Hostility: relationship to lifestyle behaviors and physical risk factors.

The relationship between hostility and coronary artery disease may be partially mediated by unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. This study examined the relationship between hostility, lifestyle behaviors, and physical risk factors in 138 adult men and women. Subjects completed the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale (Ho scale) and self-reports of their dietary habits, consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, and physical activity. Recent findings indicated that a composite hostility score from three rationally derived subscales of the Ho scale tapping the dimensions of cynicism, hostile affect, and aggressiveness was a better predictor of mortality than the total Ho score. Thus, this composite measure of hostility and the total Ho score were used in data analyses. Measures of resting blood pressure, height, weight, and adiposity were also obtained. In men and women, both measures of hostility were positively associated with cholesterol intake and vigorous physical activity. Among women, both hostility measures were positively related to animal fat intake and negatively related to fiber intake. The composite measure was positively related to their resting systolic pressures. Among men, both hostility measures were positively related to cigarette smoking and sugar intake and negatively associated with systolic blood pressure and calcium intake. Findings are discussed in terms of previous research linking hostility to lifestyle behaviors and CAD.     

Predicting psychological mindedness from personality style and attachment security

The aim of this study was to increase the construct validity of the Psychological Mindedness Scale (PM Scale) by investigating its relationship to well-established measures of personality style (NEO Five-Factor Inventory) and attachment security (Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment). Personality and attachment variables functioned as differential predictors of psychological mindedness (PM). Openness to Experience emerged as the best predictor of PM, followed by Extraversion, Neuroticism (inversely related to PM), and Attachment to Peers. Neither Attachment to Mother nor Attachment to Father predicted PM. The results of this study indicate that PM is related positively to healthy, rather than pathological, personal and interpersonal constructs.     

Confirmatory factor analysis of a short form of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations

The 48-item Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) was designed to assess three dimensions (task-oriented, emotional, and avoidant) of self-reported responses to stressful circumstances, but results from factor analyses suggest four factors. The present research used confirmatory factor analysis to verify the four-factor structure for the 21-item CISS short form in samples of 1,628 undergraduate students and 390 community-dwelling adults. Factors corresponding to task-oriented and emotional scales were orthogonal and were well defined by their seven constituent items. The avoidant scale was split into two three-item parcels that describe specific avoidance behaviors (contact a friend and treat oneself) rather than broad response categories. In the undergraduate sample, depression and anxiety correlated negatively with the task-oriented scale and positively with the emotional scale. In the community sample, the emotional scale was positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively correlated with extroversion and agreeableness, whereas the task-oriented scale was negatively correlated with neuroticism and positively correlated with extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. It was concluded that the task-oriented and emotional scales have potential as measures of two types of responses to routine stressors.     

Dimensions of social support in the MSPSS: Factorial structure,reliability, and theoretical implications

The psychometric and factor-analytic properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were investigated in an undergraduate university student sample and an adolescent inpatient psychiatric sample. Three factors were extracted from each sample and were comparable to those described by the originators of the scale. Reliability, concurrent validity, and construct validity estimates are also reported. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency in both samples. In terms of validity, the MSPSS correlated strongly with the Social Support Behaviors scale and showed little relationship to social desirability. As predicted, scores from the MSPSS correlated negatively with two separate measures of depression and positively with a self-concept measure. However, the strength of relationships between severity of depression and social support subscales differed between the two samples. The implications of these findings for the assessment of perceived social support and for future research are discussed.     

Pretest and change score intercorrelations in the validation of behavioral measures of openness

Two behavioral measures of openness (a miniature situations test and a structured self-disclosure interview), two self-report measures of openness (the Dogmatism Scale and the Experience Inventory), and the Ego-strength Scale were administered to 50 Ss on two different occasions spaced several weeks apart. One of the behavioral measures, the miniature situations test, correlated positively with the other measures of openness on the pretest. With regard to change scores across the two sessions, the behavioral measures correlated positively with each other and negatively with the self-report measures of openness and with the Ego-strength Scale. These results were interpreted as supporting the theoretical supposition that behavioral measures are most suitable for the measurement of short-term change in openness.     

Personality and Coping with a Common Stressor: Cardiac Catheterization

The association between coping and personality was examined in a sample of 204 cardiac catheterization patients who were asked to evaluate the use of specific coping strategies used to deal with their cardiac catheterization. Personality, as measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (FFI), was moderately correlated with coping measures. In multivariate analyses, after considering confounding factors, Neuroticism was positively and Extraversion was negatively related to avoidance coping and Neuroticism was negatively associated with counting one's blessings as a coping strategy. Personality was not related to either problem solving or seeking social support coping strategies for individuals experiencing a cardiac catheterization. However, important covariates were associated with coping strategies. Not being married was negatively correlated with use of seeking social support and not having a confidant was negatively related with seeking social support and positively with avoidance. These results suggest that there are specific relationships between personality and coping, but these relationships are, for the most part, moderate in persons coping with a cardiac catheterization, and that coping processes are associated with individual differences in available social resources.     

Correlations between plasma-neuropeptides and temperament dimensions differ between suicidal patients and healthy controls

Background: Decreased plasma levels of plasma-neuropeptide Y (NPY) and plasma-corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and increased levels of plasma delta-sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) in suicide attempters with mood disorders have previously been observed. This study was performed in order to further understand the clinical relevance of these findings. Methods: Examination of correlates between temperament dimensions (Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire together with the IVE- impulsiveness scale (EPQI), and the Marke-Nyman Temperament (MNT)) and NPY, CRH and DSIP and serum-cortisol in the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in 38 suicidal patients and matched controls. Results: NPY correlated significantly and positively with psychasthenia, irritability, and stability and significantly and negatively with validity in patients, but significantly and negatively with muscular tension, psychasthenia, verbal aggression and irritability in controls. DSIP correlated significantly and positively with impulsiveness (EPQI) in controls. CRH correlated negatively with lie in controls. Cortisol correlated significantly and positively with validity, extraversion and verbal aggression and significantly and negatively with inhibition of aggression in controls. Conclusion: NPY may be related to stress tolerance. DSIP seems to be associated with impulsivity/antisocial traits. Limitations: Non-suicidal patients were not included in the examination. Clinical Relevance: The state of depression or stress seems to influence the correlations studied.     

父母养育方式及相关因素对医学生人格特质的影响

有关父母养育方式及其对人格特质的影响国内外均有一些研究。国内钱铭怡等对中学生研究发现 ,男生比女生更多地受到父母的过度干涉与保护且父母不良的养育方式如严厉惩罚、拒绝否认、过度干涉与保护可能是子女某些不良人格特质形成的重要影响因素[1] 。黄悦勤等对中学生的研究认为人格偏离得分与父母拒绝、过度保护因子呈正相关 ,而与父母情感温暖因子呈负相关[2 ] 。刘宝花对大学生神经症患者研究认为神经症患者父母养育方式趋向拒绝型、偏爱型、过度保护型[3 ] 。Ｂｅｎｊａｍｉｎｓｅｎ .Ｓ等对企图自杀者的人格与父母养育方式及早年丧亲…     

婚姻质量与个性、婚姻动因的关系

目的：探讨婚姻质量与个性、婚姻动因的关系。方法：抽取156名在婚者为本研究的对象，其中男77人、女79人，每位受试者接受婚姻动因问卷、艾森克个性问卷和Olson婚姻质量问卷测查。结果：本样本受试者在婚姻质量问卷多数维度上的得分低于美国常模；婚姻质量与神经质和精神质得分呈显著负相关，婚姻质量的某些难度与内外向和掩饰性呈正相关；婚姻质量与人际-情感动因呈显著正相关，与社会-家庭和个人动因呈显著负相关。结论：个体和婚姻动因是影响婚姻质量的重要因素。     

Cognitive correlates of mania risk: are responses to success,positive moods,and manic symptoms distinct or overlapping?

Several measures of cognitive style have been shown to be elevated among persons diagnosed with bipolar disorder and those at risk for bipolar disorder. Several of these scales capture responses to positive affect, success, and hypomanic symptoms. We had two goals: (a) to use factor analyses to assess whether the constructs within these scales were statistically independent and (b) to examine whether the factors identified uniquely related to mania risk. A cross‐national sample of 638 participants completed measures of cognitive style, including the Responses to Positive Affect scale, the Positive Overgeneralization Scale, and the Hypomanic Interpretations Questionnaire. To assess whether these measures might simply reflect more impulsive reactions to positive mood states, participants also completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale. To measure risk of mania, participants completed the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS). Factor analyses suggested seven factors of cognitive style and impulsivity. Four factors uniquely correlated with HPS. That is, risk for mania related to higher scores on separable factors of acting before thinking, being overly positive in interpreting manic symptoms, being overly confident in response to success, and tendencies to dampen positive affect. Current findings suggest the need to consider multifaceted aspects of cognition in refining psychological treatments of bipolar disorder. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–15, 2009.     

灼口综合征患者心理健康状况及相关因素分析

目的:探讨灼口综合征患者心理健康状况及相关因素。方法:采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)以及医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)对60例灼口综合征患者和对照组进行测评。结果:灼口综合征患者抑郁、焦虑情绪明显高于对照组,"回避"和"屈服"应对方式与抑郁情绪呈正相关;精神质、神经质和掩饰性人格与抑郁、焦虑情绪呈正相关。结论:灼口综合征患者并发较高程度的抑郁、焦虑症状,同时不同人格类型与应对方式对其焦虑、抑郁有较大影响。     

Toronto Alexithymia Scale: relationship with personality and psychopathology measures

The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) is a 26-item self-report measure of alexithymia with good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and a factor structure congruent with the alexithymia construct. This study assesses the construct validity of the scale by examining its relationship with several personality and psychopathology measures. In a sample of 81 college students, the TAS correlated strongly and positively with a measure of hypochondriasis but negatively with measures of psychological mindedness and 'need for cognition'. There were low-magnitude correlations between the TAS and measures of self-depreciation, social introversion, persecutory ideation, and impulse expression, but no correlation with a measure of denial. These results indicate that the TAS is assessing adequately the theoretical domain relevant to its item and factor structure.     

Alienation,dogmatism, and related personality characteistics

Examined the relaitonship between alienation and dogmatism, as measured by shared personality characteristics. Scores from the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, the Keniston Alienation Scale, the California Test of Personality, and the Omnibus Personality Inventory were found to be positively related concepts. The factors that best predicted alientation form dogmatic responses were intolerance expressed for opposing beliefs and compulsivity in the belief system. Alienation and dogmatism also were found to be associated with several commonly held personality traits, which center around anxiety, low self-esteem, and social estrangement mainfested in feelings of hostility, aggression, loneliness, rejection, and isolation. These results were discussed and compared to previous research that explored the two concepts separately.     

人格特征、应付方式与大学生自测健康状况的相关研究

目的:探讨大学生人格特征,应付方式与自测健康状况的关系。方法:应用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ),应付方式问卷,自测健康评定量表对567名某高校大学生进行调查。结果:性格的内外向维度,积极的应付方式与自测健康呈正相关,而神经质维度,精神质维度及消极的应付方式与自测健康呈负相关。多元回归分析结果表明,人格的内外向和神经质维度,解决问题,求助,自责是影响大学生自测健康状况的主要因素。结论:大学生健康状况与人格、应付方式有明显相关。     

父母控制与初中生抑郁、危险行为的关系:神经质的中介效应

目的:考察父母行为控制和心理控制与青少年抑郁和危险行为的关系,并考察神经质在两者之间的中介作用。方法:对珠海市某中学初中生329人作为被试(男生178人,女生151人)施测父母控制问卷、流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)、青少年危险行为评定量表(RBQ-A)和艾森克人格问卷简式量表中文版(EPQ-RSC)中的神经质和内外倾分量表。结果:父母心理控制与初中生的抑郁和危险行为都呈显著正相关(r=0.30,0.25;P0.01),与神经质呈显著的正相关(r=0.32,P0.01);父母行为控制只和危险行为呈显著负相关(r=-0.13,P0.05),与抑郁不存在显著相关;行为控制与神经质无显著相关;神经质与抑郁和危险行为均存在显著正相关(r=0.73,0.28;P0.01);在控制其他的变量后,青少年的神经质人格在父母心理控制和抑郁关系中呈现完全中介效应,在父母行为控制与抑郁之间起遮掩效应;神经质在心理控制和危险行为以及行为控制和危险行为中存在部分中介效应,结论:父母控制通过神经质进而对青少年的抑郁和危险行为产生影响。     

人格特征、自尊水平与航空兵部队人员心理健康的关系

目的:探讨航空兵部队人员人格特征、自尊水平与心理健康的关系。方法:运用EPQ、SES、SCL-90对443名航空兵部队人员进行调查。结果:神经质与SCL-90总均分成正相关(r=0.641,P<0.01);内外向与SCL-90总均分成负相关(r=-0.232,P<0.01);精神质与SCL-90总均分成正相关(r=0.398,P<0.01);自尊水平与SCL-90总均分成负相关(r=-0.381,P<0.01);神经质、精神质、自尊水平进入回归方程(P<0.001);神经质、精神质对心理健康有直接影响(效应系数分别为0.513和0.209);内外向、神经质通过影响自尊水平对心理健康具有间接效应(效应系数分别为0.216和-0.261)。结论:神经质、精神质和内外向是影响心理健康的因素,具有直接作用和间接作用两个方面;自尊是人格影响心理健康的中间环节。     

生活应激事件与希望感对农村留守儿童抑郁的影响

目的:探讨生活应激事件与希望感对农村留守儿童抑郁的影响。方法:采用流调中心抑郁自评量表(CES-D)、青少年自评生活事件量表(ASLEC)、儿童希望感量表(CHS)对1313名留守儿童进行调查。结果:1农村留守儿童在抑郁、希望感的动力因子、生活事件的受惩罚因子和其它因子得分上存在显著性别差异(t=1.99,4.82,6.11;P0.05);2生活应激事件、抑郁和希望感之间两两显著相关(P0.01);3希望感对抑郁水平的变化有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.097,P0.01);生活应激事件中各因子对抑郁水平的变化具有显著的正向预测作用(P0.05);生活应激事件中的学习压力因子与希望感的交互作用对抑郁水平的变化具有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.828,P0.001)。结论:希望感能够缓解学习压力给农村留守儿童抑郁带来的不良影响。     

卫生系统新职工焦虑、抑郁与人格特质、效能感的关系

目的探讨焦虑、抑郁与人格特质、效能感的关系。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、自评抑郁量表（SDS）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）和一般自我效能感量表（GSES）对卫生系统新职工进行调查。结果焦虑与情绪性、精神质呈正相关,与掩饰性、一般自我效能感呈负相关;抑郁与情绪性、精神质呈正相关,与掩饰性、内外倾、一般自我效能呈负相关;焦虑和抑郁呈显著正相关;回归分析显示影响焦虑和抑郁的主要因素是情绪性和一般自我效能感。结论焦虑、抑郁与人格特征、效能感有密切关系,情绪性和一般效能感对焦虑、抑郁的影响作用突出。     

Negative emotions affect postoperative scores for evaluating functional knee recovery and quality of life after total knee replacement

This study aimed to determine whether psychological factors affect health-related quality of life (HRQL) and recovery of knee function in total knee replacement (TKR) patients. A total of 119 TKR patients (male: 38; female: 81) completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-revised (EPQR-S), Knee Society Score (KSS), and HRQL (SF-36). At 1 and 6 months after surgery, anxiety, depression, and KSS scores in TKR patients were significantly better compared with those preoperatively (P<0.05). SF-36 scores at the sixth month after surgery were significantly improved compared with preoperative scores (P<0.001). Preoperative Physical Component Summary Scale (PCS) and Mental Component Summary Scale (MCS) scores were negatively associated with extraversion (E score) (B=-0.986 and -0.967, respectively, both P<0.05). Postoperative PCS and State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) scores were negatively associated with neuroticism (N score; B=-0.137 and -0.991, respectively, both P<0.05). Postoperative MCS, SAI, Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI), and BAI scores were also negatively associated with the N score (B=-0.367, -0.107, -0.281, and -0.851, respectively, all P<0.05). The KSS function score at the sixth month after surgery was negatively associated with TAI and N scores (B=-0.315 and -0.532, respectively, both P<0.05), but positively associated with the E score (B=0.215, P<0.05). The postoperative KSS joint score was positively associated with postoperative PCS (B=0.356, P<0.05). In conclusion, for TKR patients, the scores used for evaluating recovery of knee function and HRQL after 6 months are inversely associated with the presence of negative emotions.     

Divergent validity evidence for eckblad and chapman's hypomanic personality scale

Subsequent to final examinations, Eckblad and Chapman's Hypomanic Personality Scale was given to 115 students; the STAI and the Cognitive Interference Questionnaire also were administered. Analysis found that the Hypomanic Personality Scale shows divergence from the measures of anxiety and cognitive interference despite the fact that convergence has been found on other scales of hypomania. In addition, males scored significantly higher than females on the scale. There was no significant relation of the Hypomanic Scale with examination performance.