Infant-feeding practices of mothers of known HIV status in Lusaka,Zambia

BACKGROUND: Between 25 and 44% of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) occurs through breastfeeding. As a result, feeding guidelines for infants of HIV-infected mothers are being formulated in many resource-poor countries. The impact of introducing these guidelines on mothers' actual feeding practices has not previously been examined. Infant-feeding practices of mothers of known HIV status who should have received advice during pre- and post-test HIV counselling were assessed and compared with those of uninfected mothers. METHODS: Mothers of infants aged 2-12 months, 55 HIV-infected and 85 HIV-uninfected, were recruited from the HIV Family Support Unit in Lusaka, Zambia. HIV status was known to 121 of these mothers, who had all received pre- and post-test HIV counselling. Feeding practices were determined by verbal questionnaire. RESULTS: All mothers breastfed but only 35% of infants below 4 months were exclusively breastfed (received breast milk only). HIV-infected mothers introduced fluids and weaned their infants significantly earlier than HIV-uninfected mothers (p = 0.03 and p = 0.002, respectively). Infants of HIV-infected mothers had significantly lower weight for age Z (WAZ) scores indicating poorer nutritional or health status (p = 0.004). Commercial formula milk and cow's milk were used by 36 mothers as breast milk substitutes, and were introduced at a median age of 2.5 months. Thirteen mothers gave cow's milk, and no mother added water to cow's milk (as recommended), with two adding sugar and four adding salt. CONCLUSION: Infant-feeding practices of HIV-infected mothers differed significantly from HIV-uninfected mothers, and this may contribute to their poorer growth. Paradoxically these mothers feeding practice could be putting these infants at greater risk of both non-HIV-related morbidity and HIV transmission, as early introduction of foods other than breast milk may increase MTCT.     

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at the second immunization visit: a cross-sectional study,Burkina Faso

ObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of the cascade of activities for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the second immunization visit in Burkina Faso.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, we recruited mothers attending the second immunization visit for their infant in 20 health centres of Bobo-Dioulasso city, Burkina Faso over 12 months (2019–2020). We administered a short questionnaire to 14 176 mothers and performed HIV serological tests on mothers who had not been tested in the last 3 months. All mothers were asked about their attendance for antenatal care and HIV rapid testing. HIV-infected mothers were also asked about the timing of their HIV diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation at birth and infant diagnosis of HIV.FindingsOf 14 136 respondents, 13 738 (97.2%) had at least one HIV serological test in their lifetime. Of 13 078 mothers who were never tested or were HIV-negative, 12 454 (95.2%) were tested during or after their last pregnancy. Among HIV-infected mothers already aware of their status, 110/111 (99.1%) women were on antiretroviral therapy. Among HIV-exposed infants, 84/101 (83.2%) babies received 6 weeks of antiretroviral prophylaxis at birth and 58/110 (52.7%) had a blood sample collected for early infant diagnosis. Only two mothers received their child’s test results at the time of the second immunization visit. Four mothers were newly diagnosed as HIV-positive during the study.ConclusionCollecting data at the second immunization visit, a visit rarely missed by mothers, could be useful for identifying gaps in the PMTCT cascade in settings where mothers are difficult to reach, such as in low-income countries with intermediate or low HIV prevalence.     

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in a refugee camp setting in Tanzania

Abstract

The objective of this article is to describe the results of a 2-year pilot programme implementing prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) in a refugee camp setting. Interventions used were: community sensitization, trainings of healthcare workers, voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCT), infant feeding, counselling, and administration of Nevirapine. Main outcome measures include: HIV testing acceptance rates, percentage of women receiving post test counselling, Nevirapine uptake, and HIV prevalence among pregnant women and their infants. Ninety-two percent of women (n=9,346) attending antenatal clinics accepted VCT. All women who were tested for HIV received their results and posttest counselling. The HIV prevalence rate among the population was 3.2%. The overall Nevirapine uptake in the camp was 97%. Over a third of women were repatriated before receiving Nevirapine. Only 14% of male counterparts accepted VCT. Due to repatriation, parent's refusal, and deaths, HIV results were available for only 15% of infants born to HIV-infected mothers. The PMTCT programme was successfully integrated into existing antenatal care services and was acceptable to the majority of pregnant women. The major challenges encountered during the implementation of this programme were repatriation of refugees before administration of Nevirapine, which made it difficult to measure the impact of the PMTCT programme.     

From prenatal HIV testing of the mother to prevention of sexual HIV transmission within the couple

The first step in preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes is offering HIV counselling and testing to pregnant women. In developing countries where HIV testing remains rare, it represents a unique opportunity for many women to learn their HIV status. This prenatal HIV testing is not only the entry point to prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, but also an occasion for women to sensitize their male partner to sexual risks. Here we explore if these women, HIV-tested as mothers, apply the prevention recommendations they also receive as women.In the Ditrame Plus PMTCT program in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, two cohorts of women (475 HIV-infected women and 400 HIV-negative women) were followed up two years after the pregnancy when they were offered prenatal HIV testing. In each cohort, we compared the proportion of women who communicated with their regular partner on sexual risks, prior to and after prenatal HIV testing. We analysed socio-demographic factors related to this communication. We measured two potential conjugal outcomes of women HIV testing: the level of condom use at sex resumption after delivery and the risk of union break-up.Prenatal HIV testing increased conjugal communication regarding sexual risks, whatever the woman's serostatus. This communication was less frequent for women in a polygamous union or not residing with their partner. Around 30% of women systematically used condoms at sex resumption. Among HIV infected ones, conjugal talk on sexual risks was related to improved condom use. After HIV testing, more HIV-infected women separated from their partners than HIV-uninfected women, despite very few negative reactions from the notified partners.In conclusion, offering prenatal HIV counselling and testing is an efficient tool for sensitizing women and their partners to HIV prevention. But sexual prevention in a conjugal context remains difficult and need to be specifically addressed.     

60例HIV感染孕产妇调查结果分析

目的:了解HIV感染孕产妇对预防艾滋病母婴传播服务的需求及服务利用中存在的主要障碍,以提高预防艾滋病母婴传播服务措施的效果。方法:对2005年1月～2006年7月在我院产前检查发现的60例HIV感染孕产妇进行问卷调查。结果:15%的孕产妇不愿意接受产前检查,25%的孕产妇不愿意住院分娩,怕歧视、担心检查和住院分娩费用高等是孕产妇不接受孕产期保健的主要原因;91.6%的孕产妇愿意本人和给孩子服用抗逆转录病毒药物预防艾滋病母婴传播,93.3%的孕产妇不希望其所生婴幼儿获得随访服务,怕别人知道自己感染HIV是不愿意接受随访的主要原因。结论:HIV感染孕产妇检测不及时、经济负担、社会歧视问题是预防艾滋病母婴传播服务利用的主要障碍。     

我国部分地区2005-2007年艾滋病母婴传播水平变化趋势

目的 了解我国部分艾滋病高发地区艾滋病母婴传播水甲变化趋势.方法 自2005年1月至2009年6月在我国艾滋病相对高发的15个县(区)开展相关调查研究,对2005年1月至2007年12月期间人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染产妇分娩所生婴幼儿进行追踪随访至产后18个月,收集的儿童死亡及确定HIV感染等相关资料.结果 调查研究期间,研究地区HIV感染孕产妇所生满18月龄儿童共644名.其中,随访至满18月龄及以上的婴幼儿550名,44名儿童失访,50例死亡.550名满18月龄及以上的婴幼儿中确定HIV感染53例.2005-2007年母婴传播水半分别为13.19%(24/182)、8.90%(17/191)和6.78%(12/177),呈逐年下降趋势(X~2=4.23,P<0.05).根据判定死于艾滋病儿童的数据对随访满18月龄的HIV感染孕产妇所生儿童的HIV感染水平进行校正,2005-2007年的母婴传播率分别校正为16.74%、12.98%、9.52%,亦逐年降低(X~2=4.69,P<0.05).结论 长期、有效的预防艾滋病母婴传播干预措施可使艾滋病母婴传播水平逐年降低;采用死亡儿童数据对母婴传播率进行校正,才能正确评价预防艾滋病母婴传播措施的效果.     

Infant feeding in Nigeria: A case study of practices in Ile-Ife community

Infant feeding practices and nutritional status of one hundred and ten infants in urban and rural areas of lle-lfe were investigated. Questionnaires were administered with the nursing mothers as respondents. Information was obtained on breastfeeding pattern, feeding of milk and non-milk supplements, and also health and medical history of the infants. Anthropometric measurements were also conducted on the infants aged between 0-2 years.

Analysis of the data showed that all nursing mothers breastfed their babies within the first three days up to an average of 12 months of life after which milk and non-milk supplements were introduced. Urban mothers were found to introduce milk supplements at an earlier age of life than their rural counterparts with urban infants being better nourished.     

艾滋病病毒与婴儿喂养研究

母婴传播是艾滋病的重要传播途径之一,是儿童感染艾滋病病毒的最主要途径.婴儿喂养方式对艾滋病病毒的母婴传播产生着重要的影响,同时也影响着艾滋病病毒感染母亲所生婴儿的生存状况.该文从艾滋病病毒感染母亲对婴儿喂养方式的选择意愿、不同喂养方式、婴儿生存状况、母乳喂养与艾滋病病毒母婴传播率及对人工喂养安全性评价等方面,介绍了目前国际上对艾滋病病毒感染母亲所生婴儿喂养方面研究的进展,为基层向艾滋病病毒感染母亲传递婴儿喂养方面的信息提供参考.     

驻马店市2001-2009年预防艾滋病母婴传播干预工作分析

目的 分析驻马店市开展预防艾滋病母婴传播干预工作以来,孕产妇人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况和母婴传播情况及工作成效.方法 2001年10月-2009年5月,在全市孕产妇人群开展HIV自愿咨询与检测,共检测339 866名孕产妇;对检测过程中发现的594例HIV抗体阳性孕产妇进行综合干预,对其分娩的326名婴儿实施干预措施并在满12个月和18个月进行HIV抗体检测.结果 检测发现594例HIV阳性孕产妇,阳性率为0.17%(594/339 866),孕产妇HIV抗体检测阳性率呈现逐年下降趋势,最高年份2002年为0.47%(37/7837),最低年份2008年为0.12%(86/73 343).594例阳性孕产妇中,自愿终止妊娠228例,占38.38%(228/594);继续妊娠的43例,占7.24%(43/594);产妇317例,占53.37%(317/594).317例阳性产妇共生产婴儿326名,实施母婴阻断298名,实施阻断措施比率为94.01%(298/317);326名婴儿中存活317名,其中满18个月者224名,接受检测221名,检测出HIV阳性7例,接受干预措施后的母婴传播率为3.17%(7/221).结论 通过开展预防艾滋病母婴传播干预工作,可及时掌握孕产妇人群中HIV的感染状况,能有效降低艾滋病母婴传播水平.     

Universal combination antiretroviral regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in rural Zambia: a two-round cross-sectional study

Objective

To evaluate if a pilot programme to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was associated with changes in early childhood survival at the population level in rural Zambia.

Methods

Combination antiretroviral regimens were offered to pregnant and breastfeeding, HIV-infected women, irrespective of immunological status, at four rural health facilities. Twenty-four-month HIV-free survival among children born to HIV-infected mothers was determined before and after PMTCT programme implementation using community surveys. Households were randomly selected and women who had given birth in the previous 24 months were asked to participate. Mothers were tested for HIV antibodies and children born to HIV-infected mothers were tested for viral deoxyribonucleic acid. Multivariable models were used to determine factors associated with child HIV infection or death.

Findings

In the first survey (2008–2009), 335 of 1778 women (18.8%) tested positive for HIV. In the second (2011), 390 of 2386 (16.3%) tested positive. The 24-month HIV-free survival in HIV-exposed children was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.63–0.76) in the first survey and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83–0.94) in the second. Combination antiretroviral regimen use was associated with a lower risk of HIV infection or death in children (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.73). Maternal knowledge of HIV status, use of HIV tests and use of combination regimens during pregnancy increased between the surveys.

Conclusion

The PMTCT programme was associated with an increased HIV-free survival in children born to HIV-infected mothers. Maternal utilization of HIV testing and treatment in the community also increased.     

Routine offer of antenatal HIV testing ("opt-out" approach) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in urban Zimbabwe

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of routine antenatal HIV testing for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in urban Zimbabwe. METHODS: Community counsellors were trained in routine HIV testing policy using a specific training module from June 2005 through November 2005. Key outcomes during the first 6 months of routine testing were compared with the prior 6-month "opt-in" period, and clients were interviewed. FINDINGS: Of the 4551 women presenting for antenatal care during the first 6 months of routine HIV testing, 4547 (99.9%) were tested for HIV compared with 3058 (65%) of 4700 women during the last 6 months of the opt-in testing (P < 0.001), with a corresponding increase in the numbers of HIV-infected women identified antenatally (926 compared with 513, P < 0.001). During routine testing, more HIV-infected women collected results compared to the opt-in testing (908 compared with 487, P < 0.001) resulting in a significant increase in deliveries by HIV-infected women (256 compared with 186, P = 0.001); more mother/infant pairs received antiretroviral prophylaxis (n = 256) compared to the opt-in testing (n = 185); and more mother/infant pairs followed up at clinics (105 compared with 49, P = 0.002). Women were satisfied with counselling services and most (89%) stated that offering routine testing is helpful. HIV-infected women reported low levels of spousal abuse and other adverse social consequences. CONCLUSION: Routine antenatal HIV testing should be implemented at all sites in Zimbabwe to maximize the public health impact of PMTCT.     

广西8市HIV抗体阳性母亲使用预防艾滋病母婴传播药物后对18月龄幼儿身体发育不良的9年回顾性研究

目的 回顾性研究广西8市2010-2018年HIV抗体阳性母亲使用预防艾滋病母婴传播(prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV,PMTCT)的抗逆转录病毒药物后对18月龄幼儿身体发育不良的影响,为国家改进PMTCT的用药方案提供依据.方法 选取广西8市作为研究现...     

HIV阳性母亲接受预防艾滋病母婴传播对其所生18月龄儿童体格发育的影响

目的 探讨广西壮族自治区（广西）HIV阳性母亲接受预防艾滋病母婴传播（PMTCT）后对18月龄儿童体格发育的影响,为改进PMTCT方案提供科学依据。方法 选取广西艾滋病疫情位居前3位的钦州市灵山县、柳州市鹿寨县、南宁市横县作为研究现场,按照回顾性病例对照研究设计分为病例组和对照组,病例组研究对象为实施了PMTCT的每年新报告HIV阳性母亲及其所生HIV阴性儿童,来源于全国PMTCT管理信息系统数据库的2010年1月1日至2017年12月31日HIV阳性母亲历史卡片以及其所生HIV阴性儿童,共554例;对照组研究对象为2017年健康母亲及其所生的健康儿童,共1 109例。收集PMTCT相关资料及其18月龄儿童的身高、体重和头围等体格发育资料。儿童体格发育不良的定义为身高、体重和头围的3项主要指标中至少1项指标低于正常值范围。结果 病例组的HIV阳性母亲及其所生儿童分别为667例和554例,其PMTCT率分别为91.15%（608/667）和96.57%（535/554）,儿童的HIV阳性率、死亡率和HIV母婴传播率分别为1.44%（8/554）、3.07%（17/554）和1.91%（8/418）;18月龄儿童健康体检结果显示,体格发育不良者占30.51%（169/554）;对照组儿童1 109例,体格发育不良者占9.83%（109/1 109）,病例组与对照组的体格发育不良率差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 HIV阳性母亲及其所生儿童的PMTCT率均超过90.00%,但是18月龄儿童的体格发育不良者超过30.00%。PMTCT政策对HIV阳性母亲所生儿童的体格发育不良的可能影响,需做进一步研究。     

Carotenoid composition and content of legumes, tubers and roots by HPLC

A survey was carried out in the district of Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia to study infant feeding practices in rural and semi-urban communities. A total of 593 mothers were interviewed and their socio-demographic information recorded. Data on infant feeding practices were collected from mothers who had children up to 15 months of age. Among breast-feeding mothers (n =157), 42.0 % fed their babies for less than 3 months and 58.0% bottle fed for more than 6 months. Sixteen children were found to be fed on sweetened condensed milk with 62.5% of them for the first 3 months. Among those who breast fed their babies, 40.1% were found to have bottle fed at one time or another. The majority of breast feeding mothers belonged to the groups having incomplete primary schooling or completed primary education only and household income below RM600 per month. A substantial number of breast fed babies were given weaning foods in the form of porridge mixture (rice + egg, rice + vegetables, rice + meat, rice+ fish and cereals) between the age of 0 - 3 months. The findings of this study concluded that although breast-feeding is widely practiced, however, their duration has dwindled, and early introduction of solid foods is widespread.     

Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among Adolescent Mothers and Associated Factors in India

Adequate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) improve child survival and growth. Globally, about 18 million babies are born to mothers aged 18 years or less and have a higher likelihood of adverse birth outcomes in India due to insufficient knowledge of child growth. This paper examined factors associated with IYCF practices among adolescent Indian mothers. This cross-sectional study extracted data on 5148 children aged 0–23 months from the 2015–2016 India National Family Health Survey. Survey logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with IYCF among adolescent mothers. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, early initiation of breastfeeding, timely introduction of complementary feeding, minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum acceptable diet rates were: 58.7%, 43.8%, 43.3%, 16.6%, 27.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Maternal education, mode of delivery, frequency of antenatal care (ANC) clinic visits, geographical region, child’s age, and household wealth were the main factors associated with breastfeeding practices while maternal education, maternal marital status, child’s age, frequency of ANC clinic visits, geographical region, and household wealth were factors associated with complementary feeding practices. IYCF practices among adolescent mothers are suboptimal except for breastfeeding. Health and nutritional support interventions should address the factors for these indicators among adolescent mothers in India.     

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection: Ukraine experience to date

BACKGROUND: Despite the availability of effective interventions for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), questions remain regarding implementation of programmes in settings with limited resources. This article sets out to describe the first 2 years of the implementation of the national PMTCT programme in Ukraine. METHODS: National data sources and data from a cohort of pregnant HIV-infected women delivering in 13 centres in Ukraine since 2000 were analysed. RESULTS: Interventions for prevention of MTCT have been implemented as a national programme within Ukraine's well developed infrastructure for maternal and child health. Implementation of an 'opt-out' model of counselling and HIV testing in antenatal clinics resulted in a 97% uptake of women who agreed to be HIV tested. In 2002, approximately 91% of HIV-positive pregnant women received ARV prophylaxis (mainly single-dose nevirapine or short-course zidovudine) for PMTCT. The MTCT rate has decreased from 30% in 2000 to 10% in 2002. The need to scale-up prevention interventions in pregnant women with risky behaviour and late access to medical services was identified in a review of the national programme in 2003. CONCLUSIONS: Further implementation of a comprehensive approach for the prevention of HIV infection in infants, including more extensive ART regimen, as recommended by WHO, would help Ukraine to achieve the strategic goal of virtual elimination of HIV infection in infants by 2010.     

Number and timing of antenatal HIV testing: Evidence from a community-based study in Northern Vietnam

Background  

HIV testing for pregnant women is an important component for the success of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). A lack of antenatal HIV testing results in loss of benefits for HIV-infected mothers and their children. However, the provision of unnecessary repeat tests at a very late stage of pregnancy will reduce the beneficial effects of PMTCT and impose unnecessary costs for the individual woman as well as the health system. This study aims to assess the number and timing of antenatal HIV testing in a low-income setting where PMTCT programmes have been scaled up to reach first level health facilities.     

Assessment of health and nutritional status of infants in relation to breast feeding practices in Karmouz area, Alexandria

Infants are most precious part of nation's life. Infant health is a reflection of the health of the mother and it gives an indication of the health of the adult population of the future. The present work was designed to study the health and nutritional status of infants in Karmouz area in Alexandria as well as the effect of breast feeding practices on the health status of infants. Accordingly, a house to house survey was conducted through cluster sampling technique. The total sample amounted to 396 mothers and 409 infants. Data were collected about infants health status and their feeding practices. Weight and length were measured for all infants. Stool samples were collected and examined. The results revealed that 55.3% of infants had acute respiratory tract infections (ARI); 16.4% had bronchitis and 4.9% had pneumonia, 44% of the infants suffered from diarrhea, 13.2% were infected with parasites, Gardia lamblia was the most commonly found parasite (9.0%). High proportion of infants was found to be stunted (22.7%), 8.6% were wasted and 7.6% were underweight, 40.3% of mothers were in partial practice level. Infants below six months of age who received solid foods at three months or less had a significantly higher percentage of diarrhea (70.6%) compared to 51.5% among those of late weaning (four months or later). The diarrhea was significantly more common among infants aged 12 - < 18 months with about two times of risk relative to those aged < 6 months. A significantly higher risk of diarrhea was found for infants of bottle--or complementary feeding (OR = 2.05, 2.07 respectively, model X2 = 9.71, P < 0.01), in addition the protective effect of breast feeding persisted after adjustment of confounders by multiple logistic regression. High proportion of mothers (63.8%) continued to breast-feed their babies during diarrheal episodes. On the other hand breast-feeding was not significantly protective against the acute respiratory tract infection. Stunting of the infants increases rapidly with age from 12.6% among infants under six months to 30.4% among those aged from 9 - < 12 months. The percentage of stunted infants varied greatly by education of the mothers, it was doubled from 14.7% among those of mothers of high level of education to 28.9% of non educated mothers with a significant high risk of 2.31 times. The repeated attacks of diarrhea throughout the two years of life was still significantly associated with stunting even after adjustment of confounders by multiple logistic regression;, those with three attacks or more had about three times of risk relative to those without the disease (OR = 2.56, 95% CL = 1.12-5.81, model X2 = 19.03, P < 0.01). Health education program should be emphasized to all mothers to improve their knowledge and practice about breast-feeding and its importance in prevention of diarrhea.     

A health transition: birth weights, households and survival in an Australian working-class population sample born 1857-1900

There is increasing interest in life course epidemiology. In this article we investigated the relationship between characteristics at birth and survival and year of birth and survival. We have detailed information about birth characteristics and cause of death for 8584 subjects from a cohort of 16,272 registered live births to European Australians in a charity hospital in Melbourne between 1857 and 1900. Women giving birth at the hospital were among the poorest in Melbourne, with almost half unmarried. The adult death certificates of the subjects were traced until 1985. We found that infant mortality was substantially higher in babies who were illegitimate, firstborn, had younger mothers, a birth weight <6lb or were a preterm birth. These factors had a weaker association with child mortality and were not associated with adult survival time. Infant mortality was substantially lower in the cohort born 1891-1900 (36%) than previously (58%), a major improvement not seen for child mortality or adult lifespan. Likely reasons for this improvement are the introduction of antisepsis in maternity wards, enforced registration and police supervision of persons other than their mother who cared for babies, strictly monitored feeding practices and a mandatory autopsy and coronial enquiry for such babies who died. We conclude that this is an early example of a successful public health intervention.