长沙市第一医院23例艾滋病母婴阻断效果分析

目的观察人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)阳性孕妇母婴阻断效果,摸索适合开展的艾滋病母婴阻断预防模式。方法回顾性分析某院2005—2015年23例HIV阳性孕产妇的病例资料。结果 23例HIV阳性孕产妇均接受了高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)及阻断HIV母婴传播综合干预服务。其中,12例HIV阳性患者接受HAART后怀孕,10例在孕早期(28周内)检出HIV阳性而接受HAART治疗,1例在孕28周后检出HIV阳性而接受HAART。23例HIV阳性孕妇均娩出正常新生儿,婴幼儿经随访检测均未感染HIV。结论对HIV阳性孕产妇进行HAART是阻断HIV母婴传播的关键,配合新生儿的预防性用药和人工喂养等干预措施,能有效地预防HIV母婴传播。由专科医生提供对HIV阳性孕产妇的HAART,配合妇幼保健医院提供产检、分娩及婴儿的预防性服药,这种相互转介的艾滋病母婴阻断模式有效率较高。     

HIV infection in children and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a major improvement in the prognosis of paediatric HIV in the developed world. HIV infected children in the Netherlands exhibit a broad range of social-cultural backgrounds and many of them grow up in multiple-problem families. As well as the impact of HIV itself, these families struggle with social, economic and emotional disadvantages that interfere with an optimal treatment. The failure of HAART and the development of HIV resistant strains resulting from non-compliance are increasingly being observed. For an optimal support of these children and families, an integrated medical and psychosocial service is required. HAART during pregnancy and delivery as well as post-exposure prophylaxis to the neonate have significantly decreased the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. Due to the implementation of national guidelines and the effort of HIV-internists, obstetricians, midwives and paediatricians, less transmission cases have occurred in the Netherlands in recent years, despite an increasing number of exposed infants. The goal is to detect and treat every pregnant HIV-infected woman and her baby.     

大同市2009-2012年预防艾滋病母婴传播信息工作分析

目的 了解大同市预防艾滋病母婴传播工作状况,分析孕产妇人群中艾滋病的流行现状和趋势,对HIV感染孕产妇采取综合干预措施,并对HIV感染孕产妇所生的儿童进行抗病毒治疗,定期随访,分析母婴阻断情况,提出有效的干预措施指导今后的工作.方法 收集整理2009-2012年山西省大同市预防艾滋病母婴传播信息工作资料,对HIV感染孕产妇及所生儿童的抗病毒治疗情况进行回顾性分析及统计.结果 孕期HIV检测率逐年上升,检出HIV感染孕产妇6例,HIV感染孕产妇所生的儿童5例,满18个月的儿童HIV感染1例,母婴传播率为25％,失访1例.结论 孕期进行HIV检测可及早发现艾滋病感染者,可有效阻断艾滋病母婴传播的发生,降低母婴传播率,确保优生优育,保障母婴安全.因此,提高孕产妇孕期检测率需要社会各部门密切配合,加大健康教育宣传力度,提高孕早期知晓率、咨询率和检测率.     

Therapy of HIV infection: how early and how intensive?

Three men aged 53, 25 and 34 years and 2 women aged 39 and 34 years with HIV infection had different courses with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Medication regimes were often complicated and adverse events occurred frequently, which led to adjustment of treatment. Since the introduction of HAART for treatment of HIV infection, a tremendous progress has been achieved, resulting in reduction of HIV related events and in reduction of fatality due to AIDS. However, besides the positive effects of this therapy, there is also a negative side of HAART. In addition to the complexity and adverse events, the medication has to be taken lifelong while non-compliance might result in resistance-mutation. If HAART might be indicated, it is necessary to weigh the pros and contras before starting with medication.     

A decision tree to help determine the best timing and antiretroviral strategy in HIV-infected patients

Optimal antiretroviral strategies for HIV-infected patients still need to be established. To this end a decision tree including different antiretroviral strategies that could be adopted for HIV-infected patients was built. A 10-year follow-up was simulated by using transitional probabilities estimated from a large cohort using a time-homogeneous Markov model. The desired outcome was for patients to maintain a CD4 cell count of >500 cells/mm3 without experiencing AIDS or death. For patients with a baseline HIV viral load ≥5 log10 copies/ml, boosted protease inhibitor-based immediate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) allowed them to spend 12% more time with CD4 ≥500/mm3 than did delayed HAART (6·40 vs. 5·69 and 5·57 vs. 4·90 years for baseline CD4 ≥500 and 350-499/mm3, respectively). In patients with a baseline HIV viral load ≤3·5 log10 copies/ml, delayed HAART performed better than immediate HAART (6·43 vs. 6·26 and 5·95 vs. 5·18 for baseline CD4 ≥500 and 350-499/mm3, respectively). Immediate HAART is beneficial in patients with a baseline HIV viral load 5 log10 copies/ml, whereas deferred HAART appears to be the best option for patients with CD4 ≥350/mm3 and baseline HIV viral load <3·5 log10 copies/ml.     

我国部分地区预防HIV母婴传播不同用药方案效果分析

目的 研究分析我国HIV感染孕产妇应用抗逆转录病毒药物预防HIV母婴传播(prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV,简称PMTCT)的效果.方法 2006年1月1日至2008年12月30日,在我国河北、山西、辽宁等23个省(自治区)的局部县(区)的医疗保健机构接受孕产期保健的1072对HIV感染孕产妇及所生满18月龄并有HIV抗体检测结果的婴幼儿作为研究对象,对感染孕产妇进行问卷调查,收集社会人口学资料、应用抗逆转录病毒药物、安全分娩、人工喂养等一系列PMTCT相关信息,运用Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel(简称CMH)卡方检验,分析不同时期用药方案的变化趋势;运用分层分析及Fisher精确x2检验,研究比较不同抗逆转录病毒药物方案对HIV母婴传播率的影响.抗逆转录药物应用方案主要为单一奈伟拉平(NVP)药物方案、预防性抗逆转录病毒药物联合方案及治疗性抗逆转录病毒联合方案.结果 共调查1072对HIV感染产妇及所生婴幼儿,31名满18月龄HIV感染孕产妇所生儿童确认感染HIV,HIV母婴传播率为2.9%(31/1072).(1)HIV感染孕产妇抗病毒药物应用比例从2006年的76.4%(306/395)上升至2008年的83.8%(372/444),呈逐年递增趋势(CMH x2=6.4,P＜0.05).(2)2006年HIV感染孕产妇应用三联抗病毒药物的比例仅为3.4%(6/178),2008年,产妇应用三联药物的比例升至26.3%(104/395),逐年上升(CMH x2=53.1,P＜0.01),而单一NVP应用比例逐年下降,由2006年的88.8%(158/178)降至2008年的70.9%(264/372)(CMH x2=48.5,P＜0.01).(3)接受阴道分娩服务和人工喂养的产妇,联合抗病毒药物方案组发生HIV母婴传播水平仅为1.0%(1/104),低于应用单一NVP组HIV母婴传播率(5.9%,16/272)(Fisher x2=5.5,P＜0.05).(4)在人工喂养的情况下,阴道分娩的HIV感染产妇其采用预防性三联药物和治疗性三联抗病毒药物所致的HIV母婴传播率分别为3.1%(1/32)和0;剖宫产分娩的感染产妇,应用两者方案的母婴传播率则为3.2%(2/63)和3.1%(1/32),差异均无统计学意义(Fisher x2=1.4,P＞0.05;Fisher x2=0.0001,P＞0.05).结论 HIV感染孕产妇应用联合抗逆转录病毒药物预防HIV母婴传播效果明显,预防性三联抗病毒药物与治疗性抗病毒药物方案预防HIV母婴传播效果差异无统计学意义.     

Achieving plasma HIV RNA below the level of detection in clinical practice

Clinical trials have shown that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces plasma HIV RNA below the detection level in up to 90 per cent of patients. To assess the independent predictors that are associated with achieving undetectable plasma HIV RNA in the daily clinical practice, we carried out a retrospective study. Among 106 HIV-infected patients treated with HAART, 63 (59 per cent) achieved undetectable plasma HIV RNA (less than 400 copies/ml) at their last visit. Adherence with HAART (greater than 80 per cent of prescribed dose) was self-reported by 81 patients (76 per cent). Independent predictors of achieving undetectable plasma HIV RNA were: self-reported adherence to therapy (Odds ratio [OR] 11.79, 95 per cent Confidence intervals [CI]: 3.55-33.17, p = 0.0001) and lack of previous antiretroviral therapy (OR: 3.12, 95 per cent CI: 1.09-8.96, p = 0.03). The efficacy of antiretroviral therapy observed in the daily clinical practice was noticeably lower than that reported in clinical trials. Patient adherence with prescribed HAART and lack of previous antiretroviral therapy are important factors related to successful therapy in the real world.     

妊娠合并人类免疫缺陷病毒孕妇围生期管理模式的探讨

目的通过对妊娠合并人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）孕妇围生期综合性干预，探索有效阻断HIV母婴传播的模式。方法选择1999年7月至2006年12月广州市妇婴医院收治的67例妊娠合并HIV孕妇为研究对象。通过孕期医学咨询及同伴教育后，33例孕妇选择终止妊娠（口服米非司酮＋米索前列醇）；34例孕妇选择继续妊娠（4例为临产入院），对其进行孕期保健、同伴教育、服用抗逆转录病毒药物、择期剖宫产及产后新生儿人工喂养等综合干预。结果33例选择终止妊娠的孕妇中，早孕23例和中孕8例孕妇，口服药物后，全部完全性流产；另外2例采取羊膜腔内注射依沙吖啶（雷佛奴尔）引产，因胎膜残留，行清宫术。34例选择继续妊娠的孕妇中，除临产入院的4例外，其余30例全程接受干预处理，CD4^＋水平明显上升，CD4^＋／CD8^＋上升，Hb水平无明显下降，HIV-RNAcopy明显下降。30例全程接受干预所产新生儿18个月进行第2次HIV IgG检测（2例尚未到时间）时，27例呈阴性，1例呈阳性。4例临产入院所产新生儿，2例HIVIgG呈阳性，1例呈阴性，1例失访。结论妊娠合并HIV孕妇，在围生期有效的干预措施下，不但能对HIV孕产妇进行有效管理，失访率低，而且能有效阻断HIV母婴垂直传播。     

Liver transplantation in a HIV-positive patient receiving potent antiretroviral therapy; the first case in The Netherlands

In a 49-year-old woman infected with HIV who was receiving highly-active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), terminal liver failure developed. She also had an acute exacerbation of hepatitis B. She was treated by means of liver transplantation and was in good condition two years later. At that time she was treated with tacrolimus, lamivudine, tenofovir, nelfinavir and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. HIV-RNA and the DNA of hepatitis-B virus could not be detected, her CD4-count was not abnormal and the liver transplant functioned well. No opportunistic infections had developed. HIV infection has long been considered an absolute contraindication to solid organ transplantation, due to the increased risk of infection and rapid progression to AIDS. With HAART, restoration of immune function is possible. Currently, international experience with liver transplantation for HIV-positive patients that are not infected with hepatitis C has shown promising results. Specifically, the risks of transplant rejection, opportunistic infections and progression to AIDS are not increased. Therefore, criteria have been defined for solid organ transplantation in HIV-positive recipients.     

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-positive pregnant women in the Netherlands, 1997-2003: safe, effective and with few side effects

OBJECTIVE: To assess the side effects, safety and efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women in the Netherlands. DESIGN: Retrospective. METHOD: Data were collected from the medical records of HIV-infected pregnant women who received HAART during pregnancy in the period 1 January 1997-1 June 2003 at 14 HIV-specialized centres in the Netherlands. The inclusion criteria were at least a triple drug regimen and birth at 20 or more weeks of gestation. Information was collected about patient characteristics, HAART prescribed, side effects, viral load response, mode of delivery and HIV-status of the neonate. RESULTS: A total of 267/413 women satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most women (n = 199) had not previously received anti-retroviral therapy and started HAART between weeks 21 and 28 of the pregnancy. The two most frequently used regimens contained nelfinavir (57%) or nevirapine (31%). Gastrointestinal side effects were more frequently observed in the nelfinavir group, while rash and hepatotoxicity were more frequently reported in the nevirapine group. Efficacy and pregnancy outcome were similar in both groups. Two infants (0.7%) were HIV-infected. CONCLUSION: HAART regimens containing nelfinavir or nevirapine in HIV-infected pregnant women were safe, effective and well tolerated.     

山东省艾滋病抗病毒治疗病毒学评价

[目的]评价山东省艾滋病抗病毒治疗病毒学效果。[方法]对山东省2012年6月30日前治疗满6个月的艾滋病病人,使用荧光实时定量PCR（NucliSensEasyQ）进行病毒载量检测,使用流式细胞学技术进行CD4＋T淋巴细胞计数。[结果]925例艾滋病病人中,826例病毒载量结果〈400cp／ml,病毒抑制率为89．30％;99例载量结果〉400cp／ml病人中,28例出现了病毒反弹,1例为持续性低水平病毒血症,CD4＋T淋巴细胞计数均值为312个／mm3,14例出现了机会性感染。54例采用二线抗病毒治疗方案的病人,病毒抑制率为81．48％。[结论]山东省艾滋病抗病毒治疗病毒抑制效果良好。     

HIV-infected women's experiences of pregnancy and motherhood in Cape Town,South Africa

Antenatal services provide a valuable opportunity for the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV interventions and antiretroviral treatment (ART) for maternal health. While knowledge of HIV status during pregnancy is beneficial to both mother and child, PMTCT programmes may focus more on prevention and the physical aspects of health than the psychosocial impact of HIV on pregnancy and motherhood. The objective of this study was to examine South African women's perceptions of HIV infection in pregnancy and how they related to motherhood in the context of HIV infection. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 HIV-positive pregnant and 11 ≤ 6-month postpartum women to elicit perspectives on HIV-positive pregnancy and motherhood. For most women who tested in pregnancy, the primary rationale for testing stemmed from a concern for their children; and anxiety around the risk of vertical transmission was highly prevalent. Women did not perceive any superficial differences between themselves and non-infected pregnant women and they compared HIV to any other chronic condition. However, they voiced anxiety about being infected and were preoccupied with keeping their children safe, both in pregnancy and postpartum. They described a diminished sense of pride about motherhood and an additional burden of guilt associated with carrying a vulnerable child, which made pregnancy different for them in comparison to uninfected women. Feeding posed a particularly difficult issue because by choosing formula feeding, women were protecting their children, yet this seemed to diminish their status as a mother, while at the same time publicising messages about being infected with HIV. While women identified externally with the social value of motherhood, the burden of HIV infection was seen as a destabilising threat to their identity as mothers.     

Adherence among women with HIV infection in Puerto Rico: the potential use of modified directly observed therapy (MDOT) among pregnant and postpartum women

Women are the fastest growing segment of the adult population acquiring HIV, and most women infected with HIV are in their reproductive years. The success of HAART is highly dependent upon the ability and willingness of the individual to adhere to complex antiretroviral regimens. Improved adherence among HIV-infected pregnant women will delay disease progression in the mother and should also reduce HIV transmission to the baby. Modified directly observed therapy (MDOT), may benefit this population. MDOT has been shown to be an acceptable and feasible intervention among HIV substance users; however, no-one has yet evaluated the use of MDOT in pregnant and postpartum women. Based on semi-structured interviews with 17 Latina women with HIV infection, we explored women's adherence patterns and barriers to adherence and their perceptions of a hypothetical MDOT program. The vast majority of women positively appraised the MDOT program as an effective means to increase and reinforce adherence to demanding drug regimens. Respondents cited the face-to-face contact, the supportive nature of the relationship, and the practical approach of the program as the primary reasons for the effectiveness of MDOT. Results indicate that MDOT could be an acceptable intervention for pregnant and postpartum Latina women to improve adherence to HAART.     

Diagnosis of HIV infection in pregnancy: data from a national cohort of pregnant women with HIV in Italy

We analysed the characteristics of the pregnancies with a previously undetected HIV infection in a national observational study of pregnant women with HIV in Italy. In a total of 443 pregnancies with available date of HIV diagnosis, 118 were characterized by a previously undetected HIV infection (26.6%, 95% CI 22.5-30.8). The following factors were independently associated with this occurrence in a multivariate analysis (adjusted odds ratios; 95% CIs): foreign nationality (5.1, 2.8-9.3); no pre-conception counselling (35.9, 4.8-266.1); first pregnancy (2.1, 1.2-4.0); asymptomatic status (6.8, 1.5-30.6). Women with previously undetected infection started antiretroviral treatment significantly later during pregnancy (P < 0.001). Missed diagnosis was responsible for one case of transmission. A high rate of previously undetected HIV infection was observed. This suggests a good HIV detection during pregnancy, but also the need to reinforce HIV testing strategies among women of childbearing age. We identified some determinants which may be considered for intervention measures.     

Hospitalizations of pregnant HIV-infected women in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outlook of HIV-infected patients, but it has several side effects, particularly when it is used during pregnancy. Prior to the advent of HAART, HIV-infected women were at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. This report describes hospital use among pregnant HIV-infected women in the United States in the HAART era and compares hospitalizations for select morbidities in pregnant HIV-infected vs. uninfected women. In 2003, the majority of HIV-infected pregnant women were hospitalized in urban hospitals in the South and had Medicare or Medicaid as the expected payer. HIV-infected pregnant women had longer hospitalizations and incurred higher hospitalization charges than uninfected women. In addition, HIV-infected pregnant women were more likely to be hospitalized for major puerperal sepsis, sexually transmitted infections, urinary tract infections, bacterial infections, liver disorders, and preterm labor/delivery than uninfected women, even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbid conditions. No significant differences were observed in the rates of preeclampsia and antepartum hemorrhage in the two groups. HIV-infected pregnant women in the United States in the era of HAART remain at higher risk for several morbidities and adverse obstetrical outcomes than uninfected women.     

Effect of release from prison and re-incarceration on the viral loads of HIV-infected individuals

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of release from prison and subsequent re-incarceration on the viral loads of HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS: Fifteen re-incarcerated HIV-infected prisoners on HAART were identified from a retrospective cohort of HIV-infected prison inmates released from January 1, 1997, to August 31, 1999. The re-incarcerated prisoners were matched (1:2) to 30 HIV-infected incarcerated prisoners on HAART who remained incarcerated during the re-incarcerated participants' release time period. The outcomes measured were plasma HIV RNA levels, CD4+ lymphocyte counts, percentage of re-incarcerated and incarcerated participants with plasma HIV RNA levels <400 copies/mL, and the median change in plasma HIV RNA levels of the re-incarcerated and incarcerated participants at the end of the study. RESULTS: At the beginning of the study, 8/15 re-incarcerated participants had plasma HIV RNA levels <400 copies/mL, compared with 15/30 incarcerated participants. At the end of the study, only three of those eight re-incarcerated participants had plasma HIV RNA levels <400 copies/mL, compared with 14/15 incarcerated participants (p=0.0086). The median change in plasma HIV RNA levels of the re-incarcerated participants was 1.29 log10 copies/mL (interquartile range 0.04 to 1.70), compared with -0.03 log10 copies/mL (interquartile range -0.65 to 0.09) in the incarcerated participants (p=0.0183). CONCLUSIONS: Release from prison was associated with a deleterious effect on virological and immunological outcomes. These data suggest that comprehensive discharge planning efforts are required to make certain that HIV-infected inmates receive access to quality care following incarceration.     

5省艾滋病高发地区HIV感染孕产妇应用抗逆转录病毒药物影响因素分析

目的了解HIV抗体咨询与检测对孕产妇应用抗逆转录病毒药物依从性的影响。方法 2006年1月至2010年12月在全国艾滋病相对高发地区的23个市/县/区开展艾滋病母婴传播队列研究。对1414名HIV感染孕产妇及所生儿童的人口学特征、应用抗逆转录病毒药物方案、孕产妇接受预防艾滋病母婴传播自愿咨询与检测服务的情况进行问卷调查。结果 1414名HIV感染孕产妇中,有1120名（79.77%）感染孕产妇接受了抗逆转录病毒药物,有87.69%儿童应用了抗逆转录病毒药物。将单因素中对用药产生影响的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归模型,结果显示,接受过检测前、后咨询服务的HIV感染孕产妇应用抗逆转录病毒药物的比例分别是未接受过检测前、后咨询者的1.99倍和3.08倍（OR=1.99,95%CI：1.37～2.89;OR=3.08,95%CI：1.16～8.20）。若HIV感染孕产妇是既往感染者,则其接受抗逆转录病毒药物的可能性较大（OR=4.11,95%CI：2.72～6.20）。结论提高HIV抗体检测咨询覆盖和服务质量,有助于提高HIV感染孕产妇对抗逆转录病毒药物的应用。     

孕14周高效抗逆转录病毒疗法母婴阻断HIV感染疗效观察

目的:探讨孕14周应用高效抗逆转录病毒疗法(HARRT)对艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的孕妇母婴阻断疗效。方法:选择2014年2月-2017年8月本院接受治疗的60例HIV感染孕妇作为研究对象,根据治疗时点的不同分为观察组和对照组各30例,两组均接受HARRT治疗,观察组于孕14周开始用药,对照组于孕28周开始用药。比较两组治疗前(T0)、预产期前1个月(T1)、产后3个月(T2)时CD4+T淋巴细胞、HIV病毒载量、分娩情况及母婴阻断效果。结果:两组不同时间点CD4+T淋巴细胞比较均有差异,观察组在T1、T2时点CD4+T淋巴细胞升高程度>30%的患者均高于对照组(P<0.05),而HIV病毒载量<50拷贝数/ml的患者两组比较无差异(P>0.05);两组剖宫产、早产、低体重儿、新生儿轻度窒息发生率无差异,婴儿HIV阳性率无差异(均P>0.05)。结论:孕14周应用HARRT可更好促进HIV感染的孕妇免疫功能重建,未见不良结局增加。建议临床应尽早开始治疗。     

Evaluating supervised haart in late-stage HIV among drug users: A preliminary report

Objective To examine response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among a sample of treatment-experienced patients in the late stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in residential health care facilities (RHCFs) in New York City facilities designated for HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) when access and adherence are maximized. Methods Medical record review of 111 patients. Results Demographics were mean age 42 years; 58% male; 60% African-American; 31% Hispanic; 57% injection drug users (IDUs); 23% with history of dementia; 52% hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody seropositive; 80% on HAART, of whom 18% had lipodystrophy. Of 88 patients on HAART, 52% had a decreased viral load (>1/2log) versus 13% of 23 not on HAART (P<.05); a>1/2log viral load increase was seen in 8% and 35%, respectively (P<.05). Those with viral load increase were more likely than those with stable/decreased viral load to be IDUs (71% vs. 64%) and to have HCV seropositivity (86% vs. 53%), even with similar initial CD4⁺ cell count, viral load, and follow-up time. Conclusion In a predominantly minority IDU population who are treatment experienced, 50% of the patients successfully responded to treatment with supervised therapy. The RHCFs in New York City provide a unique opportunity to examine further factors associated with response to HAART in an environment in which medication administration and adherence are maximized and monitored carefully. Dr. Berkman is from Columbia University/Highbridge Woodycrest Residential Health Care Facility. Ms. Astemborski is from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. Supported by the New York Academy of Medicine.