Modified valgus osteotomy of the femoral neck for late presenting femoral neck stress fractures in military recruits

Neglected or late presenting femoral neck stress fractures are often associated with varus deformity, with potential risks of nonunion and osteonecrosis. We proposed a surgical technique whereby a wedge osteotomy was performed at the basal part of the neck, on the tensile surface, keeping the inferomedial femoral neck as a hinge. The femoral shaft was abducted to close the osteotomy site and it was fixed with three cannulated cancellous screws. Three military recruits who presented with neglected femoral neck stress fracture with varus deformity were operated on with the proposed modified femoral neck valgus osteotomy. All the fractures united without any complications and the patients resumed their professional activity.     

Bilateral displaced femoral neck stress fractures treated with valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy: A case report and two-year follow-up

Bilateral femoral neck stress fractures are uncommon injuries that are successfully treated with surgical treatment; however, there is a high complication rate, as well as the challenging issue of the joint preserving procedure. This study reports the rare case of simultaneous valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy with a satisfactory outcome. A twenty-year-old male military recruit, with no history of previous hip pain or significant injury, presented with gradually progressive bilateral hip pain for three months after recruitment into military training. He was unable bear weight on both hips for one day prior to hospital without risk of sudden injury. A preoperative radiograph revealed displaced bilateral femoral neck fractures, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated no evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads. A bilateral valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy procedure was simultaneously and successfully performed on both hips. Six months after surgery, the patient was able to walk independently without any complications, and radiographic unions were presented. The two-year follow up radiographs showed no evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads. The valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy procedure is an effective joint preserving procedure in femoral neck stress fractures, including the uncommon bilateral cases.     

Management of femoral neck fractures in young adults

Femoral neck fractures in young adults are uncommon and often the result of high-energy trauma. They are associated with higher incidences of femoral head osteonecrosis and nonunion. Multiple factors can play a significant role in preventing these devastating complications and contribute to a good outcome. While achieving an anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation are imperative, other treatment variables, such as time to surgery, the role of capsulotomy and the fixation methods remain debatable. Open reduction and internal fixation through a Watson-Jones exposure is the recommended approach. Definitive fixation can be accomplished with three cannulated or noncannulated cancellous screws. Capsulotomy in femoral neck fractures remains a controversial issue and the practice varies by trauma program, region and country. Until there is conclusive data (i.e. prospective and controlled) we recommend performing a capsulotomy. The data available is inconclusive on whether this fracture should be operated emergently, urgently or can wait until the next day. Until there is conclusive data available, we recommend that surgery should be done on an urgent basis. The key factors in treating femoral neck fractures should include early diagnosis, early surgery, anatomic reduction, capsular decompression and stable internal fixation.     

Transfracture abduction osteotomy: A solution for nonunion of femoral neck fractures

Background:

Nonunion and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head remains one of the major complications following femoral neck fractures. Despite various surgical techniques and internal fixation devices, the incidence of nonunion and AVN has remained unsolved. Neglected nonunion of femoral neck fracture is common in the developing world. Treatment options include rigid internal fixation with or without bone grafting, muscle pedicle bone graft, valgus osteotomy of the proximal femur with or without bone graft, valgus osteotomy or hip arthroplasty. We conducted a retrospective analysis of cases of nonunion of femoral neck fracture treated by transfracture abduction osteotomy (TFAO).

Materials and Methods:

Over a period of 35 years (1974-2008), 30 patients with nonunion of femoral neck fractures were treated with TFAO over a period of 35 years (1974-2008), All patients were less than 50 years of age. Absence of clinical and radiological signs of union after four months was considered as nonunion. Patients more than 50 years of age were excluded from the study. Union was assessed at 6 months radiologically. Limb length was measured at six months. The mean duration of femoral neck fracture was 19 months (range 4 months 10 years). Results were analyzed in terms of radiological union at six months. Average followup was five years and six months.

Results:

Consistent union was noted at the followup after six months in 29 cases. One case was lost to followup after five and one-half months postoperatively. However, the fracture had united in this case at the last followup. Average shortening of the limb at six months was 1.9 cm. Average neck shaft angle was 127° (range 120-145°). Five cases went into AVN but were asymptomatic. Two cases required reoperation due to back out of Moore''s pins. These were reopened and cancellous screws were inserted in the same tracks.

Conclusions:

Consistent union of nonunion femoral neck fracture was noted at the followup after six months in 29 cases. The major drawback of the procedure is immobilization of the patient in the hip spica for eight weeks.     

股骨颈系统和空心加压螺钉治疗青壮年不稳定性股骨颈骨折短期随访

目的：探讨股骨颈动力交叉螺钉系统（femoral neck system,FNS）与3枚空心加压螺钉（cannulate compression screw,CCS）治疗青壮年不稳定性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法：回顾分析2018年8月至2021年8月收治的52例青壮年不稳定性股骨颈骨折患者临床资料,根据内固定方式分为两组,25例行FNS固定,27例行闭合复位3枚CCS倒三角形分布内固定。记录并比较两组患者的手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、住院费用、骨折复位质量;术后定期随访患者,比较两组患者骨折愈合时间、术后完全负重时间、术后并发症发生（骨不连、股骨颈短缩、股骨头坏死等）。术后6个月采用Harris评分评估髋关节功能。结果：两组患者手术均顺利完成,FNS组患者出血量多于CCS组、切口长度大于CCS组、住院费用高于CCS组（P<0.01）。两组患者手术时间及术中复位Garden指数比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者均获得随访,时间6~32个月。FNS组骨折愈合时间少于CCS组,术后完全负重时间早于CCS组,髋关节Harris评分高于CCS组（P<0.01）。两组患者随访期间均未发生内固定断裂并发症,FNS组发生股骨头缺血性坏死4例、股骨颈短缩2例,其中3例因股骨头缺血性坏死行全髋关节置换术;CCS组发生骨不连2例、股骨头缺血性坏死9例、股骨颈短缩11例,其中5例因骨不连、股骨头缺血性坏死行全髋关节置换术。结论：FNS具有操作简单、兼具旋转稳定和成角稳定,使患者能尽早开始功能锻炼,降低不稳定性股骨颈骨折术后并发症发生率,是治疗青壮年不稳定性股骨颈骨折的新选择。     

Osteosynthesis and primary valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy in displaced intracapsular fracture neck of femur with osteoporosis in adults

Fifty-three adults sustaining intracapsular femoral neck fractures (subcapital 38 and transcervical 15) with osteoporosis were treated primarily by osteosynthesis with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy. Final evaluation was done in 50 patients (1 patient died and 2 lost to follow up, were not considered). Union was achieved in 47 (94%) patients in an average period of 12.2 weeks (range 10-18 weeks) with 100% union at osteotomy site. An axial collapse between 2 and 14 mm was observed in 74% of patients at the fracture site. Average neck shaft angle achieved was 141 degrees . Retroversion of the femoral head was seen in 28% of patients postoperatively, but none demonstrated a further posterior tilt of proximal femoral fragment, thus preventing implant cut through. One of the four patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head exhibited late segmental collapse between 98 and 171 weeks. Final results were excellent to good in 76% of patients (average hip score 92), fair in 18% (average Harris hip score 73) and poor in 6% (average Harris hip score 30). Deep infection in 2%, superficial infection in 4%, implant penetration into the joint in 4%, limb length discrepancy in 6% and external rotation in 68% were other complications. Primary osteosynthesis with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is a dependable procedure to provide stable fixation in fresh fractures of the neck of femur with osteoporosis. The potential benefit of retaining a viable biologic joint justifies the usefulness of this procedure.     

青壮年股骨颈骨折手术治疗的回顾性分析

目的 探讨治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的手术方法及临床疗效. 方法对2005年1月至2008年6月行手术治疗并获得随访的41例青壮年股骨颈骨折患者按照"难治性骨折的治疗研究随访表"进行随访,从骨折类型、手术时机、骨折复位质量、置入物类型、卧床时间以及髋关节功能等方面进行评估. 结果 41例患者获得10～52个月随访,平均30.5个月.37例(90.2%)患者在伤后2～5d内行手术治疗,平均3.6 d,Garden Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折采用闭合复位钛合金空心钉内固定术,Garden Ⅳ型及陈旧性骨折、病理性骨折采用切开复位钛合金空心钉内固定加髂骨瓣植骨术.术中复位评价平均4.83分,术后平均卧床时间3.5个月.髋关节功能按照Harris评分标准:优21例,良15例,可3例,差2例,优良率为87.8%.Garden Ⅳ型骨折优良率较Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折优良率低,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.35,P=0.25). 结论早期手术、解剖复位、多枚钛合金空心钉坚强内固定是青壮年股骨颈骨折手术治疗的关键,Garden Ⅳ型骨折髂骨瓣植骨、合理的早活动和晚负重是预防股骨头缺血坏死的有力保证.根据骨折的严重程度制定科学规范的治疗方案和合理的术后康复策略,对提高临床疗效具有极其重要的意义.     

Valgus osteotomy in delayed presentation of femoral neck fractures using fixed angle simple dynamic hip screw and plate

Purpose

Reduction and fixation in femoral neck fracture in young patients have a problem of nonunion requiring additional procedure like valgus osteotomy but fixation devices are technically difficult for inexperienced surgeons. We aims to assess the results of valgus osteotomy in femoral neck fracture in our setup.

闭合复位股骨近端空心钉锁定板固定治疗青壮年移位股骨颈骨折

目的 :探讨闭合复位股骨近端空心钉锁定板固定治疗青壮年移位股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法 :2010年8月至2014年8月采用闭合复位股骨近端空心钉锁定板固定治疗青壮年移位股骨颈骨折54例,男34例,女20例;年龄18~55岁,平均39.8岁。对股骨颈骨折的愈合率及短缩情况进行了记录观察,并按Harris评价标准对髋关节功能进行评价。结果:54例均获随访,时间4~24个月,平均11.3个月。骨折愈合率94.4%,愈合时间3~6个月,平均4.1个月。骨折愈合的51例患者,股骨颈短缩中位数0.8 mm,平均(0.48±0.46)mm。随访期间无感染、内固定物移位、脱出等并发症。按Harris标准评价:优40例,良9例,可2例,差3例。结论:闭合复位股骨近端空心钉锁定板固定可靠,有效避免了股骨颈短缩,骨折愈合率高,功能恢复好,是治疗青壮年移位股骨颈骨折的一种有效方法。     

Relevance of primary reduction for the clinical outcome of femoral neck fractures treated with cancellous screws

Introduction Femoral head-preserving treatment for femoral neck fractures with cancellous screws is a method widely performed, but its success depends on the quality of primary reduction. The goal of our study was to evaluate the relevance of reduction quality on the clinical outcome.Patients and methods We retrospectively analyzed the postoperative reduction result of 39 patients. The angular rotation and the inferior displacement of the proximal fracture fragment were digitally assessed from AP radiographs. The clinical outcome was recorded by a follow-up after a mean 5.5 years.Results Unsuccessful healing was observed in eight patients, femoral head necrosis in three patients, non-union in two patients, implant loosening in one patient, and posttraumatic arthritis in two patients, all resulting in the need for a total hip replacement. This clinical course was strongly associated with a primary reduction in varus position, whereas reduction in anatomic or valgus angulation had no negative effect on the clinical outcome. An inferior offset was no negative predictor for successful healing.Conclusion We conclude that a non-anatomic reduction in varus angulation significantly increases the risk of healing failure and therefore should be avoided. Reduction in valgus position should be performed if secondary redislocation is imminent.     

经皮加压钢板与空心加压螺钉治疗中青年移位股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的：比较经皮加压钢板与空心加压螺钉治疗中青年移位股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法 ：回顾分析2015年1月至2020年7月收治68例移位型中青年股骨颈骨折患者,其中31例采用经皮加压钢板（percutaneous compression plate,PCCP）固定,37例采用空心加压螺钉（cannulated compression screw,CCS）固定。收集两组患者性别、年龄、致伤原因、合并症、骨折分型及受伤原因等一般资料比较。两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、完全下地负重时间、骨折愈合时间、疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、Harris髋关节评分及并发症。结果：两组患者均获2年以上随访。两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、骨折复位质量、住院时间及VAS比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。PCCP组骨折愈合时间短于CCS组（t=-4.404,P=0.000）。PCCP组完全下地负重时间明显短于CCS组（t=-9.011,P=0.000）。术后2年PCCP组的髋关节Harris评分优于CCS组（P=0.002）。PCCP组有3例（9.68...     

Role of valgus osteotomy and fixation with dynamic hip screw and 120° double angle barrel plate in the management of neglected and ununited femoral neck fracture in young patients

Background  Head preservation is the mainstay of management in younger patients with neglected or ununited intracapsular fracture neck of femur. Very few reports have dealt with the results of valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy and fixation with dynamic hip screw in such cases. In this prospective study, we have tried to evaluate the role of valgus osteotomy and fixation with dynamic hip screw and 120° double angle barrel plate in neglected or ununited intracapsular fracture neck of femur in patients below 60 years of age and whose time since injury is equal to or more than 3 weeks. Materials and methods  We treated 16 such cases with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy and fixation achieved with dynamic hip screw and 120° double angle barrel plate, with mean age of 36.4 years. The cases were evaluated radiologically and clinically at a mean of 19 months. Results  In 14 of the 16 patients, the fracture went on to satisfactory union after an average of 14.7 weeks (10–26.7 weeks). The average Harris hip score increased from 66.6 points (range 55–75 points) before surgery to 88 points (range 75–95 points). All the patients with united fractures were able to sit cross-legged, squat and do one-leg stance. Pain and limitation of motion improved remarkably. Two patients had unfavourable outcome; both had cut-through of the implant, out of the head. Conclusions  Valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is a very cheap and effective procedure to achieve union in neglected and ununited fracture neck femur in young patients. We propose fixation with dynamic hip screw and 120° double angle barrel plate as it provides additional compression and, with valgus osteotomy, improved stability of internal fixation, with few complications.     

股骨近端空心钉锁定板治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

正2010年3月~2015年1月,我科采用股骨近端空心钉锁定板内固定治疗20例青壮年股骨颈骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组20例,男14例,女6例,年龄21~51岁。骨折按Garden分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型11例,Ⅳ型3例。均为新鲜闭合骨折。受伤至手术时间为3 h~4 d。1.2治疗方法腰麻或全身麻醉下手术。在C臂机透视下复位,股骨大转子     

Complications following hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures in the absence of routine follow-up

Introduction

Hemiarthroplasty is the most commonly performed surgery for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures. At present, it is not routine practice to follow up these patients despite the risk of all the complications associated with arthroplasty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and nature of complications occurring following hemiarthroplasty that re-presented to this centre in the absence of routine postoperative follow-up.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing uncemented hip hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures at a district general hospital between 2004 and 2009 were identified. Data were collected from the hospital database on all complications relating to the index procedure, further surgery performed and mortality.

Results

There were 490 hemiarthroplasties performed in 477 patients (mean age: 80 years, 75% female). Of these, 110 (22%) were referred postoperatively for specialist orthopaedic review. The prevalence of any complication following hemiarthroplasty was 12% (n=59) and the prevalence of hemiarthroplasty failure was 8% (n=40). The most common indications for failure were periprosthetic fracture (28%), aseptic femoral loosening (25%) and unexplained pain (25%). Persistent hip pain and poor mobility accounted for most complications not requiring further surgery (n=15). The mortality rate within 30 days and 1 year of hemiarthroplasty was 6% (n=31) and 29% (n=146) respectively.

Conclusions

In the absence of routine follow-up, complications were encountered frequently in patients undergoing hip hemiarthroplasty, with most requiring further surgery. Appropriate services should be implemented to allow timely referral for orthopaedic assessment, and enable the early identification and treatment of postoperative complications.     

股骨颈动力交叉螺钉系统与螺纹空心钉治疗垂直不稳定股骨颈骨折短期随访

目的：分析比较股骨颈动力交叉螺钉系统(femoral neck dynamic cross screw system,FNS)和螺纹空心钉(cannulated screws,CS)治疗垂直不稳定股骨颈骨折临床效果。方法：回顾分析2020年7月至2021年8月收治的40例垂直不稳定股骨颈骨折患者的临床数据和短期随访结果,根据不同的内固定治疗方法分为股骨颈动力交叉螺钉系统FNS组20例和螺纹空心钉CS组20例。FNS组中,男11例,女9例,年龄58.5(50.3,62.5)岁;CS组中,男9例,女11例,年龄52.0(40.5,58.0)岁。观察比较两组手术时间、手术刀口长度、手术中失血量、治疗费用。术后利用X线影像资料评价术后骨折愈合状况和手术内固定状况,并测量患侧股骨颈短缩状况。比较两组术后患侧大腿激惹症发生情况、术后部分负重以及完全负重时间、术后股骨头早期坏死、再次手术翻修情况以及Harris评分。结果：FNS组获随访18.0(15.0,19.0)个月,CS组随访17.0(15.0,18.8)个月。两组手术时间、手术切口长度、手术中失血量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。FNS组的诊疗费用高于CS组(P＜0.001)。FNS组术后无患侧大腿激惹征,而CS组6例存在大腿外侧不适或大腿外激惹征(P＜0.05)。CS组术后平均部分负重活动时间和完全负重活动时间均长于FNS组(P＜0.05)。末次随访时,CS组术后患侧股骨颈短缩长度大于FNS组(P＜0.05)。两组均未发生术后股骨头早期坏死及再次手术翻修。两组术后12个月Harris评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论：FNS治疗垂直不稳定股骨颈骨折可明显降低大腿外侧激惹征的发生率,并有效降低垂直不稳定股骨颈骨折术后短缩率,可提供较稳定的防旋力与抗切割力,使患者可以相对较早下地,有利于患者术后患侧髋关节功能恢复,是对于垂直不稳定股骨颈骨折手术治疗的一种全新选择,但由于治疗费用偏高,临床中因结合实际情况,选用恰当的手术治疗方式。     

2种中空加压螺丝钉治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的比较2种中空加压螺丝钉治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析1996年2月-2004年9月我院应用2种中空加压螺丝钉治疗股骨颈骨折87例的临床资料，其中双头中空加压螺丝钉46例（A组），AO纯钛中空加压螺丝钉41例（B组）。结果2组手术时间无统计学差异（t=1．193，P=0．236），但B组手术出血量及骨折愈合时间明显少于A组（t=5．147，P=0．000；t=5．472，P=0．000）。87例随访3个月一8年，平均4.2年，接评分标准，A组优34例，良8例，可1例，差3例，优良率81．9％（41／46）；B组优37例，良2例，可2例，差0例，优良率95．1％（39／41），2组疗效优良率无统计学差异（x^2=0．398，P=0．528）。B组未发现股骨头坏死及骨折不愈合。结论2种中空加压螺丝钉治疗股骨颈骨折均具有操作简单、微创、手术时间短、固定牢固可靠、骨折愈合率高等优点，均是治疗股骨颈骨折的理想方法。其中AO纯钛中空加压螺丝钉在减少出血量、缩短骨折愈合时间及降低股骨头缺血坏死率等方面优势明显。     

Management of femoral neck fractures in the young patient: A critical analysis review

Femoral neck fractures account for nearly half of all hip fractures with the vast majority occurring in elderly patients after simple falls. Currently there may be sufficient evidence to support the routine use of hip replacement surgery for low demand elderly patients in all but non-displaced and valgus impacted femoral neck fractures. However, for the physiologically young patients, preservation of the natural hip anatomy and mechanics is a priority in management because of their high functional demands. The biomechanical challenges of femoral neck fixation and the vulnerability of the femoral head blood supply lead to a high incidence of non-union and osteonecrosis of the femoral head after internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures. Anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation are essentials in achieving the goals of treatment in this young patient population. Furthermore, other management variables such as surgical timing, the role of capsulotomy and the choice of implant for fixation remain controversial. This review will focus both on the demographics and injury profile of young patients with femoral neck fractures and the current evidence behind the surgical management of these injuries as well as their major secondary complications.     

Femoral neck system reduces surgical time and complications in adults with femoral neck fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeFemoral neck fractures (FNF) in adults are conventionally managed with surgical options. This paper is aimed to assess the safety, and functional outcomes of the novel Femoral neck system (FNS) for FNF treatment in adult population.MethodsAn organized quest of four literature databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) was performed on March 1, 2022 using the term “femoral neck system”. Fixed or random-effect meta-analysis was used to analyse the outcome measures after selecting relevant studies and assessing their quality. Heterogeneity was considered when calculating pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence ranges.ResultsOn comparing FNS with cannulated cancellous screws (CCS) or other methods, in a total of 762 patients (351 FNS and 411 CCS) in the 11 comparative studies considered for meta-analysis, blood loss was pointedly higher overall in the FNS group, mean difference 115.77 ml; 95% CI 3.11 ml, 28.42 ml; test of overall effect: z = 1.68, p = 0.09); with considerable heterogeneity. However, in the FNS group the operative time was substantially lower (Mean difference −7.91 min; 95% CI -15.01, −0.80; test of overall effect: z = 2.18, p = 0.03, with marked heterogeneity). Moreover, complications such as infections, non-union, osteonecrosis, implant cut-out were significantly lower in the FNS group with a Mantel Haenszel Odds ratio of 0.20 (95% CI 0.12, 0.34: Z = 6.01, p < 0.0001).ConclusionKeeping in mind the heterogenicity of the studies, -management of adult patients with FNF with FNS can provide results comparable to traditional fixation methods with significantly lower rate of complications.     

空心螺钉结合带旋股外侧动脉升支髂骨瓣与单纯空心螺钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的比较空心螺钉结合带旋股外侧动脉升支髂骨瓣与单纯空心螺钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法采用两种术式治疗股骨颈骨折78例。其中采用2枚空心螺钉内固定结合旋股外侧动脉升支髂骨瓣治疗40例(A组),单纯采用3枚空心螺钉内固定治疗38例(B组)。结果 78例均获3～9年随访。A组未见骨折不愈合病例,B组2例骨折不愈合,A组平均愈合时间(90.3±3)d,B组平均愈合时间(150.3±25)d。A组1例股骨头坏死,B组5例出现股骨头缺血坏死。两组末次随访时Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论应用2枚空心螺钉内固定结合带旋股外侧动脉升支髂骨瓣治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折具有再次手术率低,骨折不愈合率及骨坏死发生率低的优点。