选择性颈胸腹三野淋巴结清扫治疗胸段食管鳞癌

目的 研究胸段食管鳞癌的淋巴结转移规律，探讨合适的淋巴结清扫范围。方法 87例接受食管次全切除术的胸段食管鳞癌患者，根据术前食管腔内超声和颈部超声检查结果，选择性进行胸腹二野或颈胸腹三野淋巴结清扫。结果 超声发现颈部淋巴结肿大并行三野清扫35例（40．2％，三野清扫组），其中原发肿瘤位于胸上段食管者的比例（16／24例，66．7％）显著高于中、下段肿瘤者（19／63例，30．2％）（P=0．002）。三野清扫术扫除淋巴结13．7组／例，显著多于二野清扫组（52例，59．8％）的10．5组／例（P〈0．001）。术后病理检测三野清扫组转移淋巴结1．5组／例，也显著多于二野清扫组的0．8组／例（P〈0．01）。颈淋巴结转移（pM1-LN）17例（占全组19．5％，占三野清扫组48．6％），有区域淋巴结转移者的颈淋巴结转移比例（15／48例，31．3％）显著高于无区域淋巴结转移者（2／39例，5．1％）（P〈0．01）。上、中、下纵隔及上腹部的淋巴结转移率分别为25．3％、23．O％、5．7％和24．1％，颈淋巴结转移与上纵隔（P〈0．01）及中纵隔（P〈0．01）淋巴结转移显著相关，但与下纵隔及上腹部淋巴结转移无关。三野清扫组术后并发症发生率（60．0％）显著高于二野清扫组（34．6％，P=0．020）。喉返神经损伤发生率两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；但喉返神经损伤者吻合口瘘发生率（7／13例，53．8％）显著高于无喉返神经损伤者（10／74例，13．5％，P=0．001）。术后死亡率两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 应对肿瘤位于胸上段食管、或上纵隔及中纵隔淋巴结已发生转移的食管癌患者在超声指导下进行选择性颈胸腹三野淋巴结清扫术，以降低手术风险、提高手术根治效果。     

食管癌淋巴结清扫数目与术后并发症的关系

目的探讨食管癌手术中淋巴结清扫枚数及组数与术后并发症的关系。方法回顾性总结2008年1月至2009年12月间四川大学华西医院收治的794例行食管癌根治性手术患者的临床病理资料．分析食管癌术后并发症的危险因素。结果全组无手术死亡病例,有84例（10．6％）患者出现术后并发症。全组共清扫11770枚淋巴结,平均每例14．8枚。多因素逻辑回归分析显示．患者性别、淋巴结转移数目、吻合部位与手术医生技能水平是食管癌术后并发症的影响因素（均P〈0．05）,而淋巴结清扫枚数及组数对于术后并发症发生率并无显著影响（均P〉0．05）。结论食管癌术后并发症的发生率与一定范围内淋巴结清扫数（小于50枚）及组数的增加无关,应尺可能广沔讹涪相含咎陌协滋田结     

病理N1期胸段食管鳞癌根治术后复发转移危险因素分析

目的 探讨病理N1（pN1）期胸段食管鳞癌患者根治性切除术后复发转移的相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2010年12月间在上海市胸科医院接受根治性切除手术且术后病理证实为pN1期的95例胸段食管鳞癌患者的临床病理资料,采用Cox比例风险模型对其术后复发转移的独立危险因素进行多因素分析.结果 95例患者中术后3年内有52例（54.7％）出现复发转移,其中局域性复发42例（44.2％）,血行转移10例（10.5％）.多因素分析结果显示, 肿瘤浸润深度（RR=3.604,P=0.027）、淋巴结转移组数（RR=4.834,P=0.009）、淋巴结转移野数 （RR=5.689,P=0.003）及术后是否接受辅助化疗（RR=1.594,P=0.048）是影响pN1期胸段食管鳞癌患者术后复发转移的独立因素.结论 辅助化疗有助于降低pN1期胸段食管鳞癌患者术后复发转移的概率.对于术前临床评估为多组或多野淋巴结转移者,诱导治疗或可进一步提高治疗效果.     

侧俯卧位全腔镜食管癌手术淋巴结清扫的临床分析

目的总结侧俯卧位全腔镜食管癌切除术清扫胸腹二野淋巴结的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2009年9月-2011年2月82例全腔镜食管癌切除术与78例常规颈、胸、腹三切口食管癌切除术的临床资料。比较2组手术的胸腹部各区域淋巴结清扫数目、淋巴结转移度、生存率及术后并发症发生率。结果2组均顺利完成手术,2组清扫左右喉返神经旁淋巴结数目分别为（4．1±3．4）枚及（1．1±1．7）枚,上纵隔淋巴结数目分别为（6．8±5．O）枚及（4．9±4．0）枚,腔镜组均多于开放组（P〈0．05）。腔镜组3年生存率（65．4％）与开放组（62．3％）相似（10g—rank检验,X2=0．022,P=0．886）。结论侧俯卧位全腔镜食管癌切除淋巴结清扫疗效肯定,尤其是清扫上纵隔及左右喉返神经旁淋巴结方面,更为有效及彻底。     

胸腔镜与开放食管癌根治术中纵隔淋巴结清扫情况的比较

目的：比较胸腔镜食管癌根治术与开放手术的纵隔淋巴结清扫情况,探讨胸腔镜手术的根治性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2011年6月间四川省肿瘤医院胸外科经左颈右胸上腹食管癌根治术治疗304例患者的临床资料。其中199例行传统开放三切口食管癌根治术（开放组）,105例行胸腹腔镜三切口食管癌根治术（腔镜组）,比较两组患者术中淋巴结清扫情况及围手术期并发症发生情况。结果腔镜组清扫纵隔淋巴结数目为（10．1±5．5）枚,明显少于开放组的（13．3±7．5）枚（P＜0．01）;但匹配术后病理分期后,各期腔镜组和开放组的胸内淋巴结清扫数目差异并无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。开放组和腔镜组左喉返神经旁淋巴结平均清扫数分别为（2．7±0．2）枚和（1．4±0．2）枚,下段食管旁分别为（1．0±0．1）枚和（0．6±0．1）枚,病灶旁分别为（1．7±0．2）枚和（0．7±0．1）枚,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0．01）;其他区域两组淋巴结清扫数目差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。腔镜组围手术期并发症发生率为28．6％（30/105）,低于开放组的41．2％（82/199）（P＜0．05）,但喉返神经麻痹发生率[12．4％（13/105）]明显高于开放组[2．5％（5/199）,P＜0．01）。结论胸腔镜食管癌根治术安全可行。但在行胸腔镜纵隔淋巴结清扫时,应加强对喉返神经旁、下段食管旁和病灶旁淋巴结的清扫,并注意喉返神经的保护。     

手术入路对胸段食管癌pN分期的影响

目的 探讨胸段食管癌合适的淋巴结清扫范围及合理的术式.方法 回顾性分析2006年3月至2010年10月间267例术前分期在cT3N0M0之前胸段食管鳞癌患者的临床资料,根据手术入路分为右胸入路组(淋巴结清扫应用现代二野清扫)与左胸入路组(应用传统二野清扫),比较两种方法 对食管癌pN分期的影响.结果 右胸入路组上纵隔区淋巴结转移度是7.5%,左胸入路未清扫上纵隔;右胸入路组腹部淋巴结转移度21.1%,显著高于左胸入路组(11.3%,P<0.01);术后病理分期左胸入路组N0 134例,N1a1例,N1b 3例,N2 10例,N3 2例;右胸入路组N0 88例,N1a 3例,N1b 7例,N2 15例,N3 4例;右胸入路组pN分期上升显著高于左胸入路组(P<0.05).结论 右胸入路现代二野淋巴结清扫使pN分期更加准确.     

食管癌淋巴结转移特点及其危险因素

目的 探讨食管癌淋巴结转移情况及其危险因素,为外科手术行淋巴结清扫提供参考。方法回顾总结2006年1月至2010年12月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胸外科行三野淋巴结清扫食管癌根治术308例患者的临床资料．分析淋巴结的转移规律及特点。结果308例患者平均清扫淋巴结（35．6±14．5）枚,197例（64％）患者出现淋巴结转移。Logistic单因素分析结果显示,脉管（淋巴管及血管）侵犯（P=0．019）及肿瘤浸润深度（P〈0．001）是发生淋巴结转移的危险因素。各站淋巴结中,胸部气管旁淋巴结转移率最高（25．0％）。上段食管癌腹部淋巴结转移率显著低于中段或下段食管癌（P=0．001）,而各段食管癌颈胸部淋巴结转移率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。颈胸部和颈胸腹部淋巴结转移率分别为14．6％和11．0％,而颈腹部和胸腹部则分别为3．6％和4．9％。脉管侵犯（P〈0．001）和胸部气管旁淋巴结转移（P=0．014）是食管癌发生颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素。结论食管癌淋巴结转移具有上、下双向和跳跃性的特点．胸部气管旁淋巴结转移可作为行颈部淋巴结清扫的指征。     

淋巴结密度在根治性膀胱切除术评估中的实用价值

淋巴结密度指阳性淋巴结数与清扫淋巴结总数的比值。为评估淋巴结密度在根治性膀胱切除及术后辅助化疗中的价值，作者回顾分析了1993—2003年行膀胱切除术的150例淋巴结阳性但无远处转移的膀胱癌病例，其中108例未接受新辅助化疗。统计学分析采用标准方法。结果：5年总体生存率、肿瘤特异性生存率及无复发生存率分别为30．9％、45．5％及29．7％。清扫淋巴结中位数为12个，阳性淋巴结中位数为2个。70％患者接受辅助化疗。     

根治性全胃切除术治疗进展期贲门癌的疗效评价

目的 探讨全胃切除及系统的淋巴结清扫治疗进展期贲门癌的临床价值。方法 对387例进展期贲门癌患者施行全胃切除及D2以上的淋巴结清扫，分析贲门癌浸润胃壁深度与淋巴结转移、淋巴转移及清扫淋巴结数目与术后累积生存率的关系。结果 本组贲门癌患者术后3年、5年累积生存率分别为47.3％、34．2％，pT3、pT4的贲门癌患者pN3转移率分别为4．8％、15．2％，并且随着淋巴结转移数目的增加，3年、5年累积生存率明显下降（P〈0．01、P〈0．01），清扫15或30个以上淋巴结的贲门癌患者3年、5年累积生存率明显高于清扫少于15个淋巴结者（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。本组贲门癌患者术后并发症发生率与病死率分别为14．2％、2．52％。结论 对进展期贲门癌患者只要条件许可应施行根治性全胃切除（D2^＋术式），必要时联合脾、胰体尾整块切除，以提高生存质量和延长生存期。     

结肠代食管术联合颈胸腹三区域淋巴结清扫治疗食管癌临床疗效分析

目的探讨结肠代食管术联合颈胸腹三区域淋巴结清扫治疗食管癌的价值。方法对120例有结肠代食管术指征的食管癌患者行结肠代食管术,术中加行颈、胸、腹三区域淋巴结清扫（A组）。并与同期行常规食管癌根治术（右胸、腹两切口）的110例患者进行比较（B组）。结果A组手术切除率明显高于B组（98.3%VS 91.8%）,而切端阳性率低于B组（5.0%VS 12.7%）（P〈0.05）。A组并发症率为36.7%,高于B组的24.5%（P〈0.05）。A组共清扫淋巴结2 151枚,平均17.9枚/例,淋巴结转移9.6%;B组清扫淋巴结920枚,平均8.4枚/例,淋巴结转移率8.2%。A组1,3,5年生存率分别为86.4%、69.1%和39.1%,B组分别为83.2%、43.0%和26.2%;A组3,5年生存率均高于B组（P〈0.05）。结论结肠代食管术联合颈胸腹三区域淋巴结清扫术治疗食管癌淋巴结清除率高,可明显延长患者生存期。     

Does the extent of lymph node dissection influence outcome in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the therapeutic effect of the extent of lymph node dissection performed in patients with a stage pI non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: We analysed data on 465 patients with stage I NSCLC who were treated with surgical resection and some form of lymph node sampling. The median number of lymph node sampled was 10 and the median number of ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node stations sampled was two. We chose to define a procedure that harvested 10 or more lymph nodes and sampled two or more ipsilateral mediastinal stations as a lymphadenectomy, by contrast with sampling when one or both criteria were not satisfied. The effect of the surgical techniques: lymph node sampling (LS; n=207) vs. lymphadenectomy (LA; n=258) on 30-day mortality and overall survival were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 6244 lymph nodes was examined, including 4306 mediastinal lymph nodes. The mean (+/-SD) numbers of removed lymph nodes were 7+/-6.1 per patient following LS vs.18.6+/-9.3 following LA (P=0.001). An average mean of 1+/-0.90 mediastinal lymph node station per patient was sampled following LS vs. 2.7+/-0.8 following LA (P<10(-6)). Overall 30-day mortality rates were 2.4 and 3.1%, respectively. LA was disclosed as a favourable prognosticator at multivariate analysis (Hazard Risk: 1.43; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.00-2.04; P=0.048), together with younger patient age, absence of blood vessels invasion, and smaller tumour size. CONCLUSIONS: Importance of lymph node dissection affects patients outcome, while it does not enhance the operative mortality. A minimum of 10 lymph nodes assessed, and two mediastinal stations sampled are suggested as possible pragmatic markers of the quality of lymphadenectomy.     

Systemic mediastinal lymph node dissection of right lung cancer: surgical quality control and analysis of mediastinal lymph node metastatic patterns

Standardization of systemic mediastinal lymph node dissection (SMLD) of lung cancer requires further investigation. A consecutive 124 right lung cancer patients were recruited for pulmonary resection plus SMLD. Three mediastinal lymph node compartments, (i) the upper compartment (station 1-4), (ii) the middle compartment (station 7-8) and (iii) the lower compartment (station 9), were en bloc collected to achieve surgical quality control and to analyze mediastinal lymph node metastatic patterns. The number of total harvested lymph nodes, N1 nodes and N2 nodes were 21.9+/-8.7, 9.2+/-4.7 and 12.8+/-6.7, respectively. Tumor location (peripheral or central) (P=0.023) and status of blood vessel invasion (P=0.002) were identified as risk factors for nodal involvement. Right upper lobe (RUL) cancer with N2 disease primarily metastasized to the upper compartment (27.3%) (P=0.001). For right lower lobe (RLL) cancer, lymph node metastasis most commonly detected in the middle compartment (48.8%) (P=0.001). Single mediastinal compartment metastasis occurred in 64.7% (11/17) of adenocarcinomas from RUL and RML, whereas multiple compartments metastasis occurred in all adenocarcinoma cases (12/12) from RLL (P=0.001). SMLD needs to standardize the extent of lymphadenectomy and number of removed lymph nodes for surgical quality control. Simplifying mediastinal lymph node stations to three compartments may benefit surgical excision.     

Prognostic Factors for Surgically Resected N2 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with pathologically documented ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node (LN) metastases (pN2) are a broad spectrum of diseases. We retrospectively analyzed prognostic factors for cases of pN2 NSCLC treated by surgical resection.Methods: Clinicopathological data were reviewed for consecutive 121 patients who underwent anatomical pulmonary resection with mediastinal LN sampling or dissection for pN2 NSCLC over a 15-year period.Results: The 5-year survival rate for all patients was 29.9%. Clinical N status, curability, surgical procedure and adjuvant chemotherapy were favorable prognostic factors in univariate analysis, with 5-year survival rates of 35.0% for cN0/1 vs. 17.7% for cN2/3 cases; 33.1% for R0 vs. 14.7% for R1/2 resection; 31.5% for lobectomy vs. 25.0% for bilobectomy and 15.6% for pneumonectomy; and 72.7% with adjuvant chemotherapy vs. 23.8% without adjuvant chemotherapy. Survival did not differ significantly based on gender, age, smoking status, clinical T status, tumor location, histology, skip metastasis, subcarinal LN metastasis, or number of involved N2 levels. In multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy, R0 resection, and lobectomy emerged as independent favorable prognostic factors.Conclusion: Complete resection using lobectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy are favorable prognostic factors in cases of pN2 NSCLC.     

Adjuvant chemotherapy after radical resection of squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus: who benefits? A retrospective study

BACKGROUND: A definitive combined modality therapy superior to surgery alone has not yet been found for esophageal cancer. This retrospective study investigated the impact of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in patients who underwent curative (R0) esophagectomy with radical lymphadenectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred and eleven patients with a squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus who underwent transthoracic curative (R0) esophagectomy with radical lymphadenectomy, such as 3-field lymphadenectomy or total 2-field lymphadenectomy, between 1988 and 2000, were retrospectively reviewed. Ninety-four patients received postoperative chemotherapy - 2 courses of cisplatin (CDDP) plus fluorouracil (5-FU) or vindesine (VDS) - while the other 117 patients received surgery alone. The overall survival rate was compared between the two groups after being stratified by the numbers of the metastasis- positive lymph nodes. RESULTS: Only in the subgroup of patients with 8 or more lymph nodes metastasis- positive, the surgery-with-postoperative-chemotherapy group had a significantly better survival than the surgery-alone group. No significant difference was found in survival between the two groups in any other stratified subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy following curative (R0) esophagectomy with radical lymphadenectomy such as 3-field lymphadenectomy or total 2-field lymphadenectomy provided a benefit only in patients having metastasis in a large number - 8 or more - lymph nodes.     

Risk factors for patients with pelvic lymph node metastases following radical cystectomy with en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy: concept of lymph node density

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical outcomes and risk factors for progression in a large cohort of patients with lymph node metastases following en bloc radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 1971 through December 1997, 1,054 patients underwent radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic-iliac lymphadenectomy for high grade, invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Of these patients 244 (23%) with a median age of 66 years (range 36 to 90) had pathological lymph node metastases. Overall 139 of the 244 patients (57%) received some form of chemotherapy. At a median followup of greater than 10 years (range 0 to 28) outcomes data were analyzed in univariate analysis according to tumor grade, carcinoma in situ, primary bladder tumor stage, pathological subgroups, total number of lymph nodes removed and involved with tumor, and lymph node density (total number of positive lymph nodes/total number removed). In addition, the form of urinary diversion and the administration of chemotherapy were also evaluated. Multivariate analysis was then performed to analyze these variables independently. RESULTS: The incidence of positive lymph nodes increased with higher p stage and pathological subgroups. Of 669 patients 75 (11%) with organ confined primary tumors and 169 of 385 (44%) with extravesical tumor extension had involved lymph nodes. The median number of lymph nodes removed in the 244 lymph node positive cases was 30 (range 1 to 96), while the median number of positive lymph nodes was 2 (range 1 to 63). Overall recurrence-free survival at 5 and 10 years for the 244 patients with lymph node positive disease was 35% and 34%, respectively. Patients with lymph node positive disease and an organ confined primary bladder tumor had significantly improved 10-year recurrence-free survival compared with those with extravesical tumor extension (44% vs 30%, p = 0.003). The total number of lymph nodes removed at surgery was also prognostic. Patients with 15 or less lymph nodes removed had 25% 10-year recurrence-free survival compared with 36% when greater than 15 lymph nodes were removed. Recurrence-free survival at 10 years for patients with 8 or less positive lymph nodes was significantly higher than in those with greater than 8 positive lymph nodes (40% vs 10%, p <0.001). The novel concept of lymph node density was also a significant prognostic factor. Patients with a lymph node density of 20% or less had 43% 10-year recurrence-free survival compared with only 17% survival at 10 years when lymph node density was greater than 20% (p <0.001). On multivariate analysis the total number of lymph nodes involved, pathological subgroups of the primary bladder tumor, lymph node density and adjuvant chemotherapy remained significant and independent risk factors for recurrence-free and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with lymph node tumor involvement following radical cystectomy may be stratified into high risk groups based on the primary bladder tumor, pathological subgroup, number of lymph nodes removed and total number of lymph nodes involved. Lymph node density, which is a novel prognostic indicator, may better stratify lymph node positive cases because this concept collectively accounts for the total number of positive lymph nodes (tumor burden) and the total number of lymph nodes removed (extent of lymphadenectomy). Future staging systems and the application of adjuvant therapies in clinical trials should consider applying lymph node density to help standardize this high risk group of patients following radical cystectomy.     

Management of stage III primary breast cancer. An analysis of 221 cases]

From Jan. 1978 to Dec. 1987, 221 patients of stage III breast cancer were treated by surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. The overall 5-year survival rate was 50.4%. The 5-year survival rate in patients with negative lymph node was 72.3% as compared with 37.5% in patients with more than 7 lymph nodes involved (P < 0.05). In patients who received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, the 5-year survival rate in premenopausal or postmenopausal group was 62.1% and 41.4% respectively (P < 0.05). The regional lymph node recurrence rate was 4.0% in patients who received postoperative radiotherapy as opposed to 9.6% for those without radiotherapy postoperatively. The distant metastasis rate was 19.1% in lymph node negative group as compared with 45.9% in patients with more than 7 lymph nodes involved (P < 0.05). To decrease the distant metastasis will improve the survival rate in the treatment of breast cancer. We believe that preoperative chemotherapy combined with radical surgery and postoperative adjuvant therapy may improve the survival rate in stage III breast cancer.     

Three-field lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction in 174 R0 resections: impact on staging, disease-free survival, and outcome: a plea for adaptation of TNM classification in upper-half esophageal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of esophagectomy with 3-field lymphadenectomy on staging, disease-free survival, and 5-year survival in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy with 3-field lymphadenectomy is mainly performed in Japan. Data from Western experience with 3-field lymphadenectomy are scarce and dealing with relatively small numbers. As a result, its role in the surgical practice of cancer of the esophagus and GEJ remains controversial. METHODS: Between 1991 and 1999, primary surgery with 3-field lymphadenectomy was performed in 192 patients, of whom a cohort of 174 R0 resections was used for further analysis. RESULTS: Hospital mortality of the whole series was 1.2%. Overall morbidity was 58%. Pulmonary complications occurred in 32.8%, cardiac dysrhythmias in 10.9%, and persistent recurrent nerve problems in 2.6%. pTNM staging was as follows: stage 0, 0.6%; stage I, 9.2%; stage II, 27.6%; stage III, 28.7%; and stage IV, 33.9%. Overall 3- and 5-year survival was 51% and 41.9%, respectively. The 3- and 5-year disease-free survival was 51.4% and 46.3%, respectively. Locoregional lymph node recurrence was 5.2%; no patient developed an isolated cervical lymph node recurrence. Five-year survival for node-negative patients was 80.2% versus 24.5% for node-positive patients. Five-year survival by stage was 100% in stages 0 and I, 59.1% in stage II, 36.8% in stage III, and 13.3% in stage IV. Twenty-three percent of the patients with adenocarcinoma (25.8% distal third and 17.6% GEJ) and 25% of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma (26.2% middle third) had positive cervical nodes resulting in a change of pTNM staging specifically related to the unforeseen cervical lymph node involvement in 12%. Cervical lymph node involvement was unforeseen in 75.6% of patients with cervical nodes at pathologic examinations. Five-year survival for patients with positive cervical nodes was 27.7% for middle third squamous cell carcinoma. For distal third adenocarcinomas, 4-year survival was 35.7% and 5-year survival 11.9%. No GEJ adenocarcinoma with positive cervical nodes survived for 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Esophagectomy with 3-field lymph node dissection can be performed with low mortality and acceptable morbidity. The prevalence of involved cervical nodes is high, regardless of the type and location of tumor resulting in a change of final staging specifically related to the cervical field in 12% of this series. Overall 5-year and disease-free survival after R0 resection of 41.9% and 46.3%, respectively, may indicate a real survival benefit. A 5-year survival of 27.2% in patients with positive cervical nodes in middle third carcinomas indicates that these nodes should be considered as regional (N1) rather than distant metastasis (M1b) in middle third carcinomas. These patients seem to benefit from a 3-field lymphadenectomy. The role of 3-field lymphadenectomy in distal third adenocarcinoma remains investigational.     

肺癌手术中淋巴结清扫的现状与进展

淋巴结转移是肺癌主要而常见的转移途径,也是术后癌残留而导致复发和转移的主要因素,肺癌手术中纵隔、肺门淋巴结清扫至关重要。但目前淋巴结的清扫方式尚不统一,有系统淋巴结清扫术（CMLND）、根治性淋巴结清扫术、淋巴结采样、系统淋巴结采样以及前哨淋巴结技术导航切除,并且随着微创外科的发展,胸腔镜下淋巴结清扫也日趋成熟。而寻求一个更规范、更完善的淋巴结清扫方式甚有必要。现就目前肺癌手术中纵隔、肺门淋巴结清扫的临床意义、清扫方式、清扫范围以及胸腔镜下淋巴结清扫的现状以及展望进行综述。