不同类型黄酮对过氧化氢诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的：观察不同类型的黄酮类化合物红花黄色素A（查儿酮）、高良姜素（黄酮醇）、陈皮素（二氢黄酮）对H2O2诱导的心肌细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达的影响。方法：取Wistar大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞做原代培养，制备H2O2诱导的心肌细胞凋亡模型。MTT法检测3种黄酮类化合物适宜的实验浓度，TUNEL法、流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率，免疫组化法测定Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达。结果：MTT法显示各组药物只有5μmol／L组与空白组相比差异无统计学意义（P〈0．05）。仅30μmol／L组细胞活力显著高于模型组，随后实验选用30μmol／L作为试验浓度。TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡率，除红花黄色素A组外各药物组细胞凋亡率均显著小于模型组（P〈0．05）。流式细胞术检测显示，各药物组均能降低细胞凋亡率和坏死率。免疫组化显示，Caspase-3蛋白阳性表达除红花黄色素A组（与空白对照组比较P〉0．05）外各药物组均显著小于模型组（P〈0．05）。Bcl-2／Bax比值除红花黄色素A组（与正常组比较P〉0．05）外各药物组均显著高于模型组（P〈0．05）。TUNEL法检测凋亡率、Caspase-3蛋白阳性表达、Bcl-2／Bax比值均显示陈皮素和高良姜素组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：陈皮素和高良姜素抑制100tnnol／LH2O2诱导新生乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的效果相当，可调节Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达，起到保护心肌细胞作用；而红花黄色素A对细胞坏死的影响可能比对细胞凋亡的作用更强。     

Notch信号通路对骨性关节炎软骨细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的 探究Notch信号通路对IL-1β诱导软骨细胞凋亡的调控作用。方法 采用C28/I2软骨细胞系进行培养，利用IL-1β诱导细胞凋亡，通过Ad-NICD感染实现NICD的过表达，通过si-NICD转染实现NICD的沉默。采用Real-time PCR和Western blot技术检测过表达和沉默的效果，并评估Caspase-3和Caspase-9的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果 在MOI=100的si-NICD转染条件下，NICD的沉默效果最佳；与Ad-NC组相比，Ad-NICD组的Caspase-3和Caspase-9的mRNA及蛋白表达水平上调(P<0.05);与siRNA-NC组相比，siRNA-NICD组的Caspase-3和Caspase-9的mRNA及蛋白表达水平下调(P<0.05)。结论 激活Notch通路可以抑制IL-1β诱导的C28/I2软骨细胞凋亡，而阻遏Notch通路则能促进软骨细胞凋亡。     

锰超氧化物歧化酶模拟化合物通过Fas途径诱导白血病K562细胞凋亡

目的：探讨锰超氧化物歧化酶模拟化合物（mi mics of manganese superoxide dismutase,MnSODm）对人白血病K562细胞的凋亡诱导效应及作用机制。方法：应用MTT比色法、An-nexin V/PI双标记和细胞形态学法观察细胞凋亡;流式细胞术（FCM）测定Fas蛋白表达水平;RT-PCR检测Caspase-3mRNA的表达水平,比色法测定Caspase-3活性变化。结果：MnSODm作用后K562细胞的增殖受到抑制,Annexin V/PI染色显示凋亡细胞明显增多,透射电镜观察呈现典型的凋亡形态改变。同时,Fas蛋白表达水平显著增高,Caspase-3mRNA表达水平明显升高,活性显著增强。结论：MnSODm可能通过Fas途径诱导白血病K562细胞凋亡。     

重组慢病毒LV-hTERT-tumstatin的构建及其对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的构建重组慢病毒LV-hTERT-tumstatin并探讨其对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法用不同病毒感染复数（MOI）LV-hTERT-tumstatin感染肝癌细胞HepG2及正常肝细胞L02,荧光显微镜下观察转染情况,MTT法检测两种细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测两种细胞凋亡情况。结果重组慢病毒LV-hTERT-tumstatin转染后在肝癌HepG2细胞中特异表达,在L02细胞中无表达。肝癌细胞HepG2的生长抑制率随MOI增加而逐渐增加,L02细胞生长无明显变化。慢病毒治疗组HepG2细胞凋亡率达（48.39±3.32）%,明显高于空白对照组（3.96±0.94）%（P〈0.05）,而对L02细胞作用不明显（P〉0.05）。结论重组慢病毒LV-hTERT-tumstatin可靶向抑制肝癌HepG2细胞增殖和促进HepG2细胞凋亡。     

大蒜素对TRAIL诱导SKOV-3细胞凋亡影响的作用研究

目的研究大蒜素对肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）诱导人卵巢癌细胞SKOV-3凋亡的作用机制。方法体外培养的人卵巢癌细胞SKOV-3,以大蒜素和重组人TRAIL蛋白单独及联合作用后MTT法检测细胞的生长抑制率;流式细胞仪检测大蒜素作用后细胞死亡受体DR4、DR5表达变化;Caspase活性检测试剂盒检测大蒜素作用后细胞Caspase-3、8活性变化。结果 （1）单独应用12.5、25、50、75mg/L的大蒜素、单独应用25、50、100、200ng/ml的TRAIL蛋白以及50mg/L的大蒜素联合100ng/ml的TRAIL蛋白处理SKOV-3细胞24、48、72h后,随着药物浓度和作用时间的增加,抑制率增高。各组抑制率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（2）大蒜素作用48h后SKOV-3细胞TRAIL死亡受体DR4、DR5表达上调,DR4、DR5的FI值分别由用药前的1.78、1.94升高到2.27、2.58。用药前后DR4、DR5表达变化比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（3）大蒜素作用48h后,SKOV-3细胞Caspase-3、8活性明显上调,Caspase-3、8活性的OD试验组/OD空白组的比值分别是对照组的2.49、2.08倍,用药前后Caspase-3、8活性变化比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 （1）SKOV-3细胞是大蒜素和TRAIL敏感细胞株。（2）大蒜素可以增强TRAIL诱导细胞凋亡作用。（3）大蒜素上调死亡受体4、5的表达,提高Caspase-3、8活性是其增强TRAIL诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的重要机制。     

不同浓度米诺环素对人胶质瘤细胞增殖、自噬、凋亡的影响及其机制

摘要：目的 探讨不同浓度米诺环素对人类胶质瘤 U87 和 LN229 细胞增殖及凋亡的影响和作用机制。方法 （1）U87和LN229细胞设对照组（DMSO处理），5 μmol/L米诺环素组和10 μmol/L米诺环素组，分组处理72 h 后采用 MTT法检测细胞增殖水平，免疫荧光标记检测细胞自噬蛋白微管相关蛋白l轻链3B亚基（LC3B）表达水平，Western blot法检测细胞自噬和凋亡相关蛋白的表达变化。（2）构建沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1（SIRT1）-shRNA载体，观察 敲低SIRT1表达后，不同浓度米诺环素对U87和LN229细胞自噬的影响。结果 （1）与对照组相比，5 μmol/L和10 μmol/L米诺环素组细胞增殖能力下降，免疫荧光标记显示胞浆内自噬标记蛋白LC3B的表达增多，Western blot结果 显示哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）水平显著降低，自噬基因相关蛋白5（Atg5）、磷酸化AMP依赖的蛋白激酶α亚 基（p-AMPKα）、SIRT1水平显著增加（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比，10 μmol/L米诺环素组B淋巴细胞瘤-2（Bcl-2）、磷 酸化 p70 核糖体蛋白 S6 激酶（p-p70s6k）水平显著降低，活化形式的 Caspase-3（Cleaved caspase-3）水平显著增加 （P＜0.05），而5 μmol/L米诺环素组除Cleaved Caspase-3表达水平下降外其他凋亡相关蛋白水平未见显著变化（P＞ 0.05）。（2）敲低SIRT1表达后，shSIRT1组mTOR和LC3B表达水平较对照组明显下降；而经过米诺环素处理后，mTOR 的表达出现明显升高，而LC3B表达水平仅部分恢复。结论 5、10 μmol/L的米诺环素均能有效抑制人类胶质瘤U87 和LN229细胞的生长，其机制可能与AMPK/SIRT1通路诱导细胞自噬和p70s6k/Bcl-2通路诱导细胞凋亡有关。     

神经生长因子对大鼠脑血肿周围细胞凋亡的影响

目的：观察脑出血后血肿周围神经细胞凋亡和Caspase-3的表达，以及NGF（神经生长因子）对上述情况的影响。方法：自体血注入法制备大鼠脑出血模型，经TUNEL染色和Caspase-3免疫组化染色，照片观察并计数阳性细胞数，结果用SPSS 11．5软件统计分析。结果：假手术组无TUNEL细胞表达，Caspase-3少量表达；脑出血组6h血肿周边组织出现TUNEL阳性细胞，72h达高峰，Caspase-3在脑出血后6h表达开始增高，24h达到高峰，脑出血后血肿周围TUNEL阳性细胞与Caspase-3的表达呈正相关（r=0．371，P〈0．05）；应用NGF干预后，自12h起各时间点TUNEL细胞和Caspase-3表达均较脑出血组减少（P〈0．05），以各自高峰时间最为显著（p〈0．05），但未能改变TUNEL细胞和Caspase-3表达的高峰时间。结论：（1）脑出血后血肿周围细胞凋亡与Caspase-3表达有关。（2）NGF能够有效地抑制脑出血后的神经细胞凋亡。     

金叶败毒制剂对人巨细胞病毒感染人胚肺细胞的影响

目的研究中药金叶败毒制剂对人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)蛋白激酶pul97的抑制作用及对HCMV感染人胚肺细胞病变的影响，探讨其治疗HCMV感染的分子机制。 方法采用半定量逆转录 聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法，检测中药金叶败毒制剂和更昔洛韦(GCV)干预HCMV感染细胞后pul97mRNA表达水平，并观察两种药物干预后对HCMV感染细胞病变的影响。 结果两种药物均可明显抑制HCMV pul97mRNA的表达水平， HCMV感染12 h后， 即出现细胞病变， 而两种药物均可明显延缓感染细胞的细胞病变。 结论金叶败毒制剂通过抑制HCMV蛋白激酶pul97基因的表达而抑制HCMV的表达和复制，从而延缓感染细胞的细胞病变。     

凝血酶敏感蛋白-1诱导肝癌裸鼠模型凋亡作用

目的研究TSP-1在人肝癌裸鼠种植瘤模型诱导凋亡的作用及作用机制。方法建立人肝癌细胞株HCCLM3裸鼠模型，治疗组和对照组（n=6）分别皮下注射TSP-1和生理盐水；治疗三周收集标本，采用Tunnel方法检测细胞凋亡水平，免疫组织化学方法检测Caspase-3蛋白的表达。结果TSP-1治疗组肝癌细胞凋亡指数显著高于对照组（9.36&#177;1.49VS2，64&#177;0．57，P〈0.01）。TSP-1组Caspase3蛋白（0．0581&#177;0．0185VS0．0908＋0．0210，P〈0，05）的表达显著高于对照组。结论TSP-1在人肝癌裸鼠模型中可诱导肝癌细胞凋亡，上调Caspase3的表达可能是TSP-1诱导细胞凋亡的作用途径之一。     

姜黄素与紫杉醇联用对人子宫内膜癌细胞增殖的影响及其机制研究

目的探讨姜黄素（CCM）与紫杉醇（PIX）联用对人子宫内膜癌细胞（Ishikawa）增殖的影响及其机制。方法（1）设置对照组（不加药物）、CCM组（不同浓度的CCM）、PIX组、联合组（PIX联合不同浓度的CCM）;（2）采用MTT法检测不同浓度的CCM联合PIX对细胞活力的影响;（3）流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;（4）免疫组化法检测Caspase-3蛋白表达情况。结果CCM联用PIX能抑制人子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖（P〈0．05）,且随CCM浓度的增加,抑瘤作用增加;两种药物均可诱导细胞凋亡,且各组凋亡率与药物浓度呈正相关（P〈0．05）;免疫组化结果显示随着染毒浓度的增加和联合作用,Caspase-3蛋白的表达升高（P〈0．05）。两药联用抗瘤作用增强。结论CCM、PIX均可抑制人子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖、诱导细胞凋亡、上调细胞Caspase-3表达,呈剂量依赖性,且两者联用具有协同作用。     

Human somatotropin

Different mixtures of reduced-alkylated thrombin fragments of human and sheep somatotropin have been tested for binding affinity to liver membranes. The bioassay data correlated well with the abilities of the fragments to form noncovalent recombinants as shown in separate biochemical studies.     

Human influenza

Human influenza is one of the most common human infectious diseases, contributing to approximately one million deaths every year. In Germany, each year between 5.000 and 20.000 individuals die from severe influenza infections. In several countries, the morbidity and mortality of influenza is greatly underestimated. This is reflected by general low immunization rates. The emergence of avian influenza against the background of the scenario of a human influenza pandemic has revived public interest in the disease. According to the World Health Organisation, it is only the question on the beginning of a new influenza pandemic. The virus type of the new pandemic is still uncertain and it is also unclear, if a pandemic spread of the virus may be prevented by consistent controlling of avian influenza.     

Human microdialysis

Microdialysis has been used extensively in animal studies for decades and in human pharmacokinetic studies for about 10 years. Microdialysis is based on the passive diffusion of a compound along its concentration gradient from the tissue through the membrane into the dialysate. Microdialysis samples from the interstitial space which is a defined, anatomical compartment; there is no net loss of body fluid; the sample is "purified" and no enzymatic degradation takes place because proteins do not pass through the probe membrane into the dialysate; microdialysis data relate to the intact molecule; time resolution is high compared to biopsy and skin blister techniques; radioabelling or induction of a magnetic response is not needed; microdialysis is also an alternative method to determine protein binding of a compound in vivo; microdialysis can readily be set up in clinical research units without expensive infrastructure. Microdialysis has been used to measure tissue concentrations of endogenous compounds and to investigate the tissue penetration of drugs in a variety of tissues in humans in vivo in both healthy volunteers and patients. Microdialysis data have also been used in PK-PD modelling and to obtain concentration-response relationships locally in tissues in vivo. There are also studies combining microdialysis with imaging techniques, e.g. PET. Microdialysis data may be used in early studies to select the appropriate compound, to optimise dosing regimens and to investigate the kinetic and dynamic consequences in the tissues of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Microdialysis can also be used in late phase studies to provide tissue concentration data in support of therapeutic efficacy trials or to create a niche for an already marketed drug. FDA and CPMP documents emphasise the value and importance of human tissue drug concentration data and support the use of microdialysis in humans to obtain such information. Microdialysis can satisfy regulatory requirements by providing data on drug concentrations in a well-defined anatomical tissue compartment at or close to the effect target site. Microdialysis is a versatile technique because of its multifaceted utility, low cost, ease of use, adaptability to different types of compounds and its feasibility for a number of organs and tissues. Equipment and probes for use in various organs have been commercially available for years.     

Human Ochratoxicosis

Ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium genera contaminates a diversity of foods in the normal diet, including cereals and cereal-made foods, dned fruits, beans, cocoa, coffee, beer, wine (red essentially) and foodstuffs of animal ongin mainly poultry eggs, pork and milk including human breast milk. OTA is nephrotoxic to all animal species studied so far and most likely to humans. who show the longest half-life time for elimination of this toxin among all species examined. Among other toxic effects OTA IS teratogenic, immunotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, all of which lead to life-threatening pathologies. Thus. OTA acts through several molecular pathways leading to different chronic toxic lesions

To assess OTA in human blood, the immunoaffinity column and ELISA techniques have recently been emerging along with HPLC for separation and fluorimetnc quantification. They should be followed by confirmation with one or two derivatives of OTA which have a profile shift on the chromatogram. For a complete diagnosis of human ochratoxicosis it is necessary to identify the origin of the toxin to relate its presence in human blood with at least a pathology one can cure or prevent. This is still a very difficult task. since humans may be exposed to several toxins simultaneously with synergistic or antagonistic effects. Also, conditions of exposure can vary from place to place or individual to individual whether the route of administration is via digestive tract or the respiratory system. This difficult situation is somehow worse in developing countries, where in the early eighties several groups initiated investigations on the prevalence of OTA in human blood, followed by or directly combined with a food survey for OTA in commodities. Interestingly, OTA is found In human blood everywhere. However, the prevalence is different, as well as the OTA blood levels, due to the diversity of health and economic situations, and to preventive measures that have been implemented. Important factors affecting body burdens and pathologies include the quality of the diet in providing antioxidants, vitamins, and amino acids, such as phenylalanine in the sweetener Aspartame. To clarify the situation with human ochratoxicosis several studies and reports will be presented and discussed.     

人绒毛膜促性腺激素对人PBMC产生MIF的影响

目的:探讨人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)对人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)产生巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)的影响.方法:分离正常人PBMC,体外加入不同浓度的hCG,在37 ℃ 5%CO_2条件下培养一定时间收获细胞或加入一定浓度的hCG,同样条件下培养,在不同时间收获细胞,用荧光定量PCR方法检测MIF mRNA转录水平.结果:在实验的hCG浓度范围内,MIF的转录水平随着hCG浓度增加而明显提高.在100 U/mL的hCG作用下,MIF mRNA表达在培养的1～2 h达到峰值,随后很快下降,至8 h基本回到刺激前水平.结论:hCG在一定浓度范围内有促进MIF mRNA转录的作用,且在本实验筛选浓度下,MIF mRNA转录水平与作用时间相关,提示hCG可通过促进PBMC分泌细胞因子参与一定的免疫调节作用.     

左羟丙哌嗪片剂人体生物等效性研究

目的:建立人血清左羟丙哌嗪浓度的HPLC荧光检测方法,并评价片剂与口服液体制剂的生物等效性。方法:18例健康男性志愿者随机交叉自身对照,分别口服单剂量左羟丙哌嗪片剂或口服液体制剂60 mg,测定血清药物浓度,并计算其药动学参数。以1-苯基哌嗪作内标物,色谱柱为HiQSil-C18(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0．1 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 2．5)(25:75);荧光激发波长240 nm,发射波长350 nm。结果:血清药物测定线性范围2．54～1016．00μg·L-1,最低定量浓度2．54μg·L-1;方法精密度的日内、日间RSD 1．5％-7．8％;萃取回收率>85％,方法回收率>98％。片剂和口服液剂的AUC,Cmax和t1/2β无显著性差异(P<0．05),片剂的相对生物利用度为(99．65±22．61)％,AUC和Cmax经可信区间法检验生物等效。结论:本法适合人血清中左羟丙哌嗪药物浓度的测定,2种制剂生物等效。