基层医院群体交通伤院前、院内急救模式探讨

目的：探讨基层医院群体交通伤患者院前及院内急救模式，以提高急救效率与规范急救模式的途径。方法：以2006年1月-2008年12月救治的群体交通伤为对照组，以2009年1月-2011年12月救治的群体交通伤为研究组，回顾性分析救治两组伤员的临床资料。结果：两组伤者的年龄、性别、受伤类型、受伤程度、现场伤亡人数、出诊平均时间、到达现场平均时间等均无明显差异（P〉O．05）；研究组的治愈率明显高于对照组．P〈0．05，而死亡率则显著低于对照组，P〈O．叭。结论：急诊科加强院前现场救治，专科医生快速介入急诊抢救．全院统一的应急预案及绿色通道模式是基层医院提高群体伤抢救成功率的关键。     

珠三角镇区院前死亡病例分析

[目的]了解珠三角镇区院前死亡的特点及死亡的规律.为提高院前急诊患者急救水平和质量提供客观依据.[方法]搜集本院2002年12月20日至2006年4月20日,经本院急诊科出诊,急救245例院前死亡的病例进行回顾分析.[结果]外科组161例,其中:129例为重型颅脑损伤占80.1%.内科组84例,其中猝死63例占75%,死亡年龄以青壮年为主:占53.48%,且以男性为主.呼叫到达现场平均反应时间:11.56 min.[结论]珠三角镇区院前死亡以创伤、猝死为主;且主要为:男性、青壮年.刨伤专科救治力量与水平急待加强,重视院前急救,缩短急救反应时间,特别应加强普及基本生命支持为主的群众急救意识.     

院前急救9616例护理分析

目的:探讨院前急救的护理对策。方法:回顾性分析2001年1月至2005年12月9616例“120”出诊患者的院前临床资料。结果:“120”呼救出诊逐年增多,创伤病人以车祸为主,内科以心脑血管及呼吸系统疾病占多数。“120”急救半径5km以内的出诊频率最高,抢救效果最好。结论:快速高效的急救护理是院前急救的重要保证。     

院前急救的临床特点与对策

目的:分析院前急救的时间、病种及院前处理情况,为进一步提高院前急救水平提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2004年6月～2005年5月间5016例出诊及院前急救病例的院前急救时间、呼叫病种构成及院前急救结果。结果:出诊记录共5121例,有效出车共5016例。其中男3326例,女1690例;院前急救时间集中在10～20min内(2048例占40.8%);呼叫原因主要为“车祸”(1284例占40.2%)及“昏厥”442例占24.5%);院前急救结果接回医院3677例(占73.3%),空车781例(占15.6%),现场处理356例(占4.0%)。结论:院前急救的主要病种是创伤,特别是交通伤,应缩短院前急救时间,加强院前创伤抢救的技术和完善急救设备,加强院前急救医护的全科医学知识的培训,从而提高院前急救抢救成功率。     

多发性创伤院前救治体会

目的:分析多发性创伤的临床特点及急诊救治方法.方法:回顾性分析2009年1月-2009年12月我科收治的多发性创伤276例的院前救治临床资料.结果:276例多发性创伤患者中262例经院外急救处理后成功转运到急诊科,现场死亡8例,转运途中死亡6例.结论:多发性创伤伤情复杂,病程进展快,诊治难度大,并发症多,死亡率高,院前快速、正确、有效的现场急救对提高其抢救成功率至关重要.     

合作模式在交通伤急救管理中的应用

目的探讨合作模式在交通伤急救管理中的应用。方法选择急救中心2005年1月～2008年12月收治的1822例交通伤患者作为观察组,将2001年1月～2004年12月收治的2267例交通伤患者作为对照组。对照组急救模式为急诊科接到“120”急救电话后按常规急救要求迅速派1名医生及1名护士携带急救设施赶赴事故现场,予现场紧急处理后送院进行急救、专科会诊,分专科手术后送入各专科病房。观察组采用合作模式进行交通伤急救,即急救中心与交警支队合作,建立“医警联动机制”,派驻1支急救医疗小组24h与交警队共同值班,与交警使用同一对讲系统,缩短信息转载时间,接到报警后医警同时赶赴事故现场;院内以创伤急救中心为核心,抽调创伤各科合作组成创伤急救医疗组和专家组、护理急救小组等,实施合作模式的急救管理。比较两组患者的院前反应、接警至入院时间、救治效果。结果两组患者院前反应、接警至入院时间、救治效果比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,观察组院前反应、接警至入院时间明显较对照组提前,救治效果明显优于对照组。结论交通伤急救管理采取合作模式可缩短有效抢救时间,提高交通伤患者的救治效果,降低医疗风险。     

东莞市镇区创伤院前死亡病例分析

目的:探讨严重创伤院前死亡病例的临床特点和高危因素。方法:回顾性分析本院2000～2005年创伤院前死亡患者285例的临床资料。结果:本组创伤院前主要致死原因是交通伤(73.3%),其次是坠落伤(12.6%);现场或送医院已经死亡214例(75.1%),途中死亡13例(4.6%),急诊科死亡58例(20.4%);91.2%的患者是多发伤;急救反应时间为15.3min。结论:尽快健全急救医疗服务体系(EMSS),努力提高急救人员对严重创伤的救治水平,普及全民的急救意识,可最大限度地降低创伤院前死亡率。     

院前-院内无缝隙急救护理在急诊多发伤患者中的应用效果分析

目的 观察院前-院内无缝隙急救护理对于急诊多发伤患者的临床效果。方法 选取我院2018年1月～2020年1月进行院前-院内无缝隙急救护理140例急诊多发伤患者纳入观察组,并选取同期采用常规创伤救治原则护理的116例患者纳入对照组,对比两组救治成功率、救治相关指标,对比两组不良事件发生情况。结果 观察组救治成功率为75.71%,高于对照组的60.34%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组院内救治时间、院前救治时间、现场救治至到院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组护理不良事件发生率为1.43%,低于对照组的7.76%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 急诊多发伤患者采用院前-院内无缝隙急救护理的效果较好,可提升救治成功率,缩短救治时间,使不良事件的发生减少。     

“数智一体化”急救模式在重症多发伤患者中的应用

目的 探讨“数智一体化”急救模式在重症多发伤(SMI)患者中的应用价值。方法 选择2020年1-12月收治的148例SMI患者作为对照组。选择我院急诊科2021年1-12月收治的144例SMI患者作为观察组,对照组采用常规急救模式,观察组采用“数智一体化”急救模式,比较2组患者的救治效果(急诊救治效率、急诊时间效能、急救成功率)。结果 观察组创伤救治团队到达时间、完成CT检查时间、完成B超检查时间、接受输血时间、抢救室滞留时间、急诊至手术时间、确诊时间、ICU住院时长较对照组患者明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组、对照组患者急救成功率分别为84.7%、74.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 “数智一体化”急救模式可以提高SMI患者的救治效率及急救成功率,创新急诊急救服务,实现院前院内无缝衔接,构建高效、快速、全覆盖的协同救治体系。     

院前远程心电图传输对急性心肌梗死患者预后效果的影响

目的 分析120院前急救时对急性胸痛患者现场行18导联心电图,并实时远程传输回医院心电图诊断室进行诊断,能否影响急性心肌梗死患者治疗及预后效果.方法 观察组为2015年1~12月本院120出诊于急救现场实施院前心电图,且实时远程传输回医院心电图诊断室诊断的42例急性心肌梗死患者,而对照组为2014年1~12月本院120出诊时未实施院前远程心电图传输的42例急性心肌梗死患者,两组患者到本院后均接受急诊PCI手术.运用回顾性分析的方法,通过对比两组患者冠状动脉再灌注时间、预后效果等指标进行两组患者治疗效果评价.结果 在急诊救治总时间、急救成功率、冠状动脉再灌注时间、住院时间及预后效果等评价指标方面,观察组明显优于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 可以通过院前急救现场的实时远程心电图传输来缩短急性胸痛患者急诊救治总时间、冠状动脉再灌注时间.通过院前急救流程的改进,急性心肌梗死患者死亡率明显下降,急性心肌梗死救治的时效性得到有效的保证,120院前急救效率及救治成功率得到了显著的提高.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.