果糖-1，6-二磷酸对糖尿病大鼠心肌有保护作用，但不能被超声背向散射积分正确评价

目的：通过分析超声背向散射积分（IBS）参数的变化评价果糖-1,6-二磷酸（FBP）对糖尿病（DM）大鼠心肌纤维化及超微结构的影响。方法：通过一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ,65mg／kg）建立SD大鼠糖尿病模型,分成模型对照组（DM组）和FBP干预组（FBP500mg·kg^-1·d^-1腹腔注射）,DM组及正常对照组（NC组）给予等量生理盐水腹腔注射。1月后,超声测量IBS参数（包括标化的背向散射积分IBS％、背向散射积分周期变异幅度CVIB）;取心肌组织进行透射电镜（TEM）观察、羟脯氨酸浓度（HPC）测定、Masson染色、嗜银染色及结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）免疫组织化学染色。结果：①3组间比较IBS％值FBP组〉DM组〉NC组（P〈0．05）,CVIB值无明显变化（P〉0．05）;②HPC、胶原容积分数（CVF）3组间比较,均DM组〉FBP组〉NC组（P〈0．05）;而嗜银纤维容积分数（APFVF）DM、FBP组间无明显差异（P〉0．05）,两组均〉NC组（P〈0．05）;CTGF的表达FBP、NC组无明显差异,两组均〈DM组;③超微结构变化：与NC组比较,DM组肌原纤维减少,线粒体增多且伴空泡变性,FBP组线粒体空泡变性明显减轻。结论：FBP可以减轻糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化及保护心肌线粒体功能,IBS不能准确评价此种保护作用的原因是：线粒体作为主要散射体之一,其空泡化减轻使IBS％值增大。     

肺叶切除术对心肌血供及血流动力学的影响

研究肺手术对心肌血供及血流动力学的影响。杂种犬18只，随机分为A、B、C3组。A、C组首先建立冠状动脉狭窄模型。1周后处死C组犬，观察心肌超微结构；A、B组分别行右上肺叶切除术，观察手术前后血常规、血气分析、心电图、心肌核素、血流动力学及心肌病理改变。结果显示，肺叶切除术可导致和加重心肌缺血；PO2及SaO2下降；CI下降（P＜0．01），MPAP、PCWPey LVEDP增高（P＜0．05；P＜0．01；P＜0．01）；A组LVEDP较B组明显增高，CI较B组下降。提示，肺叶切除术可导致心肌缺血及血流动力学障碍，冠脉狭窄者危险性更大，手术使血PO2及SaO2下降是导致血流动力学障碍的直接原因。     

复方高渗盐溶液对大鼠低血容量性休克心肌细胞膜泵功能的影响

目的 探讨低血容量性休克大鼠心肌细胞膜泵功能的变化及高渗盐溶液对其泵功能的影响。方法 成年Wistar大鼠96只，随机分成高渗盐溶液组（HSH组）和生理盐水组（NS组），每组48只。双阶段放血法制备大鼠休克模型，按休克不同时相分为休克前、休克及复苏后30、60、90、120min6个时相，分别测定心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性并行心肌细胞超微结构观察。结果 HSH组中休克时的心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性明显低于休克前及复苏后90、120min（P〈0．05），而NS组休克时和复苏后各时间点心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性均明显低于休克前（P〈0．05）。HSH组复苏后各时间点心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性均明显高于NS组（P〈0．01）。结论 低血容量性休克可导致心肌细胞膜ATP酶活性降低，能量消耗增加，细胞膜离子泵功能衰竭；复方高渗盐液不但能快速改善休克引起的血容量不足，而且能恢复心肌细胞膜离子泵功能。     

低氧对雄性大鼠睾酮分泌及其合成相关蛋白和酶表达的影响

目的研究低氧对雄性大鼠睾酮分泌及其合成相关蛋白和酶表达的影响。方法36只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为常氧、低氧5d、低氧15d和低氧30d组。运用放射免疫测定法和反转录聚合酶链式反应（RT—PCR）方法，研究了模拟海拔5000m高度低氧5d、15d、30d对雄性Wistar大鼠血中睾酮浓度的影响，以及对睾丸组织中睾酮合成相关的类固醇急性调节蛋白（StAR）、胆固醇侧链裂解酶（P450scc）以及313-羟甾脱氢酶（3β-HSD）mRNA表达的影响。结果模拟海拔5000m高度低氧15d，大鼠血中睾酮浓度显著高于常氧组（P〈0．05），低氧30d，大鼠血中睾酮浓度显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）；低氧不引起雄性大鼠睾丸组织StARmRNA表达改变；低氧15d、30d，大鼠睾丸组织P450scc mRNA和3β-HSDmRNA表达分别显著低于常氧组（P〈0．05）。结论慢性低氧抑制了睾酮的分泌，并抑制了睾丸组织睾酮合成相关酶P450scc mRNA和3β-HSD mRNA的表达。低氧15d大鼠血中睾酮浓度升高的机制需进一步研究。     

L-谷氨酰胺对次声致大鼠记忆障碍的防护效应及部分机制

目的探讨L-谷氨酰胺（L—Gin）对次声暴露下大鼠记忆能力、脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。方法将60只雄性sD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、次声组、次声＋药物组、药物一次声组,分别将次声组、次声＋药物组、药物一次声组暴露于16Hz、130dB次声环境中,2h／d,正常对照组也置于次声舱内,但期间不给予次声作用。经7d相应处理后,测试大鼠寻找到平台的潜伏期、SOD活性、MDA含量的变化。结果与正常对照组比较,次声组寻找到平台的潜伏期明显延长（P〈0．01）,SOD活性、MDA含量明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;次声＋药物组、药物→次声组与次声组比较,潜伏期明显缩短（P〈0．05）,SOD活性升高、MDA含量降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论L—Gln能够改善大鼠次声性脑损伤的记忆障碍,部分机制与其抗氧化损伤有关。     

束缚应激对心脏PPARα、PPARβ和M—CPT—ImRNA表达的影响

目的观察束缚应激对雄性Wistar大鼠心肌过氧化体增殖物激活型受体α（PPARα）、PPARβ和肌型肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-I（M—CPT—I）mRNA表达的影响。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠,采用束缚应激模型,实验组大鼠每天给予束缚应激2次,每次3h。按照有无应激和应激时问长短分为正常对照组（C）、束缚1W（R1）、束缚2w（R2）和束缚4W组（R4）。采用逆转录酶多聚酶链反应（RT．PCR）检测各组心肌PPARα、PPARβ和M-CPT-I的mRNA表达水平。结果束缚应激1、2、4W大鼠心肌PPARαmRNA和M—CPT—ImRNA水平较正常对照组明显升高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;心肌PPARβmRNA水平较正常对照组变化不明显（P〉0．05）。结论束缚应激上调心肌PPARα和M—CPT—ImRNA表达,对PPARβ无明显影响,PPARot可能促进束缚应激大鼠脂肪酸氧化增加。     

蒺藜总皂苷对大鼠急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的观察蒺藜总皂苷（GSTT）对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤（MI／R）的影响。方法可逆性冠脉左前降支结扎缺血45min再灌注2h复制MI／R模型,入选SD雄性大鼠64只,随机分成假手术组、模型组、GSTT大剂量组、GSTT小剂量组,每组16只。HE染色观察心肌病理改变,TTC染色测定心肌梗死面积,检测血清LDH、CPK、MDA含量。结果与模型组比较,GSTT大、小剂量组MI／R心肌病理改变减轻,血清LDH、CPK水平降低（P〈0．01或0．05）,且GSTT大剂量组心肌梗死面积缩小（P〈0．05）,MDA水平下降（P〈0．05）。结论GSTT对MI／R有保护作用,可改善MI／R心肌病理改变,缩小心肌梗死面积,其机制与减轻氧自由基损伤、稳定心肌细胞膜结构有关。     

超声评价老年高血压病左室收缩及舒张功能参数的研究

目的：应用定量组织速度成像技术（QTVI）评价老年高血压病患者的左室收缩及舒张功能。材料和方法：应用定量组织速度成像技术测定20例健康老年人及50例老年高血压患者左室各节段收缩期峰值速度（Vs）、达峰时间（Ts）、快速充盈期、心房收缩期的心肌运动速度Ve、Va和Ve／Va比值。比较两组间的差异并进行显著性检验。结果：高血压组基底段前间隔、前壁及中间段左室前壁、后壁的心肌收缩期峰值速度较正常组低（P〈0．05），高血压组基底段后间隔、侧壁、后壁的心肌达峰时间较正常组慢（P〈0．05）。高血压组其底段左室前壁、后壁及下壁Ve低于正常组（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），基底段后间隔、后壁及下壁Va低于正常组（P〈0．05），中间段后间隔、后壁Ve及Va均低于正常组（P〈0．05），Ve／Va比值与正常组比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论：QTVI可于同一时相对不同的节段心肌进行多点取样，获得局域性心肌运动速度曲线，为评价左室整体和局域性收缩及舒张功能提供了新手段，但对于老年高血压患者根据Ve／Va比值无法评判局域性舒张功能。     

牛磺酸对长期大强度运动训练后大鼠自由基代谢、膜流动性及钙转运的影响

70只雄性Wistar大鼠（80-100g）,随机分为3组：对照组（G1）、游泳训练组（G2）和游泳训练＋牛磺酸组（G3）。牛磺酸补充方式为每日灌服1次（500mg／Kg）。递增负荷训练6周,观察牛磺酸对长期大强度运动训练后大鼠自由基代谢、膜流动性及钙转运的影响。结果显示：运动后即刻,G3组血NH3、BLA、BUN明显低于G2组（P＜0．05）;运动后24小时,G3组血NH3、BLA与对照组比较已无显著性差异（P＞0．05）,而G3组BUN明显低于G2组（P＜0．05）。运动后即刻及24小时,G3组RBC、血浆及心肌线粒体MDA含量明显低于G2组（P＜0．05）;G3组RBC及心肌线粒体GPX活力明显高于G1和G2组（P＜0．05）;G3组心肌线粒体膜荧光偏振度P明显低于G2组（P＜0．05）;G3组心肌线粒体Ca2+浓度明显低于G2组（P＜0．05）;G3组SRCa2+－Atpase活性和摄钙率明显高于G2组（P＜0．05）。以上结果表明,牛磺酸的抗自由基损伤,稳定生物膜和调节钙转运作用可能是其对抗运动性疲劳的重要机制。     

糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化的病理改变和超声背向散射积分参数评价

目的：观察糖尿病大鼠不同病程心肌纤维化的病理表现及TGF-β1,CTGF在糖尿病心肌病变中的水平,探讨IBS与心肌纤维化程度及心脏功能的关系。方法：腹腔注射链尿佐菌素（65mg／奴）建立sD大鼠糖尿病模型,于第4、12、2,4周测定测定常规心功能参数左室射血分数（LVEF）、左室后壁校正的IBS值（IBS％）、IBS周期性变异幅度（CWB）。Masson胶原染色观察纤维容积分数（CVF）及血管周围胶原面积（PVCA）,心肌胶原蛋白Ⅰ（collagenⅠ）、转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）和结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）免疫组织化学染色。心肌光镜与透射电镜观察,并与同龄正常大鼠进行比较。结果：①与对照组相比：糖尿病组的IBS％明显增高（P〈0．05）,CVIB第4、12周时尚无明显变化（P〉0．05）,第24周时明显减低（P〈0．05）,EF值各组间无明显变化（P〉0．05）;糖尿病组心肌纤维化指标CVF、PVCA、CollagenⅠ及TGF-β1和CTGF的表达均明显增高（P〈0．05）;②IBS％与CVF、PVCA、CollagenⅠ、TGF-β1、CTGF表达呈正相关（P〈0．05）;TGF-β1和CTGF表达分别与CVF、PVCA、CollagenⅠ呈正相关（P〈0．05）,TGF-β1和CTGF表达呈正相关。电镜发现糖尿病组心肌细胞肌丝稀疏,线粒体肿胀,间质胶原增生。结论：糖尿病大鼠存在明显的心肌纤维化,糖尿病心肌纤维化与TCF-β1、CTGF的表达增强有关。应用IBS技术可以检测到与纤维化指标（CVF、PVCA、CollagenⅠ、TGF-β1、CTGF）有关的IBS％增高。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.