低分子肝素对血液透析患者脂代谢影响的回顾性分析

目的 调查低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)对血液透析患脂代谢的影响。方法 采用回顾性分析的方法调查34例维持血液透析患应用普通肝素(18例)(unfractionsted heparin,UFH)和LMWH(16例)抗凝对血脂和脂蛋白的影响。结果 LMWH组的TG、Tch、LDL、Apo—B在第12个月(尸＜0．05)及第6个月(无显差异)均低于UFH组；而HDL与之相反；LMWH组的TG、Tch、LDL、Apo—B在第12个月低于第0个月(P＜0．05)；而UFH组TG(无显差异)、Tch(P＜0．05)、LDL、Apo—B高于第0个月。结论 长期使用LMWH不加重血液透析患脂代谢的紊乱，相反可部分矫正已有的脂代谢的紊乱。     

低分子量肝素钙对血液透析患者脂质紊乱的临床疗效观察

[目的]了解低分子量肝素钙（LMWH）改善血液透析患者脂质紊乱及抗凝安全性。[方法]选择病情稳定、一般情况较好、无明显出血倾向（包括皮下出血、上消化道出血、脑出血、鼻衄等）,血液透析时间4个月以上的慢性肾功能不全的患者69例,随机分为普通肝素（UFH组,34例）和LMwH组（35例）。LMWH组：应用低分子量肝素钙注射液（万脉舒,河北常山生化药业生产）于血液透析开始时动脉管动脉端一次性注入,维持4h后血液透析结束;UFH组：应用普通肝素钠常规抗凝。观察第一次透析前后两组患者凝血酶原时间（PT）、部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）的变化;第6个月、第12个月末分别检测血浆总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、栽脂蛋白A1（ApoAl）和载脂蛋白B（ApoB）;并且记录一年中出现皮下出血、上消化道出血、脑出血、鼻衄发生的病例次数。[结果]透析前后LMwH组和UFH组比较APTT、PT差异均无统计学意义。随着透析时间的延长,UFH组血浆TC、TG、LDL、ApoB持续升高,HDL、ApoAl下降;LMWH组血浆TC、TG、LDL、ApoB水平下降,HDL、ApoAl水平则上升,各项指标明显优于UFH组,且差异均有统计学意义。1年后LMwH组导致患者的出血发生率明显低于UFH组。[结论]在血液透析中,低分子量肝素钙和普通肝素抗凝疗效相同,长期使用LMwH替代UFH抗凝,可有效减少出血倾向,缓解高脂血症和改善脂质代谢。     

低分子量肝素在急性肾衰竭诱导性血液透析中的应用

目的观察低分子量肝素在诱导性血液透析中抗凝的作用和对出血的影响。方法2004年1月至2006年1月,急性肾衰竭首次血液透析的108例患者,普通肝素（UFH）组52例和低分子量肝素（LMWH）组56例。对透析器和管路凝血、颈静脉置管处伤口出血情况及部分凝血活酶时间（aPTT）和血浆抗因子Ⅹa活性（AFⅩa）作回顾性分析。结果诱导性血液透析中合适的LMWH抗凝与UFH差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。用LWMH后手术置管伤口出血较UFH组明显减少（P〈0．01）,透析前、透析开始0．5h、2h、3h、4h、和透析结束1h,UFH组aPTT,TT显著长于LWMH组（P〈0．01）,LWMH组抗FⅩa活性较UFH组显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论低分子肝素与普通肝素产生相同抗凝效果时对出血影响较小,更适用于手术后诱导性血液透析的抗凝,值得临床推广。     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者血脂与颈动脉硬化的关系

【目的】研究慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者与非透析患者血脂与颈动脉硬化的关系。【方法】收集27例慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者（A组）、27例配时对照者及25例非透析患者（B组）、25例配时时照者．查血TC．TG，HDL-C．LDL-C，Apo-Al．ApoB及Lipoprotein（a）[LP（a）]；彩超观测双侧颈总动脉、颈动脉分叉处及颈内动脉的解剖及血流动力学情况，包括斑块，最大（Vmax）和最小血流速度（Vmin）（即收缩期和舒张期峰值血流速度），血管内皮厚度（即内膜-中膜厚度．IMT）．阻力指数（RI）。【结果】A组HDL-C较对照组显著降低，LP（a）显著增高（均P〈0．01）；B组Apo—B、TG、LDL-C、LP（a）显著增高（P〈0．01～0．05），HDL-C显著降低（P〈0．01），A组和B组血脂结果比较未见显著性差异（P〉0．05）；A组与其对照组相比平均IMT、最大IMT、RI、斑块发生率均显著增高（P〈0．01）；Vmin显著降低（P〈0．01）。B组与其时照组相比平均IMT、最大IMT、斑块发生率均显著增高（P〈0．01）．A组较B组Vmin显著降低（P〈0．01）；颈动脉斑块阴性组和阳性组患者血脂结果比较未见明显差异；斑块阳性组患者较阴性组平均IMT、最大IMT均有显著性增厚；A组和B组LDL-c、Lp（a）、Apo-B分别与平均IMT、最大IMT呈正相关（P〈0．05）。【结论】慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者和非透析患者存在血脂异常和动脉硬化．并存在一定关系．纠正血脂异常有可能改善慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者和非透析患者的生存率。     

世居和移居高原的高血压患者在平原地区血脂变化的研究

目的探讨世居和移居高原的高血压病患者在平原地区血脂水平的变化。方法选择212例世居和移居高原的高血压病患者作为观察组，以138名世居和移居高原的健康人作为对照。抽取空腹12小时以上静脉血，测定血浆总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—c）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（VLDL—C），对两组间及两组民族、性别间进行比较。结果观察组TC、TG、LDL—C、VLDL—C均高于对照组，TC、TG、LDL—C具有显著性差异（P分别〈0．05，〈0．001）；VLDL—C相近（P〉0．05）；HDL—C则低于对照组；但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。高血压组汉族TC、TG、VLDL—C均高于藏族，TG、VLDL—C具有显著异（P〈0．01）；HDL—C、LDL—C略低于藏族（P均〉0．05）；对照组汉族TC、HDL—C、LDL—C均低于藏族，HDL—C差异显著（P〈0．05）；TG、VLDL—C略高于藏族（P均〉0．05）。高血压组男性TC、TG、LDL—C、VLDL—C均低于女性，TG、VLDL—C差异显著（P均〈0．01）；HDL—C略高于女性（P〉0．05）。对照组男性TC、TG、HDL—C、LDL—C略低于女性（P均〉0．05），VLDL—C显著高于女性（P〈0．05）。结论高原地区高血压患者血脂水平是增高的；汉族和女性高血压患者在高原缺氧条件下更易发生脂代谢紊乱。     

低分子肝素用于维持性血液透析患者的临床观察

目的：观察低分子肝素对维持性血液透析患者凝血功能的影响。方法：将在我院血液净化中心行维持性血液透析治疗的53名患者，随机分成2组：普通肝素（unfractionated heparin，UFH）组和低分子肝素（low molecular weight heparin，LMWH）组，比较两组患者的出凝血时间，透析管路凝血情况和全身瘀斑、出血点的分布面积及持续时间。结果：LMWH组与UFH组相比，透析管路的凝血情况没有明显差异（P〉0．05），但明显减轻了全身瘀斑，减少了出血点的分布面积及持续时间（P〈0．05）。结论：低分子肝素在产生普通肝素同等抗血栓形成效果的同时，能明显减小维持性血液透析患者出血的危险性。     

高通量血液透析对慢性肾衰竭血清晚期糖基化终产物的影响

目的：探讨慢性肾功能衰竭患者血清晚期糖基化终产物水平的变化及高通量血透对其清除效果。方法：应用竞争性ELISA法检测慢性肾功能衰竭患者（非血液透析组及血液透析组）血清晚期糖基化终产物水平。结果：慢性肾功能衰竭患者无论血液透析与否，血清晚期糖基化终产物均明显高于健康组（P均〈0．01），非血液透析与血液透析组晚期糖基化终产物水平差异无显著性（P〉0．05），晚期糖基化终产物水平与血Cr呈明显正相关（r=0．5974，P〈0．01），与血糖无相关性；常规血液透析组，透析前后血清晚期糖基化终产物水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而高通量血液透析组透析后血清晚期糖基化终产物水平明显降低（P〈0．01）。结论：慢性肾功能衰竭时，因肾功能受损致晚期糖基化终产物清除障碍，是血清晚期糖基化终产物水平升高的主要原因，高通量血液透析可以有效清除血清晚期糖基化终产物。     

低分子肝素对血液透析患者血脂水平及血管内皮舒张功能的影响

目的观察低分子肝素对尿毒症血液透析患者脂质代谢和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的影响。方法选择上海市利群医院肾内科38例无明显出血倾向的尿毒症患者,随机分成普通肝素（UFH）组（18例）及低分子肝素（LMWH）组（20例）于透析前分别按个体剂量给予普通肝素及低分子肝素钠动脉血路端注射,并在治疗前、治疗后6月及l2月检测血脂、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-c）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-c）、基础肱动脉内径、内皮依赖性血流介导的舒张反应（FMD）,以20例血脂正常的成人为对照。结果①两治疗组透析前血清胆固醇（Ch）、三酰甘油（TG）、LDL-c均高于对照组（P〈0.05）;②透析l2月后,UFH组TG显著升高（P〈0.05）,HDL-c较透析前降低,LDL-c显著增高（P〈0.05）;LMWH组TG显著降低（P〈0.05）,HDL-c、LDL-c较透析前无明显改变。③与正常对照组比较,血液透析患者基础肱动脉内径明显增宽,（P〈0.05）,FMD明显受损（P〈0.01）;透析12月后,两治疗组FMD仍低于正常对照,但UFH组较LMWH组明显降低（P〈0.01）。结论血液透析患者存在血脂紊乱和血管内皮功能障碍,长期使用LMWH代替普通肝素抗凝,可部分减轻尿毒症血液透析患者血脂异常,并有助于保持患者血管内皮功能的相对稳定,防止血液透析患者血管内皮功能的进一步损害。     

低分子肝素钠对血液透析患者钙磷代谢影响的临床观察

目的探讨低分子肝素钠对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者钙磷代谢的影响。方法选择在上海市闸北区中心医院肾内科血液净化中心无明显出血倾向透析龄超过3个月的MHD患者78例,随机分成低分子肝素钠（LMWH）组38例和普通肝素（UFH）组40例。分别观察二组患者在治疗前、治疗后3、6、12个月的血钙、血磷、血清甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）的水平。同时观察患者出血、体外循环的凝血情况及不良反应等。结果①二组患者治疗前血钙、血磷、PTH、AKP水平无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;②LMWH组随着透析时间延长,血磷及PTH水平逐渐降低,有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）;UFH组随着透析时间延长,血磷、PTH水平治疗前后无明显变化（P〉0.05）;二组治疗前后血钙和AKP水平均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）;③LMWH组透析5708例次,各部位出血共发生58例次,发生率为1.02%;UFH组透析6012例次,各部位出血共发生1310例次,发生率为21.8%,6例患者退出UFH组。LMWH组的出血发生率较UFH组明显降低（P〈0.01）,二组体外循环凝血发生率无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论长期使用低分子肝素抗凝,可使血液透析患者所存在的钙磷代谢异常得到部分缓解,提示低分子肝素可能有改善钙磷代谢异常的作用。     

血液透析患者预后影响因素分析

目的：探讨影响慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者预后的相关因素。方法：对生存期〈1年组及〉3年组的各8例慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者的血红蛋白（Hb）、血清白蛋白（Alb）水平及严重并发症的发生率进行比较和分析。结果：生存期〈1年组的Hb、血清Alb的水平均低于生存期〉3年组（P〈0．05），而其严重并发症的发生率高于生存期〉3年组（P〈0．05）。结论：纠正贫血及低蛋白血症，防止严重并发症的发生对延长慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者的生存期有重要意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.