Vertical Transmission of Schistosoma Japonicum in the Rabbit

Human schistosomiasis japonica has long beenrecognized as a major public health concern inAsian countries including China,with millions ofpeople affected[1] . The disease is caused by thezoonotic blood fluke,S.japonicum.More than40mammals,including the rabbit,act as naturaldefinitive hosts[2 ] .Although the major route of in-fection with S.japonicum is through skin contactwith infested water,verticaltransmission,i.e.theprocess of transplacental passage ofschistosomulaefrom the infected mothe…     

Congenital Transmission of Schistosoma japonicumin the Rabbit

Fourteen pregnant rabbits were each infected with 300 cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum and divided into two groups.Group M (n =8)was infected during mid-gestation (the organogenetic stage)and group L (n=6)was infected during late-gestation (the post-organogenetic stage).Mother rabbits and rabbit kittens were killed 45-60 days after infection and perfused in order to obtain worm counts.Furthermore,faecal egg counts and tissue egg counts from livers were obtained from the mother rabbits as well as the rabbit kittens.All mother rabbits became infected harbouring 207.6 20.2 and 220.0 27.5 adult worms in group M and L,respectively.In groups M and L, 13.5%and 46.7% of the kittens were infected,respectively,In 12 of 14 litters at least one kitten was infected.Tne infected kittens harboured between one and three adult S.japonicum.The livers of the kittens infected with a worm pair displaced lesions,as a result of egg deposition.The results, therefore,show that congenital transmission of S.japonicum can occur in rabbits.The close anatomical resemblance between the rabbit and human placenta may be indicative of the presence of congenital transmssion of S.japomcum infection in humans.     

Vertical Transmission 0f Schistosoma Japonicum in the Rabbit

Summary: The aim of the present study was to confirm observations on the vertical transmissionof Schistosoma japonicum in the rabbit. S. japonicum-infected pregnant rabbits were used in thisstudy. Perfusion of mother rabbits was done 9 weeks after infection in order to obtain worm bur-dens in relation to their initial cercarial dose. Anti-schistosoma specific IgM antibodies in serumsamples collected from rabbit kittens were detected by ELISA. Our results showed that gestationperiod lasted the normal 29-31 days. All the exposed mother rabbits became infected with S.japonicum. Positive IgM antibody OD values were detected in 12 out of the 60 kittens examined(20.0 %). In group C and A, 40. 0 % and 17.9 % of the kitten were congenitally infected, re-spectively. 18. i % of the kittens born to mothers infected with a single dose of 200 cercariae perrabbit were positives; this is not significantly different from that obtained for the 600 dose group(22.2 %). Three randomly selected IgM+ kittens harbored between one and two adult worms.The livers of these kittens displayed granulomatous lesions. It is concluded that congenital S.japonicum infection does occur in the rabbit and is affected by the mother stage of pregnancy andto a lesser extent by its infection load.     

Vertical Transmission of Schistosoma Jkaponicum in the Rabbit

The aim of the present study was to confirm observations on the vertical transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in the rabbit.S.japonicum-infected pregnant rabbits were used in this study.Perfusion of mother rabbits was done 9 weeks after infection in order to obtain worm burdens in relation to their initial cercarial dose.Anti-schistosoma specific IgM antibodies in serum samples collected from rabbit kittens were detected by ELISA.Our results showed that gestation period lasted the normal 29-31 days.All the exposed mother rabbits became infected with S.japonicum.Positive IgM antibody OD values were detected in 12 out of the 60 kittens examined (20.0%).In group C and A,40.0% and 17.9% of the kitten were congenitally infected,respectively.18.1% of the kittens born to mothers infected with a single dose of 200 cercariae perrabbit were positives;this is not significantly different from that obtained for the 600 dose group (22.2%).Three randomly selected IgM^ kittens harbored between one and two adult worms.The livers of these kittens displayed granulomatous lesions.It is concluded that congenital S.japonicum infection does occur in the rabbit and is affected by the mother stage of pregnancy and to a lesser extent by its infection load.     

一氧化氮与血吸虫病肝损伤发病机制的关系研究

为了研究一氧化氮在血吸虫病肝损伤发病中的作用，采用Ｓ－Ｐ免疫组织化学法，观察家兔（ｎ＝４０）经皮肤感染血吸虫尾蚴后８、１２、１６、２０、２４周家兔肝诱导型一氧化氮合成酶（ｉＮＯＳ）和巨噬细胞（ＣＤ６８）的免疫组织化学表达与定位。结果显示，血吸虫病家兔肝的虫卵肉芽周围、门静脉分支管壁、肝窦壁、中央静脉壁有ｉＮＯＳ和ＣＤ６８阳性免疫反应物，肝细胞内有ｉＮＯＳ阳性免疫反应物。正常家兔肝脏ｉＮＯＳ和ＣＤ６８免疫组织化学染色均为阴性。认为一氧化氮在血吸虫肉芽形成及肝脏微循环障碍中具有重要作用     

日本血吸虫不同发育阶段与旋毛虫抗原交叉性的研究

运用ＥＩＴＢ技术分析日本血吸虫（Ｓｊ）尾蚴、肝期童虫及雌雄成虫与旋毛虫（Ｔｓ）肌蚴抗原的交叉性。结果显示：Ｓｊ尾蚴、肝期童虫、成虫各阶段不同程度地被抗－ＴｓＳＡＲＳ，ＴｓＩＲＳ识别，其识别的抗原分子量在１５￣１００（尤５０￣７０）ｋＤ之间，两种抗血清识别的带型基本相同。所识别的各期Ｓｊ抗原中以尾蚴抗原最多，次为肝期童虫。３０天成虫仅雌虫抗原与上述两种抗血清在９７ｋＤ处显出一条弱带。抗－Ｓｊ♂ＡＲＳ     

WORM BURDEN AND LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE IN MICE IMMUNIZED WITH N-METHYL-N''-NITRO-N- NITROSOGUANIDINE ATTENUATED CERCARIAE OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM*

Investigations were carried out to observe wormburden and egg granuloma formation at differenttime intervals between immunization and challengein relation to the in vitro lymphocyte proliferativeresponse in mice immunized with NTG-attenuatedcercariae of Schistosome japonicum. Mice wereexposed t0 30 NTG-attenuated cercariae (30 u,glmlNTG x 15 min) twice at two week intervals andwere challenged at week 4, 6, 8, 10 0r 12 with 40cercariae of S japonicum. Results showed that miceimmunized with NTG-attenuated-cercariae had feweror stunted worms and fewer splenic and hepaticgTanulomas. Worm reduction rates of 8U/o, 54%, 82%,43To and 29'/o were observed at weeks 4, 6, 8, 10 and12 from initial immunization respectively. Thus,optimal acquired immunity against a challenge infection seems to occur at week 8. In mice imm-unized with NTG-attenuated cercariae, the prolifera-tive response of lymphocytes from lymph nodes,thymus and spleen to soluble egg antigen increasedgradually throughout the first six weeks postinitialinfection, peaked at week 7 and then markedlydecreased by week 12. This suggests that there maybe some correlation between the development ofprotective immunity and the dynamic characteristicsof lymphocyte proliferative response in vitro in themice model infected with NTG-attenuated cercariaeof S japonicum.     

Schistosomiasis in China: acute infections during 2005–2008

Background Significant progress has taken place over the past 50 years in the control of schistosomiasis japonica in China. However, the available data suggested that schistosomiasis has re-emerged shortly after the World Bank Loan Project which was conducted from 1992 to 2001. The national control program with a revised strategy to control schistosomiasis by using integrated measures has been implemented since 2005. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the national program on schistosomiasis control from 2005 to 2008.
Methods A retrospective study was carried out to analyze the epidemic patterns of acute infections with Schistosoma japonicum （S. japonicum）, based on the number of acute cases annually collected from the web-based national communicable diseases reporting system from 2005 to 2008.
Results A total of 564, 207, 83 and 57 acute cases infected with S. japonicum were reported nationwide in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively, with an average annual reduction rate of 46.35% during last four years. Six outbreaks of acute infection with S. japonicurn were reported in 2005 but none in the period of 2006 to 2008. All acute cases that were reported mainly came from the lake regions and became infected during the higher risk periods from the 27th to 43rd weeks of the year. Most of these cases are students （44.87%）, farmers （31.51 %） and fishermen （7.79%） who got the infection by water contact mainly through swimming （41.49%） and production activities （40.25%）. With time, the proportion of imported cases among all acute cases increased due to more frequent movement of people that has occurred with a more mobile population.
Conclusions The national control program on schistosomiasis aliened with the revised control strategy has been effectively brought into effect. However, there is still a significant risk of infection among students, farmers and fishermen living in the lake regions. Therefore, it is important to strengthen control measures among risk populations in the high risk areas of transmission, or the lake regions.     

HMGB1在日本血吸虫病小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿组织中的表达

目的：：确定日本血吸虫病小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿形成过程中 HMGB1的表达。方法：建立日本血吸虫病小鼠模型,免疫组织化学方法检测肝脏虫卵肉芽肿形成过程中 HMGB1的表达,半定量方法测定 HMGB1表达的累积光密度值(IOD),ANOVA 统计分析各组之间差异。结果：未感染日本血吸虫尾蚴的对照组小鼠肝脏与感染尾蚴后2、4、6周模型组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿组织中 HMGB1表达差异有显著性(F =526.30,P <0.05),除感染尾蚴后4、6周的模型组差异不具有显著性(t =1.574,P =0.1162)外,其余各组差异均具有显著性(P <0.05)。结论：HMGB1可能参与日本血吸虫病小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿的形成过程。     

日本血吸虫成虫67kD蛋白的分离与鉴定

目的：分离日本血吸虫感染及免疫血清识别的成虫抗原（AWA）中的特异蛋白带，为血吸虫病免疫诊断提供新的抗原分子。方法：免疫印迹法分析AWA的特异蛋白带，电泳层析法分离靶抗原。结果：获得了感染血清和免疫血清识别的67kD蛋白。结论：电泳层析法是一种分离血吸虫抗原的有效方法。     

Detection of a circulating SJ 70 antigen in human schistosomiasis japonica using a monoclonal antibody

A double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich ELISA) was used for detection of a circulating antigen from human Schistosoma japonicum infections. This assay involves the use of poly clonal rabbit anti-schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen (SEA) antiserum to bind circulating antigen and a monoclonal antibody (MCAb-H4) to identify and quantify this antigen. Sera from 108 S. japonicum infected patients (acute and chronic) were tested. Sera from 93 of 95 (98%) patients with chronic infection were positive for this antigen; sera from 12 of 13 patients (93%) with acute infections were also positive. Antigen was not detectable in control human sera. Sera from 35 chronic schistosomiasis patients were collected between 6 and 12 months after paraziquantel treatment. Circulating antigen was not detectable in the sera from 33 of these patients (94%) and was dramatically reduced in the other two patients.     

日本血吸虫表皮膜蛋白的研究 Ⅰ.细胞免疫和体液免疫反应观察

本文报道以血吸虫表皮膜蛋白作抗原,采用淋巴细胞转化试验和ELISA方法对感染血吸虫的家免作纵向免疫反应观察,发现感染后25天淋巴细胞转化反应达高峰,40天后逐渐下降,而IgG抗体于感染后25天开始升高并维持在一个高水平,用ELIsA方法检测10例血吸虫病人均呈阳性反应,对5例正常人及35例其他寄生虫感染者血清均为阴性反应,提出表皮膜蛋白有可能用于血吸虫病的免疫诊断。     

日本血吸虫SjC23-Hsp70 DNA 疫苗与IL-12对水牛保护性作用的研究

目的:研究日本血吸虫中国大陆株23 kD 膜蛋白-热休克蛋白(SjC23-Hsp70)DNA 疫苗联合佐剂白细胞介素12(IL-12) 质粒DNA 对水牛的免疫保护作用。方法:将血吸虫病非流行区8~10 月龄健康水牛45 头随机分为A组(SjC23-Hsp70+IL-12)、B 组(SjC23+IL-12) 和C 组(pVAX+IL-12),每组15 头。每头牛经肩部肌注免疫3 次,每次间隔28 d。末次免疫后28 d,每头牛感染日本血吸虫尾蚴1000 条。解剖前2 天及当天分别收集粪便1 次,用定量法检测虫卵和毛蚴数。攻击感染后56 天解剖所有水牛,经胸主动脉灌冲法收集成虫,计数成虫数,检测每克肝组织虫卵数。结果:A,B 组与C 组相比,分别获得45.70%和26.61%的减雌率,44.51%和25.84%的减虫率,41.10%和31.63%的减粪卵率,48.11%和38.07%的减毛蚴率及43.39%和31.95%的减肝卵率。A 组的5 个率均比B 组高(P<0.05)。结论:用SjC23-Hsp70 DNA 疫苗和IL-12 联合免疫水牛可获得明显的免疫保护作用。     

日本血吸虫尾蚴66~68 kD单特异性血清对尾蚴cDNA文库的免疫学筛选

目的：获得日本血吸虫（Schistosoma japonicum，Sj）尾蚴66～68kD抗原的编码基因，为日本血吸虫疫苗和诊断研究提供材料。方法：以Sj尾蚴66～68kD抗原免疫家免获得的单特异性血清为探针，对Sj尾蚴cDNA文库进行免疫筛选，将所获阳性克隆的插入片断进行PCR扩增、琼脂糖电泳初步鉴定，并挑选出4个强阳性克隆进行测序，通过互联网NCBI／BLAST进行核苷酸序列分析。结果：共获得21个持续阳性克隆，其中10个阳性克隆初步鉴定显示为单一扩增条带，且插入的cDNA片段大小分布于0．5—3．0kb之间；4个强阳性克隆分别与日本血吸虫SJCHGC05187，SJCHGC05173，SJCHGC06989，SJCHGC01894显著同源。结论：获得了4种日本血吸虫相关的编码基因。     

日本血吸虫主要虫卵抗原Sjp40在感染新西兰白兔肝脏中的表达与免疫定位

目的观察Sjp40在感染新西兰白兔肝脏沉积虫卵及其肉芽肿病变形成中的表达情况,并进行免疫定位。方法日本血吸
虫尾蚴感染新西兰白兔,收集未感染组、29 dpi组和45 dpi组肝脏,Trizol法提取各组肝脏总RNA,以日本血吸虫甘油醛-3-磷酸
脱氢酶（GAPDH）为内参,Taqman探针qRT-PCR检测Sjp40 mRNA的表达;提取各组肝脏总蛋白,以硫酸铵盐析法和Protein G
免疫亲和柱层析法纯化的抗Sjp40-McAb 9G7和抗弓形虫tSAG1-McAb Y3A8（对照抗体）,western blot检测Sjp40蛋白的表达;
制备肝脏石蜡切片,HE染色观察肝脏虫卵肉芽肿的形成与发展,进一步以免疫荧光技术进行Sjp40在肝脏沉积虫卵及其肉芽肿
组织中的定位。结果日本血吸虫感染兔呈急性肝肉芽肿病变期的45 dpi肝脏沉积虫卵中Sjp40 mRNA水平显著高于29 dpi 尚
未形成虫卵肉芽肿结节的肝脏沉积的未成熟虫卵（P<0.05）,westernb blot 证实了Sjp40 蛋白在29 dpi 和45 dpi 兔肝脏中的表
达。免疫荧光显示：Sjp40在29 dpi兔肝脏中定位于未成熟虫卵内,而45 dpi可见感染兔肝脏中沉积大量成簇内含毛蚴的成熟虫
卵及其周围肉芽肿组织均有明显荧光。结论Sjp40在日本血吸虫感染兔肝脏沉积虫卵中的转录水平随虫卵发育成熟而显著增
加,在感染兔急性肉芽肿病变期（45dpi）呈现由虫卵向其周围肉芽肿组织扩散现象,提示该分子在血吸虫肉芽肿形成与发展过
程中具有重要作用。
     

DNA vaccine pCD-Sj32 and its efficacy of protective immunity against infection of Schistosoma japonicum

Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍｉａｓｉｓｉｓａｇｒｏｕｐｏｆｓｅｖｅｒｅｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓｉｎｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓａｎｄｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａｎｉｍａｌｓ．ＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏＷＨＯｄａｔａ（１９９０）,ｗｉｔｈａｐｒｅｖａｌｅｎｃｅｏｆ２００ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｐｅｏｐｌｅｉｎｆｅｃｔｅｄａｎｄｓｏｍｅ２００ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓｄｅａｔｈｓｐｅｒｙｅａｒ．ＳｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍｉａｓｉｓｒｅｍａｉｎｓａｍａｊｏｒｈｅａｌｔｈｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｗｏｒｌｄｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇＣ…     

日本血吸虫DNA疫苗的构建及其保护性免疫的研究

为探讨血吸虫ＤＮＡ疫苗保护性免疫效果,首先构建、鉴定和表达日本血吸虫ＤＮＡ疫苗（ｐＣＤ－Ｓｊ３２）。实验结果表明：ｐＣＤ－Ｓｊ３２免疫ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠能诱导产生抗日本血吸虫感染免疫力,减虫率为３５．６％～４４．４％,减卵率为３９．４％～６９．０％;１００μｇＤＮＡ一次肌肉注射,免疫后８周攻击感染组的效果好;ＣＤ８＋Ｔ淋巴细胞、ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ和ＩＮＦ－γ可能在血吸虫病免疫功能调控中起重要作用;ｐＣＤ－Ｓｊ３２能诱导宿主产生高滴度特异性抗体,并在体外能介导巨噬细胞产生抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒性（ＡＤＣＣ）免疫效应。结果提示,ｐＣＤ－Ｓｊ３２有可能发展为新的预防血吸虫病的亚单位疫苗。     

Intestinal schistosomiasis among children in a labour village of Wonji Sugar Estate, Ethiopia

A survey for transmission of schistosomiasis was carried out in one of the labour villages of Wonji Sugar Estate, Ethiopia. Little or no schistosomiasis was present prior to establishment of this irrigation scheme. The survey revealed that 82% of the children between 5-14 years were now excreting S. mansoni eggs, and high intensities of egg excretion were observed (geometric mean intensity 377 eggs/g faeces, with 26% excreting greater than or equal to 1000 eggs/g). Large numbers of Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails were discovered in the irrigation canals near the village, of which 5% were shedding schistosome cercariae. No cases of urinary schistosomiasis were seen, although intermediate hosts of this infection were present. Poor maintenance of sanitary and water supply facilities, combined with a lack of community involvement in the control measures, were identified as major contributors to the dramatic rise in transmission. All children infected with S. mansoni were treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight). A follow up one month after chemotherapy indicated a cure rate of 69% and a reduction in geometric mean egg output of 77%.     

紫外线照射日本血吸虫尾蚴疫苗保护性抗原的筛选

目的：分析经紫外线照射处理后日本血吸虫尾蚴蛋白的差异性表达，并从中筛选出有效的保护性抗原组分。方法：收集尾蚴，制备抗原，进行SDS-PAGE电泳后，转印至硝酸纤维素膜上，与照射尾蚴免疫血清和正常感染血清分别进行免疫印渍(Western blot)试验，比较两反应条带的差异性，筛选出惟有免疫血清所能识别的特有的抗原组分，并测定其分子量。结果：在童虫抗原中发现一条能被免疫血清所识别的特异性抗原条带，并测得其分子量为75kDa。结论：紫外线照射致弱尾蚴可诱导宿主产生特异性抗体，被该抗体所识别的抗原分子量为75kDa。