%,并发症主要有脑神经麻痹、三叉神经痛、脱发等;治疗时间分别为(6.77±2.49)h和(3.75±1.63)h;治疗费用分别为(16.9±4.8)万元和(10.3±5.7)万元.结论 Onyx胶结合弹簧圈技术有望安全可靠的替代单用弹簧圈子栓塞治疗CSDAVF.     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床及影像学特征

目的研究硬脑膜动静脉瘘(duralarteriovenousfistula,DAVF)的临床表现和影像学特征。方法对8例DAVF患者的临床和神经影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果DAVF临床表现复杂多样,以头痛(4例)和搏动性颅内血管杂音(5例)为主要临床表现,也可以癫痫为首发症状。头部CT和MRI可显示DAVF的一些继发性改变,如蛛网膜下腔出血、颅内出血、广泛的血管流空现象及迂曲扩张异常的血管。MRA、DSA可显示吻合动脉及引流静脉。结论DAVF的CT、MRI、MRA及MRV等具有一定的特征性改变。结合临床资料可提示DAVF,确诊依赖于脑血管造影(DSA)。     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘介入栓塞治疗

目的 探讨血管内栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的临床技巧与治疗效果.方法 收集珠江医院自2000年至2009年收治的DAVF患者50例,应用微导管技术,以各种不同材料在数字减影血管造影辅助下行血管内栓塞治疗,通过影像学检查及临床症状随访来评价临床疗效.结果术后即刻造影显示43例瘘口完全闭塞,6例瘘口绝大部份不显影,1例瘘口部分消失.随访6个月至7年,临床症状消失34例,症状明显缓解6例,复发7例,症状加重3例;无一例发生并发症.结论 应用微导管技术栓塞是治疗DAVF的有效手段,正确选择栓塞途径、材料和提高术者技术水平是治疗成功的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical skills and curative efficacy of endovascular embolization on dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF). Methods A total of 50 patients with DAVF,admitted to our hospital from 2000 to 2009, underwent endovascular embolization with different materials through a microcatheter under DSA. After embolization, imaging examination was applied and clinical manifestations were noted during the clinical follow-up to evaluate the clinical efficacies.Results Immediate postoperative angiography indicated that the fistulas were totally occluded in 43patients, occluded evidently in 6 and occluded partially in 1. The 6-84 months follow-up found that clinical symptoms of 34 patients disappeared, 6 alleviated evidently, 7 relapsed, and 3 worsened; no complications were noted. Conclusion The endovascular embolization for DAVF is effective; and choosing the right embolic approach and material and improving the technology are the keys of successful treatment.     

岩下窦入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗双侧海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的 探讨岩下窦入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗双侧海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（CSDAVF）的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2013年9月至2018年9月经岩下窦入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗的7例双侧CSDAVF的临床资料。结果 7例14侧CSDAVF中,完全栓塞13侧,次全栓塞1侧。术后动眼神经麻痹加重1例,外展神经麻痹加重1例。术后随访6个月,14侧瘘口均未显影,1例动眼神经麻痹基本恢复,1例外展神经麻痹部分恢复。结论 经岩下窦入路Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗双侧CSDAVF疗效确切,并发症较单侧更常见;有效使用弹簧圈及Onyx胶对手术成功及减少并发症至关重要。     

经动脉途径应用Onyx胶栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘(附16例报告)

目的探讨经动脉途径应用Onyx胶栓塞治疗颅内硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的可行性及疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年3月至2010年10月收治的16例DAVF患者的临床资料及随访结果。经动脉途径采用Onyx胶栓塞治疗15例,动静脉联合途径1例。结果 16例患者共栓塞17次,栓塞结束即时解剖治愈14例(87.5%),另2例栓塞不全者术后辅以手术治疗。栓塞后出现动眼神经麻痹3例,面部感觉麻木3例,随访1月后症状消失;口咽部疼痛2例,应用糖皮质激素治疗后症状消失。本组无死亡病例。10例患者术后2～24个月复查DSA,1例DAVF复发,9例完全闭塞;6例门诊随访2～24个月均未见复发。结论经动脉途径应用Onyx胶栓塞治疗颅内DAVF是可行、有效的方法,效果良好。     

引起脊髓功能障碍的硬膜动静脉瘘的临床特点

目的 回顾性研究引起脊髓功能障碍的硬膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的临床特点，促进此类疾病的早期诊治。方法 对15例引起脊髓功能障碍的DAVF患者进行诊治。手术相关性DAVF1例，自发性DAVF14例。缓慢起病11例，急性起病4例。磁共振T2加权脊髓周围异常血管流空11例，脊髓被增强7例。血管造影证实硬膜瘘口位于小脑幕1例，颈段4例，胸段7例，腰骶尾段3例。手术靠近瘘口切断引流静脉6例，介入栓塞瘘口6例，介入后手术2例，保守治疗1例。结果 1例手术治疗患者失随访，1例拒绝手术治疗的患者确诊后1周死亡，其余13例患者随访时间为6-58个月。5例手术治疗的患者均治愈；6例介入治疗的患者，3例治愈，2例好转，1例无变化；2例介入后手术治疗的患者，1例好转，1例双下肢顽固性疼痛无变化。结论 掌握引起脊髓功能障碍的DAVF的起病形式、磁共振特点和血管造影检查要点，有利于DAVF的早期诊治、提高治愈率和患者的生命质量。     

静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的总结经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的手术经验。方法回顾性分析15例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床资料,均采用Onyx或联合可脱性弹簧圈填塞病变侧海绵窦,同时闭塞瘘口。经股静脉-岩下窦入路11例,经股静脉-面静脉-眼上静脉入路4例。结果治疗后即刻造影显示海绵窦和瘘口完全闭塞14例,残留少量眼上静脉引流1例(术后6个月复查造影显示残留瘘口消失)。术后眼部症状加重1例,经对症治疗术后6d症状逐渐改善;展神经麻痹1例,自行恢复。随访3～28个月,未见复发病例。结论 Onyx经静脉入路栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘是安全有效的。