The evolution of influenza surveillance in Europe and prospects for the next 10 years

This report traces the evolution of surveillance programmes for influenza in the United Kingdom and countries of western Europe since the World Health Organisation (WHO) resolution to establish an international influenza reference centre in 1947. The introduction of clinical surveillance schemes in the late 1960s and their gradual integration with laboratory-based surveillance is described, with particular emphasis on the need for integrated surveillance based on population-specific denominators. The function of the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS), its work programme in the last 5 years, and the likely direction of future developments is outlined. The report advocates the EISS model of influenza surveillance, which involves the integrated collection of clinical and laboratory data in the same population using sentinel practitioners.     

The rise of surveillance medicine

Despite the obvious triumph of a medical theory and practice grounded in the hospital, a new medicine based on the surveillance of normal populations can be identified as emerging in the twentieth century. This new Surveillance Medicine involves a fundamental remapping of the spaces of illness. This includes the problematisation of normality, the redrawing of the relationship between symptom, sign and illness, and the localisation of illness outside the corporal space of the body. It is argued that this new medicine has important implications for the constitution of identity in the late twentieth century.     

克山病监测之转化流行病学

将流行病学基本理论和技术规范地应用到疾病监测和防控实践,是疾病监测和防控实践最基本的转化流行病学和创新。能够发现疾病监测和防控实践中的新问题,并能够以新技术解决问题,是高一个层次的转化流行病学和创新。为解决实践中的关键问题,发明新技术或促进了疾病监测和防控理论和方法的发展,则是很高层次的转化流行病学和创新。10年来,我们要求克山病病区省上报克山病监测的原始数据,以PPS方法调查克山病患病率,通过增加病例搜索改进哨点监测方法,调查非病区扩心病患病水平,这些都是对我国克山病防控实践的深刻思考后,自觉或不自觉地将转化研究的理念应用于中国克山病监测的实践。     

The translational epidemiology of Keshan disease surveillance

将流行病学基本理论和技术规范地应用到疾病监测和防控实践,是疾病监测和防控实践最基本的转化流行病学和创新.能够发现疾病监测和防控实践中的新问题,并能够以新技术解决问题,是高一个层次的转化流行病学和创新.为解决实践中的关键问题,发明新技术或促进了疾病监测和防控理论和方法的发展,则是很高层次的转化流行病学和创新.10年来,我们要求克山病病区省上报克山病监测的原始数据,以PPS方法调查克山病患病率,通过增加病例搜索改进哨点监测方法,调查非病区扩心病患病水平,这些都是对我国克山病防控实践的深刻思考后,自觉或不自觉地将转化研究的理念应用于中国克山病监测的实践.