Combined carotid endarterectomy and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Patients with angina undergoing carotid endarterectomy have a high mortality. A 74-yaer-old man who has severe carotid stenosis was performed combined carotid endarterectomy and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting successfully. At first, carotid endarterectomy was performed with Jamieson's specially designed dissector, which allow simultaneous dissection and removal blood from the surgical field. Secondly, then off-pump CABG was performed. Skeletonized internal mammary artery was harvested with ultrasound dissector. The advantage of that the dissected artery is not only long and greater blood flow, but also less damage to sternal blood flow which prevent infection and complications. Then internal mammary artery was anastomosed to left anterior discending artery with Octopus II stabilizer. After the operation, he recovered uneventfully without neurological complication. Combined single staged carotid endarterectomy and off-pump CABG appears to be a safe method.     

Perioperative strokes after coronary artery bypass grafting with staged carotid endarterectomy: A nationwide perspective

Study ObjectiveTo examine the risk of perioperative stroke on in-hospital morbidity and mortality in staged coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) procedures.DesignThe National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was used to extract data on all patients who underwent staged CABG CEA procedures. They were identified using the ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision-Clinical Modification) diagnosis and procedure codes.SettingMulti-institutional.PatientsPatients who underwent staged CABG and CEA from 1999 to 2011.InterventionsStaged CABG and CEA procedures.MeasurementsVarious pre-operative, and perioperative risk factors and their association with in-hospital mortality and morbidity were studied.Main ResultsThe study cohort was grouped into 2761 patients who underwent staged CEA and CABG. The average age of the patient population was 69 years. An in-hospital mortality of 4.96% (137) was observed. Staged procedures showed a morbidity rate of 69.21%. Patients with perioperative strokes had a mortality rate of 16.73% following staged procedures. Other notable risk factors for mortality and morbidity were post-operative myocardial infarction (MI) and congestive heart failure (CHF).ConclusionAnalysis of 2761 patients over a period of 12 years (1999–2011) indicate perioperative stroke to be a strong post-operative predicator of in-hospital mortality and morbidity for staged procedures. Other significant factors such as advancing age, female gender and comorbidities like CHF, left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) and post-operative MI should also be considered when determining patient risk. Further investigative studies on staged CABG and CEA procedures are needed for better patient selection and for implementing preventative strategies such as neuroprotective medication and neuromonitoring to minimize the risk of ischemic strokes.     

Simultaneous hybrid revascularization by carotid stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting

Surgical treatment of simultaneous coronary and carotid disease is still controversial, because of the high risk of morbidity and mortality after combined or staged carotid artery endoarterectomy and the coronary artery bypass grafting approach. We report the first 10 patients with concomitant coronary and carotid disease successfully treated with an alternative strategy consisting of simultaneous hybrid revascularization by carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting.     

Two successful cases of coronary artery bypass grafting followed by transluminal carotid angioplasty with stenting]

In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), carotid artery disease is an important factor that affects the incidence of perioperative stroke. The incidence of stroke following cardiac surgery is about 5 times higher in patients with carotid lesions than in patients without them. However, therapeutic strategies for those cases have not established in recent years. We report 2 successful cases of CABG following transluminal carotid angioplasty with stenting (TCAS) for concomitant coronary and carotid artery disease. The first case was a 71-year-old male who had left main trunk (LMT) and three-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) and a 90% stenosis of the right internal carotid artery (ICA). One month after TCAS, triple CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was performed. The second case was a 75-year-old male who had LMT and single vessel CAD and a 99.9% stenosis of the lt. ICA. Considering his poor general conditions, combined strategy of off-pump CABG and PTCA was performed following TCAS. During and after cardiac surgery, they had no cerebral complications. Postoperative myocardial scintigraphy showed improved imaging in both cases. Preoperative TCAS is a safe and minimally invasive procedure for the patients with carotid artery stenosis who need CABG.     

Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting in 313 patients

The coincidence of coronary and carotid artery disease (uni- or bilateral, with or without involvement of the supra-aortic branch) is still a problem with regards to surgical strategy. Since the opening of the Heart Centre Duisburg in 1989 the authors have favoured a simultaneous approach to lesions in both arterial systems in order to avoid myocardial infarction or stroke. The aim of this retrospective study was to review the early and late results of the combined procedures for the endpoints of death, myocardial infarction and stroke. During a 7-year period (1990-1997) a total of 18,050 patients underwent cardiac surgery and extracorporeal circulation. Simultaneous intervention in both arterial systems was performed in 313 patients (1.73%). All patients underwent preoperative ultrasonic diagnostics, digital subtraction angiography, neurological examination and cardiac catheterization. The principal indication was the need for myocardial revascularization, and symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid stenosis of 80% diameter reduction or more (with or without contralateral disease). The mean age was 66.4 +/- 6.9 years; 240 patients (76.7%) were male, 73 patients (23.3%) female; 243 patients (77.6%) had triple-vessel disease, 82 patients (26.2%) had left main stenosis and 94 patients (43.5%) had a reduced ejection fraction. A total of 171 patients (54.6%) had a previous myocardial infarction, 54 patients (17.3%) presented with unstable angina and nine patients (2.9%) had prior coronary artery bypass grafts. Eighty-seven patients (27.8%) had an internal carotid artery stenosis on the right side, 75 patients (24%) on the left side and 151 patients (48.2%) lesions in both carotid arteries. Prior carotid endarterectomy was performed in 14 patients (4.5%), and the contralateral carotid was occluded in 24 patients (7.7%). Fifty patients had a previous stroke (16%) and 185 patients (59.1%) were asymptomatic. During surgery, the the carotid artery was first exposed, followed by median sternotomy, systemic heparinization, cannulation and cardiopulmonary bypass. After achieving mild hypothermia (30 degrees C), endarterectomy was performed with a venous patch closure. An occluded contralateral carotid artery was always an indication for shunting. Coronary artery bypass grafting was carried out with intermittent cross-clamping under moderate hypothermia (22-27 degrees C). Ten patients suffered a myocardial infarction (3.2%), seven patients (2.2%) had an apoplectic insult perioperatively ( < 30 days) and one patient (0.3%) had an event during long-term follow-up. Early overall mortality was 28 (8.9%), of which 13 were cardiac related (4.2%). Overall late mortality was eight (2.6%), of which six were cardiac related (1.9%). Mean survival time was 6.18 years. Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization can be justified as a routine surgical management of severe lesions in both arterial systems. The risk of myocardial infarction, apoplectic stroke or mortality was not significantly different than isolated procedures.     

Anesthesia for combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting]

The anesthesia for combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is mentioned in this report. Although electroencephalogram was set up to detect the sign of brain ischemia during surgery, it became unreliable because of electrical noise from the medical instruments. Another monitoring method, such as trans-cranial Doppler, was thought to be needed to avoid the electrical noise. In anesthesia, a gradual measured induction with judicious fluid loading was imperative along with a protection from the reflex response to pain stimuli. Thiopental was used to protect the brain from ischemic injury during CEA. The perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass was maintained at 55-65 mmHg, and no neurological complication was seen.     

同期颈动脉支架术及冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗颈动脉狭窄合并冠心病的疗效分析

目的:探讨同期颈动脉支架术(CAS)及冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗颈动脉狭窄合并冠心病的安全性与疗效。方法:回顾性分析中日友好医院2007年1月―2014年12月收治的25例颈动脉狭窄合并冠心病患者资料,其中11例同期行CAS和CABG(同期组),14例分期行CAS和CABG(分期组),比较两组患者的主要临床指标。结果:两组患者术前基本资料具有可比性。所有患者手术均获成功,无围手术期死亡患者。与分期组比较,同期组中位手术时间(250minvs.280min)、中位住院时间(19dvs.24d)明显缩短(均P0.05),中位术中出血量(750m Lvs.600m L)、输血量(1000m Lvs.1200m L)、ICU时间(23hvs.24h)、呼吸机时间(19hvs.16.5h)差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。同期组出现术后30d内小卒中1例,一过性脑缺血发作(TIA)1例,围手术期肺部感染1例,术后短暂低血压3例;分期组出现TIA2例,术后短暂低血压4例,再次开胸止血1例,围手术期肺部感染1例,两组均无心肌梗死及死亡病例。结论:同期和分期行CAS和CABG治疗颈动脉狭窄合并冠心病均安全有效,同期手术可以缩短手术和住院时间,应根据患者的病变特点选择合适的治疗方法。     

同期颈动脉内膜切除术与冠状动脉搭桥术治疗颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄的临床经验

目的评价同期联合行颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)与冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)治疗颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存疾病的早期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2008年8月收治的25例颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存并均实施了同期CEA与CABG手术患者的临床资料。先行CEA再行CABG者24例,先行CABG后行CEA1例。有5例患者在体外循环下完成CABG,其余20例在非体外循环下行CABG;在行CEA时,患者均使用颈动脉转流管并均采用人工血管补片加宽颈动脉切口。结果本组无手术死亡,围手术期无心脑血管并发症发生,1例患者手术后1个月因右下肢动脉硬化闭塞症而行右下肢股-腘动脉人工血管搭桥术。术后平均随访(24.6±3.5)个月,患者无心绞痛、短暂性缺血性脑发作或脑中风发生。结论同期行CEA与CABG是治疗颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存疾病的一种可选择的方法,手术安全,早期结果满意。     

Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft

Atherosclerosis is a generalized disease which afflicts a considerable number of patients in both the carotid and coronary arteries. Although the risk of stroke or death use to combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is thought to be higher than that of each individual operation, the combined procedure is generally preferred over staged operations to treat such patients. We performed the combined procedure safely with the aid of intraoperative portable digital subtraction angiography (DSA). This report describes our experience with the operative strategy of simultaneous CEA and CABG. Ninety CEA and 404 CABG were carried out between January 1989 and December 1997. A total of six patients received the combined procedure with the aid of intraoperative DSA; they were studied retrospectively. Postoperative mortality and morbidity after the combined procedure was 0%. In the combined procedure, neurological complications are difficult to detect after CEA because the patient must be maintained under general anesthesia and extracorporeal circulation during the subsequent CABG. However, intraoperative DSA can confirm patency of the internal carotid artery and absence of flap formation after CEA, and the CABG can be performed safely. Intraoperative portable DSA between CEA and CABG is helpful in preventing perioperative stroke in the combined procedure.     

Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy, coronary artery bypass grafting and abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.

A case with a disease triad of an ulcerative lesion in the left internal carotid artery (LICA), severe coronary insufficiency, and an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is presented in whom we performed simultaneous carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and Y-graft replacement of the AAA. The operative technique is detailed and justification of the simultaneous approach in such patients is discussed.     

Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting: results in specific patient groups

We examined the safety of performing synchronous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in specific groups of patients with coexistent cerebral and coronary vascular disease. Between 1981 and 2003, 8,277 patients who underwent CABG in our institution had noninvasive screening for carotid disease. Two hundred seventy-seven (3.34%) patients were found to have severe (>70%) carotid stenosis. This patient population was divided into three subgroups: group A had unilateral carotid disease (n = 200), group B had bilateral carotid disease (n = 55), and group C had contralateral carotid occlusion (n = 22). In 29 patients (10.4%), the carotid disease was symptomatic. A simultaneous CABG and CEA was performed in all three subgroups. Patients in group B underwent initially repair of the most dominant lesion, soon followed by contralateral CEA. Patients who underwent only CABG (n = 8,000) served as controls. Overall combined hospital mortality regardless of etiology for the combined group was 3.61% vs. 1.7% for the patients who had CABG only (P > 0.1). The stroke and/or myocardial infarction-associated mortality for the simultaneous CEA-CABG group was 2.52%. There were six deaths in group A (3%), two in group B (3.6%), and two in group C (9.09%). Early stroke complicated the course of four (2%) patients in group A, one (1.8%) patient in group B, and three (13.64%) patients in group C compared to a stroke rate of 1.28% in controls. Overall stroke rate in the combined group was 2.8%. History of previous stroke and age 70-80 were the most important predictors of postoperative stroke and death. In the combined surgery group, the postoperative myocardial infarction rate was 0.72% vs. 0.58% in the control group. The mean length of hospital stay was 9 days for patients who had the combined procedure vs. 8.1 days for patients who had CABG only. Use of the combined procedure for patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease was justified in the patients under study.     

A systematic review of outcomes following staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass.

OBJECTIVES: to determine the overall cardiovascular risk for patients with combined cardiac and carotid artery disease undergoing synchronous coronary artery bypass (CABG) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA), staged CEA then CABG and reverse staged CABG then CEA. DESIGN: systematic review of 97 published studies following 8972 staged or synchronous operations. RESULTS: mortality was highest in patients undergoing synchronous CEA+CABG (4.6%, 95% CI 4.1-5.2). Reverse staged procedures (CABG-CEA) were associated with the highest risk of ipsilateral stroke (5.8%, 95% CI 0.0-14.3) and any stroke (6.3%, 95% CI 1.0-11.7). Peri-operative myocardial infarction (MI) was lowest following the reverse staged procedure (0.9%, 95% CI 0.5-1.4) and highest in patients undergoing staged CEA-CABG (6.5%, 95% CI 3.2-9.7).The risk of death+/-any stroke was highest in patients undergoing synchronous CEA+CABG (8.7%, 95% CI 7.7-9.8) and lowest following staged CEA-CABG (6.1%, 95% CI 2.9-9.3). The risk of death/stroke or MI was 11.5% (95% CI 10.1-12.9) following synchronous procedures versus 10.2% (95% CI 7.4-13.1) after staged CEA then CABG. CONCLUSIONS: 10-12% of patients undergoing staged or synchronous procedures suffered death or major cardiovascular morbidity (stroke, MI) within 30 days of surgery. Overall, there was no significant difference in outcomes for staged and synchronous procedures and no comparable data for patients with combined cardiac and carotid disease not undergoing staged or synchronous surgery.     

Combined carotid endarterectomy, innominate artery reconstruction, and coronary artery bypass grafting: Case report

Neurologic injury is one of the most devastating complications of combined carotid and cardiac procedures. Although the cause of the deficit is usually embolic, the exact cause is often not apparent at the time of surgery. We present a complex case of combined carotid endarterectomy, innominate artery reconstruction, and coronary artery bypass procedures in which intraoperative monitoring with somatosensory evoked potentials and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography combined with postoperative acetazolamide single photon emission computed tomographic scans was used to correlate intraoperative events with cerebral activity and functional results. Although computed tomographic scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical evaluation were negative for any evidence of stroke, the patient exhibited subtle postoperative changes in neuropsychologic function. These changes were correlated with intraoperative microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring, and postoperative acetazolamide single photon emission computed tomographic scanning, which revealed bilateral cortical defects. (J Vasc Surg 1996;24;1017-21.)     

Carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: current status

Carotid occlusive disease remains an important cause of ischemic stroke. The results of large, randomized, clinical trials have established the benefit of surgical revascularization in patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The introduction of balloon angioplasty and stenting of the extracranial carotid artery as a potential alternative to surgery has been received with enthusiasm by patients and physicians. Whether or not this enthusiasm is justified fully has yet to be determined. This article reviews established and emerging data from clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of carotid endarterectomy, carotid angioplasty, and stenting.