Beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting

Objectives: We have studied the results of 402 consecutive cases of beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and evaluated the usefulness of gastroepiploic artery (GEA) composite grafts. Methods: Between March 1993 and August 2001, 402 patients underwent beating heart CABG. They were 321 male and 81 female patients, aged 17 to 88 (mean 66) years. Beating heart CABG was facilitated by mechanical stabilization with a doughnut stabilizer, a newly designed sternal retractor and a new coronary perfusion system. Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) was performed in 206 patients (the MIDCAB Group), and beating heart CABG with median sternotomy (OPCAB) was performed in 196 patients (the OPCAB Group). Results: Definite off-pump CABG was accomplished in 381 patients. 21 patients (5%) were converted to on-pump beating heart CABG using percutaneous cardiopulmonary system via femoral vessels because of hemodynamic instability. There was 1 operative mortality (0.2%). There was perioperative myocardial infarction in 2 (0.5%), and cerebral infarction in 3 (0.7%). The rate of complete revascularization was 78% in the MIDCAB Group and 97% in the OPCAB Group. The mean number of anastomoses was 1.6 in the MIDCAB Group and 3.3 in the OPCAB Group. The early graft patency was 99.1% in a left internal thoracic artery graft, 97.0% in a right internal thoracic artery graft, 96.5% in GEA, 98.2% in a radial artery graft, and 94.2% in a vein graft. A GEA composite graft was used in 55 of the 168 patients who received GEA grafting. The mean number of anastomoses for the GEA composite graft was 1.6±0.6 per patient. The graft patency rate was 94.6% (53/56) for GEA and 98.6% (72/73) for the radial artery used as a composite graft. Conclusion: A consecutive series of beating heart CABG was performed safely and effectively with a low mortality rate and low morbidity rate. Beating heart CABG could be performed in all patients, and definite off-pump CABG was accomplished in 95% of them. In order to aim for complete revascularization, GEA composite graft was found to be effective since it required a low mean number of 1.6 anastomoses and a satisfactory patency rate at the same time. Read at the Fifty-fourth Annual-Meeting of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery, Panel discussion, Osaka, October 3–5, 2001.     

Early coronary artery bypass grafting for complicated acute myocardial infarction

The occurrence of unstable angina or cardiogenic shock after an acute myocardial infarction characterizes a subgroup of patients with increased morbidity and mortality. To assess the efficacy of surgical revascularization in this cohort, 96 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting within 6 weeks of an acute myocardial infarction were compared to 485 patients who underwent myocardial revascularization without recent infarction. Fourteen (15%) of the patients with acute infarction were in cardiogenic shock and 82 (85%) patients had unstable angina at the time of surgery. Preoperatively, the patients with acute infarction compared to the patients without acute infarction were older (+3.5 years), had an increased incidence of congestive heart failure (21% vs 13%), and had a lower mean ejection fraction (4% vs 65%). Preoperative intraaortic balloon support was used in 9 patients (65%) with cardiogenic shock, and in 16 patients (19%) with unstable angina. Mean interval to surgery from time of infarction was 14.9 days. Overall operative mortality was 7.3% (7 patients) for the acute infarction group 28% for patients with cardiogenic shock and 3.7% for patients with unstable angina compared to 3.7% for the group of patients without recent infarction. Earlier surgical intervention did not result in a significant increase in operative mortality. Discriminant analysis of the recent infarction cohort demonstrated that preoperative ejection fraction less than 45% and age greater than 70 were the most significant predictors of early mortality. Of the 89 patients surviving surgery, actuarial survival was 97% at 3 years with no late infarctions. At follow-up 95% of survivors were NYHA Class I or II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

急性心肌梗死后冠状动脉旁路移植术时机选择

目的确定急性心肌梗死（AMI）后行冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）时机对术后30d死亡率的影响。方法233病例分为心肌梗死和心绞痛两组，对多个风险因素通过单因素、多因素分析，以确定AMI后不同时段手术是否为死亡的独立风险因素。结果233例中男176例（75．4％），女57例（24．5％）。年龄34～86岁，平均（65．6±9．2）岁。平均移植血管（3．46±0．89）支，137例（58．8％）应用乳内动脉137根。总死亡率4．3％（10／233例）。AMI距手术时间≤3d者，手术死亡6例（14．6％，6／41例），较心绞痛组3例（2．3％，3／130例）显著增高（P=0．033）；4～10d者1例（2．7％，1／37例）与心绞痛组相比差异无统计学意义（P=0．67），11～30d者无手术死亡。结论急性心肌梗死3d后行冠脉旁路移植术较为安全。     

Coronary artery bypass grafting after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

ObjectivesThe study objectives were to describe the trends and outcomes of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting after ST-elevation myocardial infarction using a nationwide database.MethodsWe queried the 2002-2016 National Inpatient Sample database for hospitalized patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. We report temporal trends, predictors, and outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting in the early (2002-2010) and recent (2011-2016) cohorts.ResultsOf 3,347,470 patients hospitalized for ST-elevation myocardial infarction, 7.7% underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. The incidence of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting after ST-elevation myocardial infarction decreased over time (9.2% in 2002 vs 5.5% in 2016, P_trend < .001), whereas perioperative crude in-hospital mortality did not change (5.1% in 2002 vs 4.2% in 2016, P_trend = .66), coinciding with an increase in the burden of comorbidities. There was an increase in performing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting on hospitalization day 3 or more, as well as an increase in the use of mechanical support devices and precoronary artery bypass grafting percutaneous coronary intervention. In the early cohort, isolated coronary artery bypass grafting on days 1 and 2 was associated with higher in-hospital mortality. In the recent cohort, coronary artery bypass grafting on day 2 had similar in-hospital mortality compared with day 3 or more and lower rates of acute kidney injury, ischemic stroke, ventricular arrhythmia, and length of hospital stay.ConclusionsIn this nationwide analysis, there has been a decline in the use of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Isolated coronary artery bypass grafting on day 1 was performed in sicker patients and was associated with higher in-hospital mortality than coronary artery bypass grafting performed on day 3 or more. In the recent cohort, isolated coronary artery bypass grafting on day 2 had similar in-hospital mortality compared with day 3 or more.     

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for patients with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction

Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) is less invasive, so we have recently been expanding the indication. We performed OPCAB for 3 patients with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PATIENTS: All patients were supported hemodynamically by intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) prior to surgery. RESULTS: We performed the revascularization of territories for the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA) in these high risk patients using OPCAB technique to improve the hemodynamic state. In all patients, IABP was removed within 48 hours after surgery and the postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that OPCAB is a useful and effective procedure for a selected patient even with cardiogenic shock due to AMI.     

Urgent surgical reperfusion for intraoperative myocardial infarction following coronary artery bypass grafting

Key words  evolving myocardial infarction - perioperative myocardial infarction - coronary artery spasm     

Evaluation of Coronary artery bypass grafting in acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within 14 days of onset. METHODS: Of 1,450 patients undergoing isolated CABG in the last 12 years we retrospectively analyzed operative risk factors and studied the use of CABG in treating AMI in 66 undergoing surgery during the AMI phase. We divided them into 2 groups: Group D (deceased: n = 8) and Group S (survivors: n = 58). RESULTS: Total operative mortality was 12.1% (8/66). Univariate analysis showed the following preoperative parameters to be significant in Group D: diabetes mellitus, cardiogenic shock, shortness of the interval between AMI onset and surgery, mean peak creatine phosphokinase-MB, AMI of the left main trunk, and failed recanalization of the infarcted artery. Multivariate analysis showed diabetes mellitus, cardiogenic shock, and AMI of the left main trunk as independent risk factors for hospital mortality. Intra-operative parameters between groups showed no statistical difference. Mortality in patients who did not suffer cardiogenic shock was zero. CONCLUSION: Maintenance of hemodynamics in the early phase is vital in treating AMI. The most important element in surgical intervention is revascularization of main branches. We concluded that CABG in AMI involves relatively low risk.     

Perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Two patients in whom myocardial infarction in the inferior wall occurred after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafing (OPCAB) are described. In both patients, the right coronary artery had no critical lesion and was not grafted. There was no ischemic episode during operation. Coronary artery spasms and/or intracoronary thrombus formation may have been causes of these events. To our knowledge, this is the first report on perioperative myocardial infarction in OPCAB.     

Spinal infarction following coronary artery bypass grafting

Spinal infarction is an extremely rare complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), almost invariably associated with use of the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). We present the case of a 63-year-old lady who developed paraplegia, secondary to spinal infarction, following CABG in whom the IABP was not used and no other predisposing factors were present.     

Beating heart coronary artery bypass surgery after orthotopic heart transplantation

Beating-heart coronary artery bypass surgery was performed in a 52-year-old man with accelerated transplant coronary artery disease 10 years after orthotopic heart transplantation. Transplant coronary artery disease was first detected in the left circumflex coronary artery 9 years after transplantation. Rapid progression to triple vessel disease occurred within 1 year, and the patient developed worsening symptoms of shortness of breath and chest pain. He underwent off-pump "beating heart" left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending coronary artery bypass surgery. The circumflex coronary artery was not graftable due to diffuse and truncated small vessel disease. His postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged on the fifth postoperative day. Coronary angiography 3 months after the surgery revealed a widely patent left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending artery bypass. He is alive and symptom free more than 1 year after his surgery.     

Troponin levels in patients with myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate serum cardiac troponin T and I levels in patients in whom electrocardiogram, myocardial scan, and serum CK-MB levels of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase indicated perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: We studied 590 patients who underwent CABG at the Montreal Heart Institute between 1992 and 1996. Postoperative cardiac troponin T levels (493 patients), troponin I levels (97 patients), and activity of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, electrocardiograms, clinical data, and clinical events were recorded prospectively. The diagnosis of perioperative PMI was defined by a new Q wave on the electrocardiogram, by serum levels of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase higher than 100 IU/L within 48 hours after operation, or both. RESULTS: After CABG, 22 patients in whom troponin T levels (22/493, 4.5%) and 6 patients in whom troponin I levels (6/97, 6.2%) were measured had sustained a perioperative MI according to current diagnostic criteria. In these patients, troponin T levels higher than 3.4 microg/L 48 hours after CABG best detected the presence of perioperative MI, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95, a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 94%, a positive predictive value of 41%, a negative predictive value of 99%, and a likelihood ratio of 15. Serum troponin I levels higher than 3.9 microg/L 24 hours after CABG confirmed the perioperative MI with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.86, a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 85%, a positive predictive value of 24%, a negative predictive value of 99%, and a likelihood ratio of 5. CONCLUSIONS: Serum troponin T levels higher than 3.4 microg/L 48 hours after CABG correlated best with the diagnosis of perioperative MI. Serum troponin T levels greater than 3.9 microg/L 24 hours after CABG also correlated with the diagnosis of perioperative MI, although a larger experience is needed to confirm the validity of the chosen cutoff value.     

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in early stage myocardial infarction treatment

We evaluated the surgical results of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) performed within the first 12 h of infarction in patients with acute myocardial infarction. From January 2005 to January 2007, emergency coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass was performed in 56 patients with acute coronary syndromes. The mean age was 62.9 (range, 51-86) years. All patients underwent OPCAB via sternotomy. An average of 2.5 +/- 1.1 grafts per patient were performed. The mortality rate was 7.1% (4 of 56 patients). One patient suffered from postoperative stroke (1.7%), and 3 (5.3%) needed hemofiltration for acute renal failure. Postsurgery elective coronary angiography (n = 21) showed no significant stenosis. These results indicate that emergency OPCAB can be applied to patients with acute myocardial infarction with low morbidity and mortality and excellent early results.     

Emergency coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with severe pump failure complicating acute myocardial infarction]

Thirty patients with severe pump failure (Killip's degree III or more) complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI) underwent emergency coronary bypass grafting (CABG). Average age was 66 years old and CABG was performed 2.6 days after the onset of MI. The patients were divided into two groups according to the mechanisms that can bring about severe pump failure: 19 patients had large MI alone (G-I). The other 11 patients had severe ischemia occurring either at areas distant from the site of coronary occlusion or in the previous area at risk (G-II). To estimate the ventricular wall motion quantitatively, the left ventricular wall was divided into 17 segments. Each segment was graded on a four-point scale: akinesis, 3; severe hypokinesis, 2; hypokinesis, 1; normal 0. Wall motion score was estimated by summing the number of asynergic segments score. In G-I, Cardiac index (CI (l/min/m2)) increased from 2.03 +/- 0.91 to 2.68 +/- 0.73 and pulmonary wedge pressure (PCWP (mmHg)) decreased from 28 +/- 5 to 15 +/- 5, 72 hours after the surgery (p < 0.01). In G-II, CI increased from 2.17 +/- 0.78 to 3.17 +/- 1.01 and PCWP decreased from 29 +/- 6 to 13 +/- 5 after the surgery (p < 0.01). There was no difference in preoperative and postoperative hemodynamics between two groups. The wall motion score at the risk area did not change postoperatively (from 16 +/- 7 to 17 +/- 9 in G-I, from 15 +/- 8 to 11 +/- 5 in G-II).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Beating heart versus conventional single-vessel reoperative coronary artery bypass

BACKGROUND: Reoperative (redo) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (on-pump) is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality than first-time CABG. It is unknown, however, whether CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump) may yield an improved clinical outcome over conventional on-pump redo CABG. METHODS: We compared the perioperative outcomes of patients with single-vessel disease who underwent on-pump (n = 41) versus off-pump (n = 91) redo CABG between April 1992 and July 1999. The two groups were similar with respect to baseline characteristics and risk stratification: mean Parsonnet scores were 26 +/- 9 for on-pump versus 24 +/- 8 for off-pump patients (p = nonsignificant). RESULTS: On-pump redo patients had a higher rate of postoperative transfusions (58% on-pump versus 27% off-pump, p = 0.001), prolonged ventilatory support (17% on-pump versus 4% off-pump, p = 0.03), and a higher rate of postoperative atrial fibrillation (29% on-pump versus 14% off-pump, p = 0.04). On-pump redo CABG was also associated with prolonged postoperative length of stay (8 +/- 4 days on-pump versus 5 +/- 2 days off-pump, p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in on-pump than in off-pump patients (10% versus 1%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Single-vessel off-pump redo CABG can be performed safely with a lower operative morbidity and mortality than on-pump CABG and an abbreviated hospital stay compared with conventional on-pump redo CABG.     

Emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery for threatened acute myocardial infarction related to coronary artery catheterization

In 20 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, usually involving balloon-catheter dilation or streptokinase infusion, catheter-induced coronary artery intimal damage resulted in severe chest pain, electrocardiographic evidence of obstruction or dissection of a major coronary artery. These patients were surgically revascularized within 8 hours after the onset of the acute chest pain syndrome. Our experience with pharmacological and catheter-related manipulations to improve coronary blood flow after the ischemic episode but before operation suggested that the additional time spent in the catheterization laboratory was worthwhile. The injured coronary artery was the left anterior descending in 10 patients, the right in 8, the left main in 1 patient, and an obtuse marginal branch of the circumflex in 1. The average number of grafts per patient was 2.5; only 6 patients had single bypass grafts. In 5 patients, intraaortic balloon pumping was used either preoperatively or postoperatively. Inotropic support was used postoperatively in 5 patients, and 7 patients received lidocaine for ventricular irritability. Abnormal elevation of the serum isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) was seen in 8 patients, and new Q waves were noted in 4 patients; 3 of these 4 patients with new Q waves also had abnormal serum CK-MB levels. Global ejection fraction obtained by the equilibrium-gated blood pool scan postoperatively was 60 +/- 3%, which was similar to the 62 +/- 3% obtained from the contrast-determined ventriculogram done preoperatively prior to the catheter-related injury. There were no early or late deaths, but morbidity was much higher in the group who had emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) compared with those who had elective CABG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)