尿流动力学检查在胸腰段脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱输尿管返流评估中的意义

目的探讨尿流动力学在胸腰段脊髓T10～L2损伤神经源性膀胱合并输尿管返流患者评估中的临床意义。 方法选取胸腰段脊髓损伤T10～L2排尿障碍合并膀胱输尿管返流患者26例,经膀胱尿道造影成像联合尿流动力学检测,将其分为逼尿肌反射亢进组（n=21）和逼尿肌无反射组（n=5）,并对2组在输尿管返流点和漏尿点的膀胱容量、逼尿肌压以及膀胱顺应性进行测定,应用SPSS 14.0进行数据处理和分析。 结果经膀胱尿道造影成像联合尿流动力学检测发现,逼尿肌反射亢进组患者输尿管返流点的膀胱容量和顺应性分别为（122.46±87.89）ml和（5.94±4.96）ml/H2O,与逼尿肌无反射组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）;逼尿肌反射亢进组患者膀胱漏尿点的膀胱容量、逼尿肌压和顺应性分别为（210.81±69.72）ml、（42.29±9.57）cm H2O和（9.53±5.43）ml/H2O,与逼尿肌无反射组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）;且逼尿肌反射亢进组输尿管返流点的逼尿肌压与组内膀胱漏尿点的逼尿肌压比较,差异亦有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论T10～L2脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱逼尿肌反射亢进患者在膀胱容量较小、顺应性较低,伤后早期即出现膀胱输尿管返流,发生返流时逼尿肌压<40cm H2O;而逼尿肌无反射患者在逼尿肌压较低时亦会出现输尿管返流和膀胱漏尿。     

脑桥上神经损伤导致膀胱尿道功能障碍的影像尿动力学特点研究

目的探讨脑桥上神经损伤所致膀胱尿道功能障碍的影像尿动力学改变。方法回顾性分析2004年2月至2009年5月65例行影像尿动力学检查的脑桥上神经损伤患者的资料,包括临床表现、诊断、排尿方式、超声、尿流率、残余尿、充盈期膀胱压力容积测定、排尿期压力流率测定和影像学结果,并与骶上脊髓损伤患者进行比较。结果65例患者中,逼尿肌过度活动占61.5%、反射正常占24.6%、无反射占13.9%、逼尿肌-尿道外括约肌协同失调(DSD)占6.2%、输尿管返流占4.61%。脑桥上不同神经损伤类型尿动力表现无明显差异;与骶上脊髓损伤比较,DSD、输尿管返流、上尿路积水发生率少见,反射正常比例较高。结论脑桥上神经损伤所致膀胱尿道功能障碍的主要尿动力学特点是逼尿肌过度活动伴括约肌协同正常,较少出现DSD、输尿管返流、上尿路积水等并发症。     

骶髓下脊髓损伤患者尿动力学特点与处理

目的分析研究骶髓下脊髓损伤患者尿动力学特点,随访泌尿系康复治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析骶髓下脊髓损伤患者169例影像尿动力检查结果和泌尿系管理方法,观察其泌尿系变化及并发症的发生情况。结果 129例(76.33%)表现为逼尿肌无反射,其中46例(27.22%)表现为膀胱顺应性增加,12例(7.10%)出现膀胱输尿管返流;21例(12.43%)表现为逼尿肌过度活动,膀胱顺应性下降,其中5例(2.96%)出现膀胱输尿管返流。根据尿动力检查结果选择不同的治疗方法,2年随访治疗效果满意,无特殊并发症。结论骶髓下脊髓损伤患者大多表现为逼尿肌无反射,膀胱顺应性增加。根据尿动力检查结果选择适当的综合康复治疗手段,能有效保护上尿路功能,预防泌尿系感染等并发症的出现。     

清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经性膀胱护理中的应用

[目的]探讨清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经性膀胱护理中的应用效果。[方法]神经性膀胱患儿54例,31例行清洁间歇导尿治疗,23例未行导尿治疗。就诊前和诊疗后2年分别行尿动力学检查。[结果]间歇导尿组就诊时7例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流,3例为单纯肾积水。治疗2年后膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压力均优于治疗前,3例输尿管反流消失,2例肾积水减轻,4例发生尿路感染(12.9%)。未导尿组就诊时5例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流,4例为单纯肾积水,2年后11例合并输尿管反流,7例合并肾积水,3例发生尿路感染(13.0%)。[结论]合理应用清洁间歇导尿可保护膀胱功能,避免或减轻上尿路功能的损害,对于神经性膀胱治疗有重要的应用价值。     

单纯间歇导尿改善神经源性膀胱并发上尿路扩张积水12例报道

目的探讨单纯间歇导尿改善神经源性膀胱患者上尿路扩张积水的影像尿动力学适应症。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年6月采用单纯间歇导尿处理的12例神经源性膀胱并发上尿路扩张积水患者的临床资料。结果经系统规律随访,本组患者肾积水均得到缓解或消失。其影像尿动力学共同特点为无逼尿肌过度活动,测压容积300 ml,储尿期末逼尿肌压力40cm H2O,无膀胱输尿管返流,排空差,腹压排尿,残余尿150 ml。结论对于储尿功能尚可,主要表现为排尿障碍的神经源性膀胱并发上尿路扩张积水患者,建议首选间歇导尿。     

尿动力学检查对糖尿病患者膀胱功能的评价

目的：探讨尿动力学检查在糖尿病患者膀胱功能障碍诊断的意义。方法：对伴有下尿路症状的糖尿病患者34例，按糖尿病病史分为早期组（〈8a）与进展期组（〉10a），分别进行尿动力学测定，获取膀胱初始容量、最大膀胱容量、最大尿流率、残余尿、逼尿肌压力等参数作相关分析。结果：34例均完成尿动力学测定，尿动力学表现异常占30例（88．2％）；早期组与进展期组相比，最大尿流率明显下降（P〈0．01），初始尿意容量、残余尿、最大膀胱容量明显增高（P〈0．01），逼尿肌收缩力亦下降（P〈0．01）。结论：尿流动力学检查是对DCP进行客观评价的最重要的手段；早期的糖尿病患者予以治疗干预，对预防膀胱功能恶化有重要的意义。     

非完全同步影像尿动力学检查在临床诊断中的应用

目的 探讨非完全同步影像尿动力学检查的临床应用意义。方法 采用Laborie尿动力学检查仪和Toshiba放射检查床，对128例患者进行非完全同步影像尿动力学检查(一般取截石位及斜坐位)，其中脊髓损伤92例(71．9％)、骶裂5例(3．9％)、尿失禁8例(6．2％)、排尿困难2例(1．6％)、前列腺增生21例(16．4％)。灌注液中泛影葡胺含量为15％，灌注速度10—20ml／min，检查方法同普通尿动力学检查，记录膀胱压力(Pves)、直肠压力(Pabd)、逼尿肌压力(Pdet)、尿流率(Q)和肌电图等参数，采用膀胱储尿期及排尿期同步透视，点拍摄放射片4次，记录并保存影像。结果 发现膀胱输尿管返流6例(4．7％)、膀胱结石18例(14．1％)、膀胱憩室35例(27．3％)、膀胱颈开放78例(60．9％)、逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调23例(18．0％)、逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调59例(46．1％)、外括约肌痉挛31例(24．2％)。结论 非完全同步影像尿动力学检查能够利用现有设备进行影像尿动力学检查，对全面了解神经原性膀胱尿道功能障碍及LUTS患者的下尿路病理生理改变有重要价值。     

膀胱腰大肌悬吊输尿管再吻合术治疗输尿管下段缺损

目的 观察应用膀胱腰大肌悬吊输尿管再吻合术治疗不同病因导致的输尿管下段缺损、狭窄的临床疗效。方法 对16例不同病因导致的输尿管下段长段缺损或狭窄、梗阻16例患者采用膀胱腰大肌悬吊输尿管膀胱壁潜行抗逆流吻合手术治疗。结果 术后随访复查静脉尿路造影，手术侧膀胱壁呈单角上抬．15例无明显肾积水表现（93．75％），1例手术侧轻度肾积水（6．25％）。排尿期尿路造影，无膀胱输尿管返流、狭窄、漏尿。结论 膀胱腰大肌悬吊输尿管膀胱壁潜行抗逆流吻合术是一种治疗不同病因导致输尿管下段长段缺损的简单、有效的手术方法，能有效修复长达5-7cm的输尿管下段缺损。     

神经源性膀胱远期尿动力学变化的临床研究

目的:探讨神经源性膀胱的远期尿动力学变化及其影响因素。方法:72例入院超过 5年的神经源性膀胱患者采用尿动力学检查仪和肌电图测定有关尿动力学指标,同时配合B超及膀胱尿道造影(VCUG)观测尿液反流与形态学改变,比较入院前后及不同排尿方式的尿动力学变化。结果:残余尿量、最大尿流率、最大膀胱容量、相对安全容量(RSBC)、最大尿道闭合压、功能尿道长度及逼尿肌反射亢进、括约肌协同失调发生率等指标均较入院时降低(P<0.05),而膀胱低顺应性(BLG)与尿路积水发生率较入院时明显升高(P< 0.01),逼尿肌漏点压及安全容量下膀胱充盈压(FBP)则无显著变化。VCUG显示采用持续导尿者BLG及尿液反流发生率明显高于采用间隙导尿或 Crede法排尿者(P<0.01),且尿道形态学改变程度最重;尿液反流组RSBC明显低于非反流组(P<0.05),而BLG的发生率显著高于非反流组(P<0.01),FBP等相关指标两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:神经源性膀胱的远期尿动力学特点主要是膀胱顺应性降低,而排尿方式是较膀胱内压影响尿液反流与尿道形态改变的更重要因素。     

肾移植中两种尿路重建方式发生泌尿系并发症的比较

目的：肾移植中输尿管-膀胱吻合和输尿管-输尿管端端吻合是两种常用尿路重建方式术后，比较其发生泌尿系常见并发症的情况。 方法：选择2003-01／2006-10解放军第三军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究所泌尿外科接受同种异体肾移植患者80例。按尿路重建方式随机分为输尿管-膀胱吻合组和输尿管-输尿管端端吻合组，每组40例。所有患者对治疗知情并同意，并经医院伦理委员会批准。两组患者男女比例、患者年龄、术前透析时间、透析类型、供者年龄、冷缺血时间、HLA错配及随访时间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。输尿管-膀胱吻合组采用经典的膀胱外黏膜下隧道法。输尿管-输尿管端端吻合组：将受者输尿管近端结扎，远端输尿管导管探查通畅后，修剪供肾输尿管及受者输尿管吻合端成袖口状行端端吻合。操作者为两名有岗位资质的医生。各完成40例。观察术后患者漏尿、膀胱输尿管反流、输尿管梗阻及尿路感染等尿路并发症发生情况。 结果：术后1年随访．输尿管-膀胱吻合组和输尿管-输尿管端端吻合组漏尿发生率分别为2．5％和5．0％（P〉0．05），膀胱输尿管反流发生率分别为10％和0（P〈0．05），输尿管梗阻发生率分别0和5．0％（P〉0．05），反复尿路感染发生率分别为12．5％和0（P〈0．05）。 结论：输尿管-输尿管吻合与广泛使用的输尿管-膀胱吻合比较．输尿管反流、尿路感染的发生率较低。因此输尿管-输尿管端端吻合可以作为肾移植尿路重建的首选方法。     

Traces: making sense of urodynamics testing--Part 6: Evaluation of bladder filling/ storage: bladder wall compliance and the detrusor leak point pressure

This article defines the concept of bladder wall compliance, discusses various means of measuring or assessing compliance, and reviews its clinical relevance. Based on existing evidence, low bladder wall compliance is attributable to increased detrusor muscle tone during bladder filling or changes in the viscoelastic properties of the bladder wall that impede the bladder wall's ability to stretch. While one can identify the individual components that compromise compliance, the filling CMG is only able to detect whole bladder wall compliance (for example, the combined effects of increased detrusor muscle tone and compromised viscoelastic properties of the bladder wall). From a clinical perspective, whole bladder wall compliance is divided into two categories: normal and low. Low bladder wall compliance is clinically relevant because of its potential to produce upper urinary tract distress, and there is increased risk for febrile urinary tract infections, ureterohydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, renal scarring, compromised urinary tract function, and urinary incontinence because of its direct influence on the bladder outlet. It may produce pain and pressure in the patient with preserved sensations of bladder filling. Low bladder wall compliance is associated with a variety of clinically relevant disorders, including neurogenic bladder dysfunction, pelvic irradiation, interstitial cystitis, and radical prostatectomy.     

Association of bladder trabeculation and neurogenic bladder with spinal cord injury

ObjectiveTo compare clinical findings and urodynamic parameters according to trabeculation grade and analyze their correlations with trabeculation severity in neurogenic bladder caused by suprasacral spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed of neurogenic bladder caused by SCI. Bladder trabeculation grade was compared with SCI-related clinical parameters and bladder-related urodynamic parameters.ResultsIn SCI patients, factors such as disease duration, bladder capacity, detrusor pressure, peak detrusor pressure values, and compliance were significantly different between different grades of bladder trabeculation, while neurological level of injury, completeness, and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia had no clear relationship with bladder trabeculation grade. In the correlation analysis, vesicoureteral reflux was moderately correlated with trabeculation grade (correlation coefficient 0.433), while the correlation coefficients of disease duration, involuntary detrusor contraction, and bladder filling volume were between 0.3 and 0.4.ConclusionBladder trabeculation with suprasacral-type neurogenic bladder was graded. Although disease duration was positively correlated with bladder trabeculation grade, differences in the neurological level of injury or American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale score were not observed. Bladder volume, peak detrusor pressure, compliance, reflex volume, and vesicoureteral reflux also showed significant differences according to trabeculation grade. Vesicoureteral reflux was moderately correlated with trabeculation grade.     

神经源性膀胱合并上尿路扩张患者尿动力学检查的护理

目的探讨神经源性膀胱合并上尿路扩张患者尿动力学特点及检查过程中的护理配合。方法回顾性分析150例神经源性膀胱合并上尿路扩张患者膀胱功能测定的护理配合要点、检查结果和并发症发生情况。结果上尿路扩张患者多表现为膀胱低顺应性、逼尿肌过度活动、高逼尿肌漏尿点压、相对安全容量显著降低、残余尿量显著增多、膀胱活动低下等,尿动力学检查后患者并发泌尿系感染的风险和严重程度明显增加。结论神经源性膀胱合并上尿路扩张患者行尿动力学检查时需加强相关的护理配合,如严格控制膀胱充盈速度及重复检测次数、及时留置导尿管持续引流尿液或进行清洁间歇导尿、预防性使用抗生素等,以保证检查结果的准确性,并有效预防检查后泌尿系感染的发生。     

Traces: making sense of urodynamics testing--Part 5: evaluation of bladder filling/storage functions

Lower urinary tract function is characterized by two stages: bladder filling/ storage and micturition. Natural bladder filling tends to be slow, intermittent, and variable, while urodynamics testing employs a continuous, supraphysiologic fill rate. A clear understanding of the typical proportion between bladder storage and micturition is essential when urodynamics findings are interpreted within a clinical setting. When completing a filling cystometrogram, the urodynamics clinician must answer five essential questions to generate clinical meaningful results: bladder capacity, bladder wall compliance, competence of the urethral sphincter mechanism, sensations of bladder filling, and detrusor response to bladder filling/storage. While the emphasis of each question differs depending on the patient's lower urinary tract symptoms and specific questions posed by the referring physician, the combined answers to these questions form a comprehensive evaluation of lower urinary tract filling and storage functions. This article will address how the urodynamic clinician answers the first question, "What is the capacity of this bladder?"     

膀胱尿压测定评定系统在糖尿病神经源性膀胱护理中的应用

目的：观察膀胱尿压测定评定系统在糖尿病神经源性膀胱（ DNB ）护理中的应用效果。方法选择住院治疗的糖尿病神经源性膀胱患者50例,应用膀胱尿压测定评定系统了解膀胱压力容量变化、膀胱安全容量和最大容量、逼尿肌起始活动状态,括约肌状态、逼尿肌/括约肌协同能力,据此制订护理方案并实施,比较干预前后膀胱残余尿量及排尿功能变化。结果本组患者中尿失禁9例,尿潴留40例;膀胱训练后膀胱残余尿量＞200 ml患者从20例降至5例,中重度排尿功能障碍患者从22例降至7例,训练前后比较差异有统计学意义（U值分别为4．73,5．51;P＜0．01）。低顺应性小容量膀胱1例,转外科手术治疗。结论膀胱尿压测定评定系统用于糖尿病神经源性膀胱护理安全可行,可减少膀胱残余尿量,改善排尿功能。     

回肠浆肌层补片膀胱扩大术治疗反射亢进型神经原性尿失禁的疗效随访

背景神经原性尿失禁手术治疗方法多样,疗效不一,探讨手术治疗神经原性尿失禁的效果,以求证其有效性.目的评价去粘膜回肠浆肌层补片膀胱扩大术治疗反射亢进型神经原性尿失禁疗效,为改良手术提出建议.设计以患者为研究对象的回顾性病例分析.单位一所大学医院的小儿外科.对象对郑州大学第一附属医院小儿外科自1998-04/2004-01手术治疗的68例神经原性尿失禁患者进行随访,所有患者术前均确诊为神经原性尿失禁,随访资料完整者共38例.方法对38例反射亢进型神经原性膀胱患者随访4～69个月,平均17.2个月.患者年龄4～17岁,38例患者行去粘膜回肠浆肌层补片膀胱扩大术,34例盆底肌松弛者同时行双侧髂腰肌盆底加强术.主要观察指标观察手术前后症状、膀胱顺应性、最大膀胱容量和相对安全膀胱容量.结果30例(79%)尿失禁症状改善(控尿时间＞1 h);尿动力学检查示所有行回肠去浆肌层膀胱扩大术患者术后均为腹压排尿,尿流动力学检查均未发现在排尿期有主动的逼尿肌收缩;术后顺应性增加(27.43±24.78)mL/kPa(P＜0.01),最大膀胱容量较术前增加(122.18±79.99)mL(P＜0.01),相对安全膀胱容量较术前增加(98.63±86.78)mL(P＜0.01).未发现有上尿路功能受损加重情况.结论去粘膜回肠浆肌层补片膀胱扩大术可保护上尿路功能,是有效治疗神经原性膀胱的一种方法.     

Urologic dysfunction and neurologic outcome in coma survivors after severe traumatic brain injury in the postacute and chronic phase

Giannantoni A, Silvestro D, Siracusano S, Azicnuda E, D'Ippolito M, Rigon J, Sabatini U, Bini V, Formisano R. Urologic dysfunction and neurologic outcome in coma survivors after severe traumatic brain injury in the postacute and chronic phase.

Objectives

To investigate voiding dysfunction and upper urinary tract status in survivors of coma resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to compare clinical and urodynamic results with neurologic and psychological features as well as functional outcomes.

Design

Observational study focused on urologic dysfunction and neurologic outcome in coma survivors after traumatic brain injury in the postacute and chronic phase.

Setting

A postcoma unit in a rehabilitation hospital.

Participants

Consecutive patients (N=57) who recovered from coma of traumatic etiology and who were admitted during a 1-year period to a postcoma unit of a rehabilitation hospital.

Interventions

Patients underwent clinical urologic assessment, urodynamics with the assessment of the Schafer nomogram and the projected isovolumetric detrusor pressure to evaluate detrusor contractility, ultrasound assessment of the lower and upper urinary tract and voiding cystourethrography, routinely performed, according to the International Continence Society Standards. Neurologic variables assessed were brain injury and disability severity, and neuropsychological status. Neuroimaging identified the site of cerebral lesions.

Main Outcome Measures

Urinary symptoms, disability by means of the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and neuropsychological status by means of the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale (NBRS), and the relationships among them.

Results

Of the 57 patients studied, 30 had overactive bladder (urge incontinence) symptoms, 28 had detrusor overactivity, and 18 had detrusor underactivity with associated pseudodyssynergia in 15 of these patients. Eleven patients had hypertrophic bladder; 3, bilateral pyelectasia; and 2, vesicoureteral reflux. Disability measured by GOS was severe in 8 patients and moderate in 27, while recovery was good in 22 patients. The mean NBRS total score indicated a mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging showed diffuse brain injury in all patients. Statistically significant relationships were found between urge incontinence, detrusor overactivity, and poor neurologic functional outcome, between detrusor overactivity and right hemisphere damage (P=.0001), and between impaired detrusor contractility and left hemisphere injuries (P=.0001).

Conclusions

Most patients who recovered from coma resulting from TBI have symptoms of overactive bladder syndrome and voiding difficulties. These urinary problems correlate with cerebral involvement and neurologic functional outcome.     

Bladder wall thickness on ultrasonographic cystourethrography: affecting factors and their implications.

OBJECTIVE: To explore factors affecting bladder wall thickness on ultrasonographic cystourethrography in female patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. METHODS: The records of 492 female patients with lower urinary tract symptoms who had undergone a urodynamic study and ultrasonography of the lower urinary tract and who had normal urinalysis findings, negative urine culture results, or both were identified from our urogynecologic database. These included 248 patients with urodynamic stress incontinence, 38 with detrusor overactivity, 39 with mixed incontinence, 35 with a hypersensitive bladder, 42 with voiding difficulty, and 90 with normal urodynamic findings. RESULTS: Age, resting bladder neck angle, urethral mobility, and maximum urethral closure pressure were significantly associated with bladder wall thickness at the trigone and dome. Bladder wall thickness at the trigone was correlated with that at the dome (P < .0001). Bladder wall thickness at the trigone was positively correlated with pressure transmission ratios in the first and second quarters of the urethra (P < .0001; P = .002, respectively), whereas that at the dome was positively correlated with intravesical pressure at maximum flow and with detrusor opening pressure (P = .027; P = .046, respectively). Age and intravesical pressure at maximum flow were independently associated with bladder wall thickness at the trigone and dome (P = .007; P = .028), respectively. A thickened bladder wall was a common finding in female lower urinary tract symptoms, except in the patients with a hypersensitive bladder. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic, anatomic, and urodynamic factors may affect the bladder wall thickness at the trigone, dome, or both.     

Pediatric urinary tract infection and reflux

Urinary tract infections in children are sometimes associated with vesicoureteral reflux, which can lead to renal scarring if it remains unrecognized. Since the risk of renal scarring is greatest in infants, any child who presents with a urinary tract infection prior to toilet training should be evaluated for the presence of reflux. Children who may be lost to follow-up and those who have recurrent urinary tract infections should also be evaluated. The preferred method for evaluation of urinary reflux is a voiding cystourethrogram. Documented reflux is initially treated with prophylactic antibiotics. Patients who have breakthrough infections on prophylaxis, develop new renal scarring, have high-grade reflux or cannot comply with long-term antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered for surgical correction. The preferred method of surgery is ureteral reimplantation. A newer method involves injection of the bladder trigone with collagen.