三维超声对间质部妊娠的诊断价值研究

目的 探讨三维超声诊断间质部妊娠的价值。方法 对28例二维超声疑间质部或宫角妊娠患者进行经阴道三维超声检查。结果 三维超声诊断间质部妊娠和宫角妊娠的准确率分别为90.9%和100%，间质部妊娠三维重建图像具有以下特点；宫腔完整，一侧宫底呈“瘤样”突起，内见孕囊，结论 三维超声对间质部妊娠具有较高的诊断价值。     

Interstitial ectopic pregnancy presenting after failed termination of pregnancy

Pregnant women frequently present to the ED for complaints related to the first trimester of pregnancy. The emergency physician must confirm the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy for many such complaints. Bedside ultrasound with well‐delineated criteria has become standard practice for many emergency physicians for this purpose. In the following case report, an interstitial pregnancy was identified by the emergency physician using bedside sonography in a 29‐year‐old woman presenting 2 weeks after dilation and aspiration for termination of pregnancy. The ED physician identified an inappropriately thin endomyometrial mantle raising suspicion for the diagnosis of an interstitial pregnancy. The case illustrates the importance of this uterine wall measurement given the otherwise normal appearance of a pregnancy within the uterus.     

The value of endovaginal sonography and urinary human chorionic gonadotropin tests for differentiation between intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy

Effectiveness of vaginal sonography combined with urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for identification of ectopic pregnancy (EP) was studied in 107 pregnant women. Eighty-nine women had clinical symptoms suspicious of EP. It was suggested that 18 women carried an increased risk for developing EP. In 63 women endovaginal sonography showed no evidence of intrauterine pregnancy. Fifty-eight of these turned out to be pathological pregnancies. In 44 women endovaginal ultrasonography revealed intrauterine pregnancies. Thirty-two of these turned out to be viable, 10 were not viable and resulted in spontaneous abortions, and 2 turned out to be EP. The sensitivity of vaginal sonography to identify a viable intrauterine pregnancy thus was 81% and its specificity was 97%. The sensitivity and the specificity for endovaginal ultrasonography for identifying EP was 96% and 71%, respectively. Endovaginal ultrasonography demonstrated an intrauterine gestational sac in 54% of the women with urinary HCG as low as 40 IU/L to 500 IU/L. These results show that endovaginal ultrasonography is a sensitive instrument for identifying both early normal intrauterine pregnancies as well as pathological pregnancies.     

Cesarean Scar Pregnancy

A cesarean scar (ectopic) pregnancy occurs when a pregnancy implants on a cesarean scar. This condition is an uncommon but potentially devastating occurrence. The incidence is increasing as cesarean deliveries become more common. Early recognition of the salient sonographic findings is critical because a delay can lead to increased maternal morbidity and mortality. Magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable troubleshooting tool when sonography is equivocal or inconclusive before therapy or intervention. Early diagnosis by sonography directs therapy and improves outcomes by allowing preservation of the uterus and future fertility. We review the imaging features, differential diagnosis, complications, and treatment of cesarean scar pregnancies in the first trimester.     

不典型异位妊娠的声像图分析

目的分析和总结不典型输卵管、宫颈、宫角及卵巢妊娠的声像图特点。方法对临床未知妊娠部位的38例患者行二维、彩色多普勒及脉冲多普勒超声观察,并与手术及病理结果对照分析。结果不典型输卵管妊娠表现为输卵管增粗,横切面可见小的厚壁囊性结构,内无卵黄囊及胚芽,彩色血流显像无明显血流信号;卵巢妊娠未破裂时包块周围常可见卵巢组织,卵巢妊娠发生流产或破裂时,超声诊断较为困难;早期宫颈妊娠子宫外形呈葫芦状,宫颈膨大,可见以实性为主的囊实性包块,宫颈内口关闭;早期宫角妊娠时患侧宫角增大,厚壁的囊性结构与宫腔相通,周围有较厚均匀一致的肌层环绕。结论掌握不典型输卵管妊娠、卵巢妊娠及宫颈、宫角妊娠的声像图特点,可提高超声对异位妊娠的诊断能力。     

Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience with sonographically guided treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies, defined as heterotopic pregnancies and pregnancies occurring at ectopic locations other than the extracornual portion of the fallopian tube. METHODS: We retrieved and reviewed all cases of unusual ectopic pregnancies that underwent sonographically guided therapy at our institution. Twenty-seven cases were identified, from 1992 through 2003, including 18 cervical, 6 cornual, 1 tubal heterotopic, and 2 cesarean scar implantations. RESULTS: All of the cervical ectopic, cornual ectopic, and tubal heterotopic pregnancies were treated by sonographically guided injection of potassium chloride into the ectopic gestational sac or fetus. Guidance was via transvaginal sonography in all 18 cervical pregnancies, 3 of the 6 cornual pregnancies, and the tubal heterotopic pregnancy, and via transabdominal sonography in 3 cornual ectopic pregnancies. One of the cesarean scar pregnancies was treated by transvaginally guided potassium chloride injection, and the other was treated via transabdominally guided dilation and evacuation. Treatment was successful in 25 of the 27 patients, including all 23 patients with an ectopic pregnancy and no concomitant intrauterine pregnancy. Four patients had concomitant intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies (1 cervical, 2 cornual, and 1 tubal); in 3 the intrauterine fetuses resulted in live-born infants, and in the fourth the intrauterine pregnancy was electively terminated. Eight of the 27 patients had subsequent intrauterine pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatments of unusual ectopic pregnancies are safe and effective alternatives to surgical and systemic medical therapy. These treatments ablate the ectopic pregnancy, permit normal continuation of a concomitant intrauterine pregnancy, and preserve the uterus for subsequent pregnancies.     

Heterotopic Cesarean Scar Pregnancy

Heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy is a rare, life‐threatening form of ectopic pregnancy. To provide information regarding the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of this condition, we reviewed all cases reported in the English literature. All literature on heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy was retrieved by searching the PubMed database and tracking references of the relevant literature. Full texts were reviewed, and clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and the relationship between the treatment and prognosis were summarized. A total of 14 patients with heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancies were identified, including 6 spontaneous pregnancies and 8 following in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer. Gestational ages at diagnosis ranged from 5 weeks to 8 weeks 4 days. Only 5 cases presented with vaginal bleeding, and the others were asymptomatic. All 14 cases were diagnosed by transvaginal sonography. One patient with no future fertility requirements underwent pregnancy termination by methotrexate. Of the remaining 13 patients who desired to preserve their intrauterine gestations, 10 were treated by sonographically guided selective embryo reduction in situ (by embryo aspiration, drug injection, or both); 2 underwent laparoscopic and hysteroscopic excision of the ectopic pregnancy masses; and 1 was treated by expectant management. All operations were successful and maintained a living intrauterine gestation. Twelve cases resulted in live births by cesarean delivery (3 at term and 9 preterm). One patient underwent pregnancy termination at 12 weeks because of a fetal malformation confirmed by sonography. The possibility of heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy after cesarean delivery should be considered, especially when pregnancy follows assisted reproductive technology. Transvaginal sonography is an important tool for diagnosis and management. Despite the many options, the best treatment for this condition remains unclear. Selective embryo reduction in situ with sonographic guidance is the main treatment modality and can result in a successful intrauterine gestation, albeit at high risk.     

Echogenic adnexal masses associated with first-trimester pregnancy: sonographic appearance and clinical significance

In a retrospective survey of a large obstetrical ultrasound experience, 10 echogenic adnexal masses in nine patients with a coexistent intrauterine pregnancy were detected and analyzed. Definitive follow-up data available for seven of the nine patients disclosed three ovarian teratomas, two hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts, one endometrioma, one inflammatory mass, and one colonic pseudomass. In one additional patient, an echogenic ectopic pregnancy with an intrauterine pseudogestational sac simulated the above entities. Conservative management with follow-up sonography is generally indicated for echogenic masses coexistent with first-trimester intrauterine pregnancies.     

孕早期间质部妊娠与宫角部妊娠超声表现特点与鉴别

目的探讨孕早期间质部妊娠与宫角部妊娠的声像图特点及鉴别要点。方法经腹超声与经阴道超声联合扫查，（1）观察妊娠囊位于子宫的位置；（2）判定妊娠囊与蜕膜化子宫内膜的关系及妊娠囊与外周肌层的关系；（3）将超声检查的提示性诊断与临床手术后及病理结果对照。结果本组随机观察12例，10例超声提示宫角部妊娠，后经手术及病理证实9例，1例手术证实为间质部妊娠。超声提示间质部妊娠2例，后均经临床证实。结论孕早期经腹部超声与经阴道超声联合扫查在鉴别间质部妊娠与宫角部妊娠时确有重要价值。尤其妊娠囊大小约在1．5～2．5cm且无阴道出血时更具有特异性。     

Umbilical Cord Cysts

Objective. The purpose of this series was to determine whether the use of different 3‐dimensional (3D) sonographic modes allows better definition of umbilical cord cysts and pseudocysts in utero. Methods. Two cases of umbilical cord cysts and 1 of a pseudocyst were analyzed and compared with 2‐dimensional (2D), 3D, angiopower Doppler, tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI), virtual organ computer‐aided analysis (VOCAL), and automatic volume calculation (AVC) sonographic modes. All cases were followed during pregnancy. A karyotype analysis was also obtained. Results. Three‐dimensional sonography, TUI, and VOCAL allowed clear visualization and evaluation of the sizes, locations, and numbers of umbilical cord cysts. A clear differentiation between a pseudocyst and the yolk sac was obtained with AVC and angiopower Doppler sonography. The 3D sonographic surface mode allowed better visualization of other accompanying fetal malformations. Conclusions. Three‐dimensional sonography allows for a more accurate diagnosis and provides a clearer visualization of malformations than 2D imaging. Cysts and pseudocysts can be defined much more accurately by using the different modes described here.     

The Width of the Uterine Cavity is Narrower in Patients With an Embedded Intrauterine Device (IUD) Compared to a Normally Positioned IUD

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether women with intrauterine devices (IUDs) embedded in the myometrium or cervix have a narrower fundal transverse endometrial diameter as seen on 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography compared to women whose IUDs are in a normal location. Methods. A sonographer blinded to the study hypothesis retrospectively evaluated the 3D images and reconstructed coronal views of the uterine cavity in 172 consecutive women who had an IUD in the uterus. The width of the endometrial cavity at the fundus of the uterus was measured transversely on the rendered coronal sonogram using the calipers on a picture archiving and communications system. The measurements obtained from women who had nonembedded IUDs were compared to those with embedded IUDs. Results. Measurement of the width of the endometrial cavity at the fundus was successfully performed in 132 patients with nonembedded IUDs and 29 with embedded IUDs. The mean ± SD values of the fundal uterine cavity for the nonembedded and embedded IUDs were 3.2 ± 1.0 and 2.5 ± 0.8 mm, respectively (P = .0003). Conclusions. Patients with embedded IUDs have a smaller fundal endometrial cavity diameter compared to those with normally placed IUDs as documented using 3D rendering of the uterus. Whether preprocedural 3D sonography for women who are IUD candidates would be useful deserves further study.     

实时灰阶超声造影在宫腔异常回声鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨实时灰阶超声造影技术对宫腔异常回声鉴别诊断的应用价值。方法以意大利Bracco公司生产的声诺维（SonoVue）为造影剂,对27例宫腔异常回声者行实时灰阶超声造影检查,观察造影剂在病灶内充盈方式及增强程度,以手术病理结果为标准,分析比较不同病因的宫腔异常回声造影显像特点。结果27例宫腔异常回声的组织病理结果分别为子宫内膜息肉、子宫黏膜下肌瘤、子宫内膜癌、不全流产宫腔残留和宫腔黏连,各种病变的超声造影表现明显不同。结论实时灰阶超声造影技术能够较准确地鉴别诊断宫腔异常回声。     

Three‐Dimensional Vascular Indices Calculated Using Conventional Power Doppler and High‐Definition Flow Imaging

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in 3‐dimensional (3D) vascular indices when calculated using high‐definition flow imaging (HDF) and power Doppler imaging (PD). Methods. Twenty‐five consecutive asymptomatic premenopausal women (mean age, 31 years; range, 28–33 years) without a history of gynecologic disease who attended routine gynecologic checkups were included in the study. All women had regular menstrual cycles, and none had uterine or myometrial disease detected on basal transvaginal sonography. All women underwent 3D transvaginal sonography. In each patient, a first volume using conventional PD was obtained, immediately followed by a second volume using HDF. Volumes were stored and subsequently analyzed for calculating 3D vascular indices (vascularization index [VI], flow index [FI], and vascularization‐flow index [VFI]) from the endometrium. Results. The median VI, FI, and VFI were significantly higher when calculated using HDF compared with conventional PD (P < .05). Conclusions. Three‐dimensional vascular indices calculated using HDF are higher than those calculated using conventional PD.     

异位妊娠的超声诊断及鉴别诊断

探讨了不同类型异位妊娠(EP)的超声表现和鉴别诊断,其中着重讨论了卵巢黄体囊肿与异位妊娠孕囊的鉴别诊断;宫腔及内膜超声表现预测异位妊娠的价值。探讨了各种超声新技术的比较优势,结果经阴道超声(TVS)结合彩色多普勒能量图(CDPI)被认为是诊断异位妊娠特异且敏感的方法,三维、四维超声及超声造影技术则更多应用于罕见部位的妊娠诊断,被认为较传统的二维超声更具优势。     

Three‐Dimensional Endovaginal Sonography of Synthetic Implanted Materials in the Female Pelvic Floor

The objective of this pictorial essay is to emphasize the ability of 3‐dimensional endovaginal sonography to image synthetic implanted materials in the female pelvic floor. Implanted materials discussed in this pictorial essay include polypropylene vaginal mesh, polypropylene suburethral slings, and urethral bulking agents. Three‐dimensional endovaginal sonography allows for more detailed imaging compared to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvic floor, in that each plane can be manipulated to show unique images of synthetic implanted materials.     

二维及彩色多普勒超声对早期宫内外孕的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨二维超声及彩色多普勒超声（简称彩超）对早期宫内外孕的鉴别诊断价值。方法 采用二维超声检查,筛选,对可疑宫外孕早孕合并盆腔包块者及早孕二次复查不能确诊者加用彩超检查。用彩色能量图显示低速血流,用脉冲多普勒寻找高舒张期低阻力滋养动脉血流频谱。结果 135例中76．3％（71／93）的宫内孕可用二维超声诊断,64例加用彩超者,宫内孕或宫外孕包块可检测出滋养层动脉血流。而宫内“假孕囊”,内良性包块均显示不出滋养层动脉血流频谱。结论 彩超是目前诊断宫内外孕的最有价值的手段,其血流频谱的特征性具有鉴别诊断意义,而二维超声的经济实用性可作为早孕检查的首选。     

Sonographic imaging of maternal complications of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To show the role of diagnostic sonography in delineating pathologic conditions occurring during and immediately after pregnancy. METHODS: Cases illustrative of a broad range of pathologic conditions were collected primarily from personal experience in a busy ultrasound clinic serving high-and low-risk pregnancies over the past 15 years, with supplemental cases drawn from departmental teaching files. Sonography was the primary diagnostic tool, with confirmation obtained from other imaging modalities in select instances. RESULTS: Cases were organized on an anatomic and time-of-onset basis. For conditions occurring during pregnancy, the following anatomic areas are considered: the liver and biliary tree, urinary tract, bowel, ovary, and uterus and placenta. For postpartum complications, the following conditions are discussed: subfascial and bladder flap hematomas, retained products of conception, and ovarian vein thrombophlebitis. Although the main imaging modality in these conditions was sonography, correlation with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging was also made in several cases. CONCLUSIONS: A broad variety of conditions can affect the pregnant patient, both during and immediately after pregnancy. Sonography can show many of these disease processes, with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging useful selectively as supplementary tools.     

Prenatal diagnosis of schizencephaly with 2D‐3D sonography and MRI

We report a case of schizencephaly diagnosed prenatally at 23 weeks of gestational age with two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) sonography and fetal brain MRI, confirmed by autopsy. The diagnostic method of choice is 2D transabdominal and transvaginal sonography, whereas additional 3D sonography and MRI may provide a better understanding of the pathology and related findings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009     

The Endomyometrial Thickness Measurement for Abnormal Implantation Evaluation by Pelvic Sonography

Emergency physicians, obstetrician‐gynecologists, and other medical specialists use pelvic sonography when caring for patients presenting with early pregnancy‐related symptoms. A thin endomyometrial mantle and eccentric placement of a gestational sac should raise the suspicion for an abnormally implanted pregnancy. In such cases, an interstitial ectopic pregnancy or a cornual pregnancy, two clinically distinct entities, must be considered. This article reviews the literature and guidelines on the sonographic measurement of the endomyometrial mantle as a criterion for determining a pregnancy at risk for an abnormal implantation location. We sought to clarify the history and evolution of this measurement to determine what should be considered an abnormal measurement and to understand its diagnostic utility and management implications for the clinician using sonography.     

Interstitial heterotopic pregnancy in a woman conceiving by in vitro fertilization after bilateral salpingectomy

Heterotopic pregnancy, defined as the coexistence of an intrauterine pregnancy and an ectopic pregnancy, occurs in approximately 1 in 100 pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), particularly when multiple embryos are transferred into the uterus. The ectopic gestation of the combined pregnancy usually occurs within the ampulla of the fallopian tube. If it implants within the interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, however, the resulting interstitial pregnancy eventually can rupture through the uterus, leading to sudden, severe hemorrhage and maternal death. This article describes the rupture of an interstitial heterotopic pregnancy in a 37-year-old woman conceiving by IVF after bilateral salpingectomy. The interstitial pregnancy was removed by laparotomy to protect the intrauterine pregnancy from damage. Physicians should consider interstitial ectopic pregnancy as a cause of abdominal pain, even when a viable pregnancy occurs by IVF after salpingectomy.