雄黄及含雄黄复方中砷含量、形态和晶形分析

目的 对雄黄及含雄黄复方制剂中的砷含量、砷形态和雄黄晶形进行分析.方法 采用微波消解-原子荧光法测定雄黄和复方制荆中的总砷含量,人工胃液提取.原子荧光法测定可溶性砷,离子树脂交换分离.原子荧光法测定可溶性三价砷(AⅢ)和五价砷(AsV),X衍射荧光法对雄黄粉末进行物相(晶形)分析,X荧光光谱法进行雄黄粉末的全元素分析.结果 受试雄黄含硫化砷97.3%,主成分是β-雄黄(As4S4)和α-雄黄(AsS)的混合物,同时含有少量二硫化二砷(As2S2)和雌黄(As2S3).As/S(摩尔数之比)为1.00001.还含有少量Al、Si、K、Ca、Ti、Fe、Sb、Ni、Cu、W等杂质.在雄黄及含雄黄复方制剂的人工胃液提取液中均检出了可溶性砷、AsⅢ和AsV;且不同来源的雄黄,可溶性砷以及两种价态的砷的比例也不同.雄黄中可溶性砷百分含量为0.62%,其中AsⅢ和AsV比例为2.30:1.结论 雄黄及含雄黄复方中混杂存在三价和五价无机砷.有必要加强对雄黄药材的质量监控.     

局方至宝丸中雄黄的含量测定

目的建立局方至宝丸中雄黄的含量测定方法。方法采用原子吸收分光光度法测定雄黄中砷的含量。结果原子吸收分光光度法测定砷的线性范围为0~16 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.9973);平均回收率为99.1%~107.0%,RSD为0.87%~5.4%(n=3)。结论所建方法专属性强,重复性好,可用于局方至宝丸中雄黄的质量控制。     

安宫牛黄散中配伍药物对雄黄可溶性砷含量的影响

目的以安宫牛黄散为实例,研究中药复方中的配伍药物对雄黄中砷的溶解性的影响. 方法安宫牛黄散中几种单味药与雄黄混合用人工胃液处理,用原子荧光法测定可溶性砷的含量.结果安宫牛黄散中几种单味药分别与雄黄混合用人工胃液处理后,测得的可溶性砷含量均比雄黄在人工胃液中的可溶性砷的溶出量低,使可溶性砷含量溶出减少的单味药次序依次为黄芩、黄连、珍珠、栀子、郁金和牛黄,溶出的可溶性砷含量依次减少55.1%,49.3%,29.4%,25.2%,25.0%和11.4%(P<0.01).安宫牛黄散中的可溶性砷含量比雄黄的可溶性砷含量减少35.3%(P<0.01).结论安宫牛黄散中的几种单味药均有抑制雄黄中可溶性砷溶出的作用,推测是降低砷的毒性作用的可能途径之一.     

双黄清喷剂中雄黄的含量测定及可溶性砷盐检查

目的:研究双黄清喷剂中雄黄的含量测定及可溶性砷盐检查.方法:分光光度法对双黄清喷剂中雄黄的含量进行测定,采用砷盐检查法测定本品中含砷量.结果:含砷量在4～20μg范围线性关系良好(r=0.9994)回归方程为Y=0.0308X+0.0293,平均回收率为(99.30±1.33)%.结论:分光光度法测定双黄清喷剂中三氧化二砷(As2O3)简便、准确、重现性好,可作为该制剂质量检验的定量方法.     

牛黄解毒片中不同单味组分对雄黄可溶性砷含量影响的比较研究

目的研究牛黄解毒片中各单味组分对雄黄可溶性砷含量的影响。方法采用雄黄与牛黄解毒片中的7种单味药按牛黄解毒片处方比例分别组方分为9组供试品并经人工胃液处理后,用分光光度法分别测定可溶性砷的含量。结果与雄黄组相比,雄黄与处方中各组分单独组方后测得的可溶性砷含量均有不同程度降低。其中大黄+雄黄组和甘草+雄黄组使可溶性砷含量减少为84.9%和81.1%,而冰片+雄黄组等影响不显著。结论牛黄解毒片中的大黄、甘草等与雄黄配伍能较显著地抑制雄黄中可溶性砷的溶出,为进一步探讨雄黄复方中影响可溶性砷盐的主要物质提供参考依据。     

Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken设计优化提取雄黄中的可溶性砷

目的利用Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken设计优化雄黄中可溶性砷的提取工艺。方法采用Plackett-Burman设计实验,以雄黄中可溶性砷的提取率为指标,筛选出影响雄黄中可溶性砷提取率的3个显著影响因素:温度、时间、提取次数。在此基础上,通过Box-Behnken响应面法对筛选出的显著影响因素进一步优化,实验数据通过Minitab软件进行多元线性回归和二项式拟合,并应用响应优化器对实验结果进行优化和预测分析。结果以水作为提取溶剂,雄黄中可溶性砷的最佳提取工艺为雄黄15 mg,水10 m L,提取温度80℃,超声提取3次,每次60 min。结论采用Plackett-Burman和BoxBehnken设计及响应面法优化提取雄黄中可溶性砷的提取率,优选出的提取工艺稳定可靠,实验精度高,与模型预测值基本一致。     

安宫牛黄散中配伍药物对雄黄可溶性砷含量的影响

目的以安宫牛黄散为实例,研究中药复方中的配伍药物对雄黄中砷的溶解性的影响。方法安宫牛黄散中几种单味药与雄黄混合用人工胃液处理,用原子荧光法测定可溶性砷的含量。结果安宫牛黄散中几种单味药分别与雄黄混合用人工胃液处理后,测得的可溶性砷含量均比雄黄在人工胃液中的可溶性砷的溶出量低,使可溶性砷含量溶出减少的单味药次序依次为黄芩、黄连、珍珠、栀子、郁金和牛黄,溶出的可溶性砷含量依次减少55.1%,49.3%,29.4%,25.2%,25.0%和11.4%(P<0.01)。安宫牛黄散中的可溶性砷含量比雄黄的可溶性砷含量减少35.3%(P<0.01)。结论安宫牛黄散中的几种单味药均有抑制雄黄中可溶性砷溶出的作用,推测是降低砷的毒性作用的可能途径之一。     

雄黄和六神丸中可溶性砷的溶出度研究

目的建立高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)法测定单味雄黄和六神丸可溶性砷的含量方法;考察六神丸配伍对雄黄中可溶性砷溶出度的影响,探讨六神丸的配伍机制。方法分别建立了ICP-MS和HPLCICP-MS法测定雄黄及六神丸中总砷和可溶性砷含量的方法,采用人工胃液和人工肠液为溶出介质,考察雄黄和六神丸中可溶性砷的溶出情况,分析配伍使用对雄黄中可溶性砷溶出的影响。结果 5种不同形态砷标准物质在5~500μg·L-1内线性关系良好,精密度和重复性均良好,回收率89%~102%。可溶性砷从六神丸复方中的溶出量和溶出速率均明显低于从单味雄黄中的溶出。结论六神丸复方配伍可显著降低雄黄中可溶性砷的溶出,从而降低其毒性。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定雄黄和牛黄解毒片中可溶性砷的含量

目的:建立测定雄黄和牛黄解毒片中可溶性砷的含量,完善中药中砷含量测定的方法。方法:采用稀盐酸和人工胃液2种溶剂分别提取雄黄、牛黄解毒片中的可溶性砷,加入基体改进剂,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定砷的含量。光源发射波长:光度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 0);平均回收率分别为99.20%、98.67%、100.77%,RSD=2.01%。结论:本方法简单、快速、准确,可作为中药中微量水溶性砷的含量测定方法。     

雄黄及含雄黄中成药中砷的形态分析

目的:建立一种中药中砷的形态分析方法,分离并测定雄黄及含雄黄中成药中4种形态的砷化合物:无机 As(Ⅲ)、As(V)和有机单甲基胂酸(MMA)、二甲基胂酸(DMA)。方法:以稀盐酸溶液(pH 2)浸提雄黄及含雄黄中成药中的可溶性砷,用阴、阳离子固相萃取小柱进行分离,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定4种形态砷含量。结果:4种形态砷能实现完全分离,测定精密度、准确度良好。结论:本方法较为简便,准确、可靠,适用于分离测定雄黄及含雄黄的中成药中4种形态砷含量。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.