A survey on breast feeding in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Breastfeeding was studied among 10,240 urban and 10,794 rural mothers whose children ranged in age from 18-23 months. The sample size for rural and urban areas was equal but in each province, cluster sampling was used proportional to the population of each district. Results of the study show that between 17-28% of urban mothers in the provinces have deprived their children of the minimum period of breastfeeding (4 months). The results also show that between 51-68% of mothers have breastfed their children for at least 1 year. The % of mothers who have breastfed their children for at least 1.5 years was in the 36-50% range. On the other hand, 11-22% of mother residing in rural areas have never breastfed their children: if they have, the period was for less than 4 months. The % of mothers who have breastfed their children for at least 1 year is in the 61-79% range. The % for those mothers who breastfed their children for 1.5 years is between 47-66%. The overall conclusion is that: rural mothers are more willing to breastfeed their children than urban mothers; that in all urban and some rural areas, illiterate mothers have a higher % of breastfeeding; and that is some rural areas, literate mothers breastfed their sons more than their daughters.     

乳酸杆菌对不同体质母亲母乳成分的影响

目的 本研究通过给过敏体质孕母、乳母补充益生菌乳酸杆菌,观察乳酸杆菌对母乳成分的影响及其与婴儿过敏性疾病发病的关系.方法 选择过敏体质孕妇(n=60),随机分成两组,一组自孕36周开始口服乳酸杆菌,孩子出生后继续服用直到母乳喂养结束,另一组口服安慰剂,同时选择非过敏体质孕妇(n=30)为对照组 ,生后取母乳测细胞因子及免疫球蛋白(IgA、SIgA、TGF-β1 、sCD14),孩子随访到2岁以确定湿疹及其他过敏性疾病.结果 口服乳酸杆菌的孕妇母乳中TGF-β1、sCD14水平较口服安慰剂低,口服乳酸杆菌的孕妇的孩子2岁内患过敏性疾病率低.口服乳酸杆菌对母乳中IgA、SIgA、水平没有影响.结论 在怀孕晚期及哺乳期口服乳酸杆菌可降低母乳中TGF-β1、sCD14水平,这种细胞因子水平降低与母乳喂养婴儿低敏感性有相关性.     

Factors influencing adherence to exclusive breast feeding among HIV positive mothers in Kabarole district, Uganda

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors influencing adherence to exclusive breast feeding (EBF) among HIV positive mothers in Kabarole district, Uganda. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Kabarore district, western Uganda. SUBJECTS: HIV infected women attending for psychosocial support that adhered or did not adhere to EBF. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We compared personal factors, influence from other people, barriers and supports towards adherence to EBF among 139 HIV infected women who adhered and among 139 women who did not adhere to EBF using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The independent predictors of adherence to EBF are: having formal education (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 2.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-4.84), knowledge of EBF as a method of preventing mother to child transmission of HIV (AOR 2.53, CI 1.11-5.75), attending at least four antenatal infant feeding counselling sessions (AOR 3.86, CI 1.82-8.19), attending at least six postnatal counselling sessions (AOR 12.52, CI 3.89-40.30), health workers being consulted for breastfeeding problems (AOR 13.11, CI 3.75-45.81), mothers thinking that they are able to produce enough milk (AOR 3.92, CI 1.74-8.84), initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth (AOR 10.17, CI 4.52-22.88), getting support from the father to EBF (AOR 5.27, CI 1.87-14.81) and getting support from the family to EBF (AOR 4.54, CI 2.09-9.84). CONCLUSION: In order to improve adherence to EBF there is need to: involve the family especially fathers in infant feeding counselling and education, target less educated mothers for more intense infant feeding counselling using appropriate methods, intensify education on benefits of EBF and on how to produce enough milk and to encourage mothers to attend regularly for ante-natal and post-natal care.     

Complete coverage and covering completely: Breast feeding and complementary feeding: Knowledge,attitude, and practices of mothers

Background

Knowing current trends for timely comprehensive action for health promotion practices is an important prerequisite for medical practitioners and policy makers.

影响母乳喂养的相关因素调查

目的 调查影响母乳喂养的相关因素.方法 选择在我院分娩的产妇338例为调查对象,产后进行随访,调查分析影响产妇母乳喂养的相关因素.结果 纯母乳喂养171例,占50.6%,混合喂养146例,占43.2%,人工喂养21例,占6.2%.自觉母乳量、母乳喂养是否改变体型的看法、母乳喂养信心是影响母乳喂养的相关因素（P＜0.01）.结论 母乳喂养信心、自觉母乳量、母乳喂养是否改变体型的看法是影响母乳喂养的相关因素.     

Infant feeding practices of mothers in an urban area in Nepal.

Background: Child health in developing countries including Nepal is a matter of serious concern as the prevalence of malnutrition among children continues to be high with 48.6% of children under five in Nepal being underweight. Since infant feeding practices adopted by mothers play a major role in influencing health of these children, there is a need to study the infant feeding practices prevalent in different areas in order to have pragmatic approaches to solve this problem. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among mothers who attended the immunization clinics of 18 wards of Pokhara municipality area. They were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire on various aspects of infant feeding. Result: A total of 168 mothers were interviewed and prevalence of breastfeeding was 99.4% (167). Only 43.5% of the mothers initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth and 60.5% were practicing exclusive breastfeeding at 5 months. Almost 40% of the mothers started complementary feeding before the recommended age of 6 months and 22.5 % delayed introduction of complementary feeding beyond the recommended age. Conclusion: Breast feeding practices adopted by mothers of Pokhara urban area are still lacking in terms of late initiation of and early starting of complementary feeding. There is a need to educate the mothers regarding proper infant feeding practices. Key words: infant feeding, breastfeeding, weaning.     

初产妇母乳喂养自我效能及其影响因素调查分析

目的调查初产妇产后母乳喂养的自我效能和影响因素。方法选择在我院分娩的初产妇189例为调查对象,分别于产后1周和6周进行调查。采用母乳喂养自我效能量表对初产妇自我效能调查,另调查一般资料、母乳喂养知识问卷、社会支持、产后抑郁、分娩控制等分析影响初产妇产后母乳喂养的相关因素。结果配偶对母乳喂养态度、产后抑郁是影响产后1周初产妇母乳喂养的因素,配偶对母乳喂养的态度、产前母乳喂养自我效能是影响支持维度的影响因素,配偶对母乳喂养的态度是影响内心活动维度的因素（P〈0．01）。产后1周初产妇母乳喂养自我效能与产后6周的喂养方式具有密切的相关性（P〈0．01）。结论配偶对母乳喂养的态度、产后抑郁、产前自我效能是影响产后1周初产妇母乳喂养自我效能的因素,而产后1周母乳喂养自我效能是产后6周的母乳喂养的预测因素。     

A review on metastatic breast cancer in Iran

Metastatic breast cancer is a disease of early breast cancer that usually occurs several years after the early breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Iranian women. According to the new statistics in Iran 6 160 breast cancers are diagnosed in the country each year and 1 063 cases lead to death. In this paper, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment have been investigated. In this study, case-control clinical trials and open studies with adequate data were collected. Due to the higher risk of age group 40-49 years and the advent of advanced breast cancer in Iranian women, the early diagnosis and determination of the exact size of the tumor before surgery is important in choosing a therapy plan. The decision on the therapy of invasive breast cancer depends on several factors such as cancer stage, tumor size and type, pathological and cytological status of the tumor, the patient's opinion, the presence or absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and so on.     

母乳喂养与感染性疾病

因为母乳中有多种特异性和非特异性的免疫保护因子,其中有体液免疫物质和细胞免疫物质,所以母乳喂养可提供抵抗感染性疾病的免疫力。母乳也有传播某些感染性疾病的可能,研究成果提供了抵御母乳传播HBV和HIV的措施。     

Influences on breast feeding initiation and duration

The study objectives were to establish the prevalence of breast feeding at birth, at four and twelve weeks after birth and describe the factors associated with its initiation and duration. The study population consisted of all babies born in May 1993 (n=162) to mothers resident in Kildare. The response rate was 145/162 (89 percent). Mothers were visited within fourteen days of the birth. Breast feeding mothers were re-visited when the baby was four to six weeks old and at twelve to fourteen weeks. Interviews were conducted using an interviewer administered questionnaire.