Non-coding RNAs deregulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma: advances and challenges

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cause of cancer death. Despite decades of improvements in exploring new treatments and considerable advance in multimodality treatment, satisfactory curative rates have not yet been reached. The difficulty of early diagnosis and the high prevalence of metastasis associated with OSCC contribute to its dismal prognosis. In the last few decades the emerging data from both tumor biology and clinical trials led to growing interest in the research for predictive biomarkers. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are promising biomarkers. Among numerous kinds of ncRNAs, short ncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have been extensively investigated with regard to their biogenesis, function, and importance in carcinogenesis. In contrast to miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are much less known concerning their functions in human cancers especially in OSCC. The present review highlighted the roles of miRNAs and newly discovered lncRNAs in oral tumorigenesis, metastasis, and their clinical implication.     

Non-coding RNAs: emerging regulators of glucose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma

Reprogramming of metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer, among which glucose metabolism dysfunction is the most prominent feature. The glucose metabolism of tumor cells is significantly different from that of normal cells. Glucose metabolism reprogramming of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become an important research hotspot in the field of HCC, a variety of tumor metabolic interventions have been applied clinically. Moreover, various Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding (lncRNAs) as well as circular RNAs (circRNAs), have recently been proved to play potential roles in glucose metabolism. This review summarizes the effects of ncRNAs on HCC that participate in glucose metabolism and discuss the related mechanisms to find potential and effective targeted treatments for HCC.     

Emerging role of competing endogenous RNA and associated noncoding RNAs in thyroid cancer

Cancer of the thyroid is the most common endocrine malignancy. While treatment options are limited for individuals with medullary or anaplastic thyroid cancer, understanding the underlying mechanisms is vital to developing a successful thyroid cancer treatment strategy due to the tumor’s multistep carcinogenesis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been associated with thyroid cancer progression in several recent studies; however, the role of regulatory interactions among different types of ncRNAs in thyroid cancer remains unclear. Recently, competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) has been discovered as a mechanism demonstrating regulatory interactions among non-coding RNAs, including pseudogenes, long non-coding RNAs (lnRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). It has been concluded from the literature that numerous ceRNA networks are deregulated during the development, invasion, and metastasis of thyroid cancer, as well as in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and drug resistance. Further understanding of these deregulations is important to develop diagnostic procedures for early detection of thyroid cancer and promising therapeutic options for effective treatment. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging roles of some newly found ceRNA members in thyroid cancer and outline the current body of knowledge regarding ceRNA, lncRNA, pseudogenes, and miRNAs.     

Non-Coding RNA: A New Tool for the Diagnosis,Prognosis, and Therapy of Small Cell Lung Cancer

In recent years, novel classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been discovered, which are implicated in diverse functional and regulatory activities. Growing evidence indicates that deregulated ncRNAs play crucial roles in the onset and progression of cancer, including small-cell lung cancer. In this review, we highlight nearly all of the findings regarding the roles and the possible mechanisms of ncRNAs as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in small-cell lung cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers, their significant contribution to the prognosis, and their functions in regulating the response to therapy.     

Regulatory RNAs,microRNA, long-non coding RNA and circular RNA roles in colorectal cancer stem cells

The properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs), such as self-renewal, drug resistance, and metastasis, have been indicated to be responsible for the poor prognosis of patients with colon cancers. The epigenetic regulatory network plays a crucial role in CSC properties. Regulatory non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have an important influence on cell physiopathology. They modulate cells by regulating gene expression in different ways. This review discusses the basic characteristics and the physiological functions of colorectal cancer (CRC) stem cells. Elucidation of these ncRNAs will help us understand the pathological mechanism of CRC progression, and they could become a new target for cancer treatment.     

Non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) and their roles in lymphogenesis in all types of lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies

Contemporary developments in molecular biology have been combined with discoveries on the analysis of the role of all non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human diseases, particularly in cancer, by examining their roles in cells. Currently, included among these common types of cancer, are all the lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies, which represent a diverse group of neoplasms and malignant disorders. Initial data suggest that non-coding RNAs, particularly long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), play key roles in oncogenesis and that lncRNA-mediated biology is an important key pathway to cancer progression. Other non-coding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), are very promising cancer molecular biomarkers. They can be detected in tissues, cell lines, biopsy material and all biological fluids, such as blood. With the number of well-characterized cancer-related lncRNAs and miRNAs increasing, the study of the roles of non-coding RNAs in cancer is bringing forth new hypotheses of the biology of cancerous cells. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the present review provides an up-to-date summary of the recent literature referring to all diagnosed ncRNAs that mediate the pathogenesis of all types of lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies.     

Long non‐coding RNAs as an epigenetic regulator in human cancers

Recent studies have described the important multiple roles of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) during oncogenic transformation. Because the coding genome accounts for a small amount of total DNA, and many mutations leading to cancer occur in the non‐coding genome, it is plausible that the dysregulation of such non‐coding transcribes might also affect tumor phenotypes. Indeed, to date, lncRNAs have been reported to affect diverse biological processes through the regulation of mRNA stability, RNA splicing, chromatin structure, and miRNA‐mediated gene regulation by acting as miRNA sponges. Furthermore, accumulating studies have described the roles of lncRNAs in tumorigenesis; however, the precise mechanisms of many lncRNAs are still under investigation. Here, we discuss recently reported mechanistic insights into how lncRNAs regulate gene expression and contribute to tumorigenesis through interactions with other regulatory molecules. We especially highlight the role of taurine upregulated gene 1, which was recently reported to have biological functions related to gene regulation, and discuss the future clinical implications of lncRNAs in cancer treatments.     

Non-coding RNAs in DNA damage response

Genome-wide studies have revealed that human and other mammalian genomes are pervasively transcribed and produce thousands of regulatory non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Emerging evidences suggest that these ncRNAs also play a pivotal role in genome integrity and stability via the regulation of DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we discuss the recent finding on the interplay of ncRNAs with the canonical DDR signaling pathway, with a particular emphasis on miRNAs and lncRNAs. While the expression of ncRNAs is regulated in the DDR, the DDR is also subjected to regulation by those DNA damage-responsive ncRNAs. In addition, the roles of those Dicer- and Drosha-dependent small RNAs produced in the vicinity of double-strand breaks sites are also described.     

Long noncoding RNA: an emerging paradigm of cancer research

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of non-protein coding part of human genome in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Among numerous kinds of non-protein coding RNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key regulatory role in cancer biology. LncRNAs are dysregulated in different kinds of cancer and the expression levels of certain lncRNAs are associated with recurrence, metastasis, and prognosis of cancer. It is also proved that overexpression of certain lncRNAs, behaving like oncogenes, can promote matrix invasion of cancer cells and tumor growth. In this review, we focus our attention on lncRNAs those have been validated in human cancer tissues to suggest reasonable strategies for future research. We introduce an update view of lncRNA, extract cancer-related lncRNAs from literature, and describe the known functions and possible underlying molecular mechanisms of some well investigated lncRNAs (MALAT1, HOX antisense intergenic RNA, and highly upregulated in hepatocellular cancer), as well as their current and potential future application in cancer diagnosis (PCA3) and treatment (H19).     

长链非编码RNA在肺癌中的功能及机制研究

长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）是一类转录本长度超过200个核苷酸的非编码RNA1,因缺乏完整的开放阅读框而不能编码任何蛋白质。在人类基因组中,lncRNA在表观遗传学调控、转录调控与转录后调控等方面发挥着重要作用,已成为继microRNA之后的又一研究热点。lncRNA在肿瘤中的异常表达常发挥不同的生物学作用,表现为癌基因或抑癌基因的特点,可促进或抑制肿瘤的生长。肺癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,5年生存率只有17%。本研究通过文献发现lncRNA MALAT1、H19、lincRNA p21、UCA1、BC200与肺癌的发生发展有密切关系,可促进肺癌生长、侵袭转移、细胞凋亡和诱导药物抵抗等。因此本文就上述五种lncRNA在肺癌中的功能及机制进行综述,旨在为肺癌的临床诊断、治疗及预后提供帮助。      

MicroRNAs as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets: potential effect on breast cancer management.

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNA) as novel modulators of gene expression has resulted in a rapidly expanding repertoire of molecules in this family, as reflected in the concomitant expansion of scientific literature. MiRNAs are a category of naturally occurring RNA molecules that play important regulatory roles in plants and animals by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Characteristically, miRNAs are noncoding, single-stranded short (18-22 nucleotides) RNAs, features which possibly explain why they had not been intensively investigated until recently. Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that miRNAs play a pivotal role in many cellular functions via the regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, their dysregulation and/or mutation has been shown in carcinogenesis. We provide a brief review of miRNA biogenesis and discuss the technical challenges of modifying experimental techniques to facilitate the identification and characterization of these small RNAs. MiRNA function and their involvement in malignancy, particularly their putative role as oncogenes or tumor suppressors is also discussed, with a specific emphasis on breast cancer. Finally, we comment on the potential role of miRNAs in breast cancer management, particularly in improving current prognostic tools and achieving the goal of individualized cancer treatment.     

Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs: New Insights into the Biology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40 to 160 nm, are among the smallest extracellular vesicles released by cells. They deliver different cargoes, including proteins, DNAs, and RNAs, and facilitate communication between cells to coordinate a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth common malignant tumor and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown, and there is a lack of reliable and noninvasive biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction. Mounting evidence has shown that exosomes carry a variety of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which play critical roles in the occurrence and progression of HCC. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in HCC from their impact on the development of HCC to their potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.     

非编码RNA在喉鳞状细胞癌中的研究进展

非编码RNA是一类不编码蛋白质的RNA, 包括微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)和环状RNA(circular RNA, circRNA)等。非编码RNA不仅在生物调节过程中扮演着重要角色, 在包括肿瘤在内的多种疾病的发生机制中也起到了不可或缺的作用, 其在喉癌的诊断、预后评估及治疗中同样具有重要的临床价值。喉鳞状细胞癌是喉癌中最常见的病理学类型, 近年来发病率有明显增高的趋势, 已严重危害人类健康及生存质量。本文总结了近年国内外研究, 对miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA在喉癌发生发展的作用机制进行综述。      

长链非编码RNA在食管癌中的研究进展

随着分子生物学研究技术的革新和计算机生物信息学的出现和蓬勃发展,长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）的作用和生物学功能得到了深入研究,其在基因的转录翻译、细胞分化、个体发育、遗传及表观遗传等生命活动中具有重要的调控作用。目前,已有众多权威研究证实lncRNA可在表观遗传学、转录水平、转录后水平与DNA、RNA、蛋白质分子相互结合,在多个重要节点调控肿瘤的进展。lncRNA异常表达与肿瘤的发生、发展和转移均密切相关。本文着重强调lncRNA主要生物学功能,并总结其在食管癌中的异常表达及其调控作用,以期为食管癌的诊断和治疗提供新思路。     

长链非编码RNAs在乳腺癌中的表达及其功能

无蛋白编码功能的非编码RNAs（ncRNAs）具有多种生物学功能。长链非编码RNAs（LncRNAs）是近年来发现的ncRNAs的一员,其转录长度200 nt～100 kb。许多长链非编码RNAs异常表达具有促进或抑制肿瘤发生、发展的生物学功能,包括乳腺癌。由于其在调控基因表达中的基础性作用,和其参与潜在的肿瘤发生的生物学机制,它们是一类有前途的癌症生物标志物。本文突出LncRNAs在乳腺癌中的新兴作用,并探讨其在乳腺癌的诊断、治疗和预后等相关潜在的临床应用价值。