肌层浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱综合治疗的疗效评价研究

目的 评价髂内动脉灌注化疗+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗综合治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效.方法 比较64例采用髂内动脉灌注化疗(吡柔比星40 mg/m2、5-FU 1000 mg/m2、羟喜树碱30 mg/m2)+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗(综合治疗组)和62例采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗(对照组)的肌层浸润性膀胱癌(T2N0M0期)患者经治疗后的肿瘤复发/转移率、死亡率及治疗相关不良反应的发生情况.结果 至随访截至日期,综合治疗组的无复发/转移率为93.75%(60/64),明显高于对照组的45.16%(28/62),差异有统计学意义(P=0);转移死亡率为3.13%(2/64),低于对照组的16.13%(10/62),差异有统计学意义(P=0.015);非膀胱癌死亡率为10.94%(7/64),与对照组的12.90%(8/62)相比,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 髂内动脉灌注化疗+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗的综合治疗方案,能够降低肌层浸润性膀胱癌(T2N0M0)患者肿瘤复发率和死亡率,不增加非癌性死亡风险,值得进一步探讨.     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤剜除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的应用价值

  目的  探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤剜除术（transurethral enucleation of bladder tumor,TUEBT）治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌（non muscle-invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC）的安全性及疗效。  方法  回顾性分析2015年11月至2018年1月82例锦州医科大学附属第一医院NMIBC患者的临床病理资料,根据手术方式分为TUEBT组38例和经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT）组44例,比较两组的术中和术后指标及病理情况。  结果  TUEBT组膀胱冲洗时间、留置尿管时间及术后住院时间分别为（21.00±3.55）h、（4.34±0.81）d、（5.29±0.96）d,少于TURBT组的（27.57±3.87）h、（5.32±0.83）d、（6.32±0.86）d,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。TUEBT组手术时间为（29.55±4.13）min,长于TURBT组的（25.30±4.01）min;TUEBT组血红蛋白减少量为（2.00±0.38）g/dL,少于TURBT组的（2.30±0.32）g/dL;TUEBT组闭孔神经反射发生率为13.16%（5/38）,低于TURBT组的34.09%（15/44）;TUEBT组复发率为10.53%（4/38）,低于TURBT组的29.55%（13/44）;TUEBT组肌层缺失率为0（0/38）,低于TURBT组的31.82%（14/44）;TUEBT组符合二次经尿道切除术（repeat transurethral resection,ReTUR）标准例数为22例、TURBT组为33例,其中因肌层缺失而需ReTUR的TUEBT组为0、TURBT组为14例,TURBT组明显多于TUEBT组;两组比较差异均具有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。  结论  TUEBT能够完整剜除肿瘤,保留肌层,提高病理分期的准确性,降低ReTUR概率,对NMIBC可获得满意的临床效果,其手术安全性及远期疗效与TURBT相比更具有优势。      

经尿道膀胱肿瘤整块切除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效分析

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤整块切除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效。方法采用随机数字表法将98例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者分为观察组和对照组,每组49例,观察组患者接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤整块切除术,对照组患者接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)。比较两组患者的围手术期相关指标(手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、留置导尿管时间、膀胱冲洗时间),术前及术后3个月的血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、重组人Dickkopf相关蛋白1(DKK1)、人类软骨糖蛋白-39(YKL40)水平及手术相关并发症的发生率。结果观察组患者的手术时间、住院时间、留置导尿管时间、膀胱冲洗时间均明显短于对照组,术中出血量明显少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。术前,两组患者的血清VEGF、DKK1、YKL40水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。术后3个月,两组患者的血清VEGF、DKK1、YKL40水平均较本组术前降低(P﹤0.05);术后3个月,两组患者的血清VEGF、DKK1、YKL40水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。观察组患者的并发症总发生率为4.08%,低于对照组的16.33%,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论经尿道膀胱肿瘤整块切除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的效果与TURBT相当,但创伤更小、术后恢复更快、并发症更少。     

根治性经尿道电切联合化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效观察

目的 目前肌层浸润性膀胱癌的发病率呈上升趋势,根治性膀胱切除术创伤大、出血多、术后生活质量差,部分患者拒绝或不愿行根治性膀胱切除术.本研究探讨应用根治性经尿道等离子电切术(radical of transurethral resection of bladder tumor,RTURBT)联合膀胱灌注化疗及全身化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(muscle invasive bladder cancer,MIBC)的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析章丘市中医医院2009-01-01-2014-01-01收治的24例MIBC患者的临床资料.24例患者均在全麻或腰硬联合麻醉下行RTURBT术.辅助治疗于术后2周开始,给予吡柔比星30 mg膀胱灌注(1次/周,共8次,随后1次/月,共1年)及吉西他滨1 000mg/m2(d1、d8、d15,静脉滴入)联合顺铂70 mg/m2(d2,静脉滴入)静脉化疗,4周为1个周期,共4个周期.结果 24例患者均顺利完成手术,术中平均出血80.3 mL(50～180 mL),术中及术后无严重并发症.术后病理,低级别浸润性尿路上皮癌10例,高级别浸润性尿路上皮癌14例,肿瘤侵犯浅肌层13例,侵犯深肌层11例,基底部均未查见癌.膀胱灌注化疗及全身化疗耐受良好,不良反应多为胃肠道反应(22例)、骨髓抑制(19例)和尿路刺激症状(17例),对症处理后,所有患者均完成治疗.治疗后24例患者均获随访,术后随访12～60个月,平均30个月.复发7例(29.2％),首次复发中位时间为术后10.5个月(5.0～26.0个月).3例(12.5％)患者死亡,2例(8.3％)死于远处转移,1例死于脑血管疾病.结论 行RTURBT联合化疗治疗MIBC的创伤小、出血少、安全性高,是MIBC患者可以选择的治疗方法.     

全膀胱切除术治疗高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的研究进展

目的非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)主要由三种不同类型的肿瘤组成:乳头状尿路上皮癌局限于黏膜层(Ta),高级别原位癌局限于上皮层(CIS)以及侵犯黏膜下层或固有层的肿瘤(T1).NMIBC的首选治疗方案是彻底的经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)和(或)膀胱灌注治疗.但是,仍有部分高危患者具有肿瘤进展的风险,因而需要接受...     

二次TUR联合即刻灌注治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床研究

目的:观察二次TUR联合即刻膀胱灌注化疗药物治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的安全性及疗效。方法:T1期非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者120例分为2组:实验组58人,患者在第一次TUR术后24h内膀胱灌注化疗药物,4-6周行二次TURBt,以后按常规膀胱灌注化疗;对照组62人,TUR术后1周常规膀胱灌注化疗。观察两组肿瘤复发情况以及不良反应。结果:本组总复发率21.7%(26/120)。实验组1年内复发1例(1.7%),1-2年内复发4例(6.9%);对照组1年内复发8例(12.9%),1-2年内复发13例(21.0%),两组复发率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组不良反应8例,对照组不良反应7例,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:即刻膀胱灌注化疗及二次TUR可降低非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的复发率,不良反应并无增加。     

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术后复发的影响因素

目的 分析非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)患者经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)后复发的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析168例NMIBC患者临床资料,患者均进行TURBT治疗.术后随访2年,统计患者复发情况,根据结果分为复发组与未复发组,分析NMIBC患者术后复发的影响因素.结果 随访2年,168例NMIBC患者有34例出...     

肌层浸润性膀胱癌经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术后辅助化疗的研究进展

根治性膀胱切除术联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(MIBC)的并发症较多,且会降低患者的生活质量.近年来,各种保留膀胱的综合治疗方法逐渐增多,可切实改善患者的近期和远期疗效,提高患者的生活质量,术后进行不同方式的辅助化疗,不仅可以避免尿流改道,维持正常的膀胱功能,保持患者较好的生活质量,而且不会明显降低患者的生...     

浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱的综合治疗进展

膀胱癌根治术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的首选治疗方法，但是手术创伤较大，并发症发生率较高，及术岳对患者生活质量造成的影响，使其应用受到了限制：随着保留器官的治疗方法在不少恶性肿瘤中成功开展．保留膀胱的综合治疗亦被引入了浸润性膀胱癌的治疗，它不但可以维持正常的膀胱功能．而且不会降低患者的生存率，是除膀胱癌根治术外又一项可行而且合理的治疗方式。本文就目前浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱的综合治疗及其进展作一综述。     

保留膀胱的综合治疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌预后的荟萃分析

目的 比较保留膀胱手术+术后化疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的预后.方法 检索保留膀胱手术+术后化疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(muscle-invasive bladder cancer,MIBC)的对照研究,比较两种治疗方案的术后5年生存率,计算合并优势比(OR)和95%CI.结果 共纳入7项研究,累积876例患者.1组研究的OR=1.03,95%CI为1.03(0.52~2.02),4组研究的OR及其95%CI﹤1,2组研究的OR及其95%CI﹥1;7个研究的总OR=1.05,95%CI为1.05(0.53~2.06),跨过"无差异线",故认为根治性膀胱全切术(radical cystectomy,RC)与保留膀胱的综合治疗预后差异无统计学意义(Z=0.13,P=0.89).结论 对于部分肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,保留膀胱的综合治疗不会降低患者的5年生存率,且能保留患者膀胱的正常功能,提高了患者的生存质量,但适应证需严格把握.     

Selective bladder preservation for muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder is traditionally treated with radical cystectomy. This approach results in great morbidity and lifestyle changes, and approximately half of the patients treated in this way will experience recurrent TCC despite surgery. An alternative approach using selective bladder-preservation techniques incorporates transurethral resection of bladder tumours, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Over the past 20 years, international experience has demonstrated that this approach is feasible, safe, and well tolerated. Furthermore, the long-term outcomes of overall survival and disease-free survival compare favourably with the outcomes from radical cystectomy. The most important predictor of response is stage, with significantly higher long-term survival in patients with T2 disease. Another important positive predictor of complete response to therapy is the ability of the urologic oncologist to remove all visible tumour through a transurethral approach prior to initiation of radiation therapy. A negative predictive factor is the presence of hydronephrosis, and age and gender do not affect disease-free survival. The majority of patients who enjoy long-term survival do so with an intact native bladder. Quality of life studies have demonstrated that the retained bladder functions well in nearly all of these patients. Selective bladder preservation will not entirely take the place of radical cystectomy, but should be offered as an important alternative to patients newly diagnosed with muscle-invasive TCC.     

Contemporary management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Over the past decade, there have been a number of substantial changes in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is an aggressive disease that often presents at an advanced stage with or without distant metastases. The potential for cure is highest when the disease is confined to the bladder. Optimal management depends on our understanding of disease biology, refinements to our clinical staging, and improvements in the quality of treatment. This review will focus on the contemporary management of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and will discuss the role of radical cystectomy, extended lymphadenectomy, neoadjuvant/ adjuvant chemotherapy, and various forms of bladderpreservation strategies.     

Bladder conservation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

In the UK alone, approximately 10,000 patients are diagnosed with bladder cancer each year. Of these, muscle-invasive bladder cancer stage T2 or T3 accounts for 10–15%, with the remainder being non-muscle-invasive tumors, dealt with by local intravesical treatment. This group of patients are often older, the median age at presentation being 65–70 years and since this is a smoking-associated cancer there are often significant comorbidities. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common histological type and comprises >90% of bladder cancers. Other cell types include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, sarcoma, carcinosarcoma, lymphoma and melanoma. In bladder cancer, the most important prognostic factors are stage and grade. Cystectomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy all have a role in the management of bladder cancer. In many centers across the world, the standard management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, stage T2 and T3, is radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. There is now increasing evidence that modern nonsurgical approaches using chemoradiation achieve results at least as good as those with surgery and enable bladder preservation in the majority of patients. Optimal chemoradiation schedules and the role of radiosensitizers remain important areas of research to optimize the bladder-preserving approach. Ultimately, a prospective randomized trial is needed to compare modern state-of-the-art surgery with chemoradiation to provide high-level evidence on which informed patient choices can be made.     

Trimodal therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Introduction: Radical cystectomy is the standard therapy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Organ-preserving surgical procedures have been established as alternatives to radical surgery for localized malignancies in other anatomic sites. Trimodal therapy consisting of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and either transurethral resection of the bladder or partial cystectomy is an effective treatment for selected patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer that allows for preservation of the urinary bladder.

Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the value of trimodal therapy in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Expert commentary: Prerequisites for trimodal therapy for bladder cancer include: good bladder function, unifocal cT2 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, and absence of hydronephrosis. Careful selection of patients and accurate assessment of the anatomic extent of the tumor is important for patient safety. The basis for successful trimodal therapy is complete transurethral resection of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy with concurrent radiosensitizing chemotherapy. Cystoscopic controls and follow-up biopsies should be performed at completion of adjuvant therapy or shortly after induction of trimodal therapy to identify nonresponders for whom salvage radical cystectomy may be indicated.     

Management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the elderly

Bladder cancer is rare in patients below the age of 50 years, and most patients are in their 60s and 70s. Radical cystectomy is the preferred approach for patients with localized disease in most European countries and the USA, and evidence is growing in favor of neoadjuvant, platinum-based chemotherapy for patients at high risk of local and systemic relapse. Transurethral resection (TUR) followed by radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy appears to be a reasonable alternative, particularly in the UK and Canada. However, the elderly pose several treatment dilemmas, including the increased risk of perioperative complications, the management of orthotopic neobladder or different types of urinary diversion, as well as the higher risk of adverse events caused by pelvic radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy. Multidimensional parameters such as biologic prognostic factors, performance status, functional independence, comorbidities and cognitive function of the patient should be collected in order to tailor treatment to the patient’s life expectancy and preferences. Optimized integration of TUR followed by bladder removal (or radiotherapy), with or without adjunctive chemotherapy, can be recommended for otherwise healthy patients. Palliative measures, such as TUR followed by external radiotherapy alone or monochemotherapy, should be reserved for partially impaired patients with moderate comorbidities, in order to maximize the balance of benefits and toxicities. This review summarizes recent data concerning surgery, radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy for bladder cancer in the elderly, and discusses pros and cons of the currently available therapeutic options.     

Treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: progress and new challenges

The management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer has evolved over the last 20 years. Radical surgery, while curative for a significant number of patients, is inadequate for a subgroup with aggressive features including, but not limited to, advanced local stage, lymphovascular invasion on transurethral resection specimen, or variant histology such as small cell carcinoma. It is now clear that chemotherapy can improve the outcome for such patients. Combination platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with a survival advantage of 5–8% at 5 years over local therapy alone. Improvements in surgical technique are also important and need to be further refined. Biologic-based staging and targeted therapies hold promise for the future. The critical issue in multimodal therapy for this very heterogeneous disease is individualized patient selection. In this review, data are presented with emphasis on the practical application of current knowledge to the management of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.     

Treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer

In the USA, the incidence of bladder cancer is three-times higher in men than in women and it is the fourth most common cancer in men after prostate, lung and colorectal cancer. Muscle-invasive urothelial urinary bladder cancer has a very high mortality rate. This is regardless of intensive therapeutic efforts such as radical surgery in combination with oncological treatment options. The development of treatments with better outcomes regarding disease-specific survival and treatment-inflicted morbidity is likely to occur over the next few years. The significance of meta-analyses on the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the development of sentinel node dissection and the impact of the introduction of robot-assisted surgery on the possibility of performing minimally invasive surgery in advanced bladder cancer patients is discussed.