精神医学与心理治疗对美容医学的意义和作用

美容的目的是为了引发自我心中的美感 ,该目的决定了美容医学与美学和心理学的关系 :心理学不仅是美容医学的重要基础学科 ,而且精神医学和心理治疗是美容医学实践的必要手段。他们的作用体现在心理诊断 (如筛选病人、针对性心理护理等 ) ,以及作为美容医学的治疗手段。心理治疗对美容医学的意义在于 :帮助美容病人克服体象问题、对美容病人手术前后的疏导、帮助病人做出合理选择、与美容手术联合使用 (手术 -心理疗法 )、治疗一些心理严重障碍的美容病人。     

精神医学与心理治疗对美容医学的意义和作用

美容的目的是为了引发自我心中的美感,该目的决定了美容医学与美学和心理学的关系：心理学不仅是美容医学的重要基础学科,而且精神医学和心理治疗是美容医学实践的必要手段。他们的作用体现在心理诊断（如筛选病人、针对性心理护理等）,以及作为美容医学的治疗手段。心理治疗对美容医学的意义在于：帮助美容病人克服体象问题、对美容病人手术前后的疏导、帮助病人做出合理选择、与美容手术联合使用（手术－心理疗法）、治疗一些心     

体象与美容医学的关系

体象是心理学、精神病学领域应用十分广泛的概念，是人格理论的重要组成部分，同时也是与美容医学关系最密切的一个心理学的基本概念，因为求美者或多或少都要涉入到体象问题。本文通过对美容心理研究有关的文献回顾研究，企图探讨体象与美容医学的关系，根据美容医学的目的、对象和手段，总结了体象对于美容医学的意义，归纳为３点：１．美容医学从表面上看是建立新的身体形象，实际上是改变美容病人的消极体象，或者是恢复病人的积极体象；２．美容医学所面对的病人往往具有消极体象，其中包括体象蔑视、体象变形或体象畸形症；３．改进体象是美容医学的重要手段，正因为如此，美容医学的治疗被称为体象治疗或体系手术。     

再论美容医学

配合当前我国医疗改革,再进谏一言,即再论美容医学. 1 美容医学的概念、内涵与特征 美容医学是采用医疗手段(包括:药物、器械、手术、医学美学与美容心理学等技术手段),满足健康人的求美心理需求.主要包括医学手段、健康人和求美心理需求[1].     

再论美容医学

配合当前我国医疗改革，再进谏一言，即再论美容医学。 1美容医学的概念、内涵与特征 美容医学是采用医疗手段（包括：药物、器械、手术、医学美学与美容心理学等技术手段），满足健康人的求美心理需求。主要包括医学手段、健康人和求美心理需求。     

体象与美容医学的关系

体象是心理学，精神病学领域应用十分广泛的概念，是人格理论的重要组成部分，同时也是与美容医学关系是密切的一个心理学的基本概念，因为求美者或多或少都要涉入到体象问题。本文通过对美容心理研究有关的文献回顾研究，企图探讨体象与美容医学的关系，根据美容医学的目的，对象和手段，总结了体象对于美容医学的意义。     

美容医学伦理学原则与医疗纠纷防范

美容医学是一门新兴医学学科,其不仅仅局限于医学范畴,还涉及社会、心理、伦理等诸多领域。美容医学的目的是维护和改进人体美,该目的决定了美容医学和心理学的关系,这种关系不仅仅是理论上的,更重要的是实践上的。这种特殊性决定了美容医学不仅要遵循医学伦理学的基本原则,而且具备医学伦理道德的延展性和非医学范畴的渗透性。美容医学临床实践中的医疗纠纷也因此具备其复杂性和特殊性。     

美容医学摄影体会

美容医学的治疗目标和结果与其它医学临床学科不同 ,容貌和形体美是美容医学的灵魂 ,如何达到求医者的要求 ,手术前后效果的判断 ,单纯依靠文字记录是无法完整表达的。对于经验的积累和学术交流更是需要大量的图象资料才能真实准确的反应出您的工作成绩和学术价值。所以 ,医学摄影的成效 ,直接影美容医学各科的医疗、教学、科研工作 ,既是美容医学的必备手段 ,也是医学美学研究的重要课题。笔者总结本科 40余年资料收集及保存工作规范 ,结合自己在医学摄影工作中的经验谈几点体会。1　资料收集的目的及意义1 .1　资料的珍贵性　要使每位术者…     

美容外科中不可忽视的心理问题

在美容医学临床实践中，成功的美容外科治疗不仅要强调无痛和微创这一基本原则，而且还应该掌握如何诊断和治疗容貌缺陷者的心理问题及心理并发症。美容就医者心理与其他疾病患者心理有根本的不同。景生保认为，美容临床中存在着医学社会关系，维护塑造与被维护塑造的关系。尽管许多美容外科医师已经认识到需要具备对心理问题困扰者进行咨询的能力，即美容手术的成功，离不开正确的心理治疗，且做好心理治疗工作，可减少临床医疗纠纷的发生。     

伴有人格障碍或躯体变形障碍的美容受术者的心理特征

美容医学作为医学的分支学科,具有其特殊性,目的是为了引发自我及他人心中的美感,与心理学有着天然的联系.张涤生曾对中国美容外科的现状和发展趋势进行了全面分析,并提出＂医生对求医者心理状态的把握以及术后对效果的评价都极为重要＂.高景恒等认为,美容医学的宗旨是采用医学手段满足健康人群的求美心理需求,人类的美容要求是心理的需求,是人之本性.因此,美容就医者的心理状态已逐渐被整形美容科医师所认识,并逐步受到重视.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.