2014—2019年中国梅毒流行趋势与特征分析

【摘要】 目的 分析2014—2019年中国梅毒流行趋势和特征,为制定防治对策提供依据。方法 应用描述性流行病学方法对2014—2019年中国梅毒报告病例数据进行“三间分布”分析。结果 2014—2019年,梅毒报告发病率由30.93/10万增长至38.37/10万,年均增长4.41%;其中一期与二期梅毒、胎传梅毒报告发病率年均下降10.95%和26.16%,三期梅毒和隐性梅毒年均增长1.61%和10.75%。高发省份为新疆、青海、浙江、海南和福建等。各年男性梅毒报告发病率略低于女性,男女性别比为0.86∶1～0.96∶1。15～19岁组呈逐年快速增长趋势,年均增长13.54%。2014—2018年梅毒高发年龄段为25～34岁,2019年为20～24岁。各职业人群均有病例报告,以农民和民工最多,占41.19%～46.80%,学生人群增幅最大,年均增长20.72%。一期与二期梅毒构成比逐年减少,隐性梅毒构成比逐年增加,2019年达82.95%。结论 2014—2019年中国梅毒总报告发病率逐年增长,一期和二期梅毒报告发病率下降;年轻人群报告发病率快速增长;农民、民工为重要受影响人群;高发地区为西北部分地区和东南沿海部分省份。     

Clinical manifestations of early syphilis by HIV status and gender: results of the syphilis and HIV study

BACKGROUND: Despite reports of unusual clinical presentations and therapeutic responses among HIV-infected patients with syphilis, syphilis has not been regarded as a serious opportunistic infection that predictably progresses among most HIV-coinfected patients. GOAL: To define and describe differences in the presentation and response to treatment of early syphilis among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients, to describe any differences by gender, and to determine if clinical presentation of central nervous system involvement predicted serologic failure. DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of enhanced versus standard therapy to compare the benefit of enhanced therapy, the clinical importance of central nervous system involvement, and the clinical manifestations of early syphilis infection among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. RESULTS: The median number of ulcers was significantly greater among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients, as was the percent of HIV-infected patients with multiple ulcers. Among patients diagnosed with secondary syphilis, a higher percentage of HIV-infected patients presented with genital ulcers [13/53 (25%)] than did HIV-uninfected patients [27/200 (14%)]. No differences between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients were detected for other secondary syphilis manifestations. Although women presented more frequently with secondary syphilis than did men, no other gender differences in clinical manifestations were noted. Neurologic complaints were reported most frequently among patients with secondary syphilis [103/248 patients (42%)] compared with patients with primary syphilis [32/136 (24%)] and early latent syphilis [48/ 142, (34%)] (P < 0.05), but no differences in neurologic complaints were apparent by HIV status or CSF abnormalities. No neurologic complaints were significantly associated with serologic treatment failures at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, HIV infection had a small effect on the clinical manifestations of primary and secondary syphilis. Compared with HIV-uninfected patients, HIV-infected patients with primary syphilis tended to present more frequently with multiple ulcers, and HIV-infected patients with secondary syphilis presented with concomitant genitals ulcers more frequently.     

Epidemiology of infectious syphilis in Singapore.

The incidence of early infectious syphilis in Singapore rose from 8.7 per 100,000 in 1980 to 25 per 100,000 in 1984. In this epidemiological study of 100 patients with early syphilis, 70 were men, the mean age was 31.7 (range 17 to 68) years, 25 patients had primary syphilis, 47 secondary syphilis, and the remaining 28 had early latent syphilis. Female prostitutes were cited as sources of infection by 46 and homosexual contacts by 11. Reduced herd immunity, decreased use of penicillin, greater population movement, and decreased surveillance and awareness have contributed to this rise in infectious syphilis.     

2010-2019年山东省梅毒流行特征分析

目的：了解山东省梅毒流行特征及趋势,为梅毒防治措施的制定提供科学依据。方法：对2010-2019年山东省16个地级市报告的梅毒病例资料进行流行病学分析,描述梅毒报告病例的三间分布,计算发病率、构成比、年均增长率,采用χ2趋势检验分析梅毒的发病趋势。结果：山东省梅毒报告发病率由2010年6.15/105增至2019年20.24/105,呈逐年增长趋势（χ2=12475.40,P<0.01）,年均增长率为14.15%。其中,隐性梅毒占比增长最快,由2010年的31.98%增至2019年的74.28%。高发地区为鲁东半岛的威海市、青岛市及鲁南地区的枣庄市,年均报告发病率在20/105以上。各年女性报告病例数均多于男性,男女性别比为0.89∶1。从年龄分布来看,20~35岁人群梅毒报告病例数占比最多,占总病例数的39.41%;60~79岁人群报告发病率增速最快,年均增长率为22.82%。20类职业中,农民报告病例数最多,占43.94%。结论：山东省梅毒报告发病率呈较快增长,其中隐性梅毒增长尤为迅速。需加强梅毒筛查和防治,特别是高发地区及高发人群。     

Estimates of primary and secondary syphilis rates in persons with HIV in the United States, 2002

BACKGROUND: In the United States, there is a high rate of HIV coinfection in persons with syphilis. GOAL: The goal of this study was to estimate the rate of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis in persons living with HIV in the United States in 2002. STUDY: We approximated the number of new cases of P&S syphilis in HIV-infected persons and divided this by the estimated number of persons living with HIV. Values for the calculations were obtained from national syphilis and HIV/AIDS surveillance reports and other published sources. RESULTS: We estimated the rate of new cases of P&S syphilis at 186 per 100,000 persons living with HIV in 2002, 25 per 100,000 HIV-infected women, 60 per 100,000 HIV-infected men who have sex with women only, and 336 per 100,000 HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Of the 6862 reported cases of P&S syphilis in 2002, an estimated 1718 (25%) occurred in persons coinfected with HIV. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated rate of P&S syphilis in persons with HIV is considerably higher than that of the general population. These findings highlight the importance of providing sexually transmitted disease prevention and control services to HIV-infected persons.     

2000—2013年中国梅毒流行特征与趋势分析

【摘要】 目的 了解中国梅毒流行特征及趋势,为制定控制对策提供依据。 方法 对2000—2013年31个省、自治区和直辖市报告的梅毒病例资料进行流行病学分析。 结果 梅毒报告发病率由2000年6.43/10万增至2013年32.86/10万,年均增长13.37%。除少数边远山区外,99%县区均有梅毒病例报告,但不同地区梅毒发病差异很大。高发地区主要为西北地区（新疆、青海、宁夏）、闽江地区、长江三角洲（浙江、上海）、珠江三角洲（广西、广东）等。既往梅毒报告发病较低的地区（如贵州、陕西、河南等）近年出现较快增长。报告病例数女性多于男性,男女性别比平均为0.92 ∶ 1。20 ～ 39岁为高发年龄段,但 > 60岁各年龄组增幅 > 30%。在20种职业中,报告病例以农民最多,占31.56%,离退休人员增幅最大（年均增长27.35%）。一期与二期梅毒所占构成比逐年减少,隐性梅毒增长 > 50%。 结论 梅毒已成为重要的公共卫生问题之一,需要根据梅毒流行特点采取有效的控制措施。     

2004-2009年广西天峨县梅毒、淋病、AIDS/HIV疫情分析

目的了解天峨县近6年法定传染病中的梅毒、淋病、艾滋病(AIDS)和HIV阳性病例情况,分析其流行特征和规律,为制定防治策略和措施提供科学依据。方法收集该县2004-2009年的法定传染病梅毒、淋病、AIDS/HIV阳性病例疫情资料,采用Excel软件进行统计分析。结果全县近6年报告梅毒、淋病、AIDS和HIV阳性病例共382例,人群发病率为36.38/10万,女性高于男性,其中梅毒98例,人群发病率为9.33/10万;淋病265例,人群发病率为25.24/10万;AIDS6例(死亡1例)、HIV阳性13例(死亡2例),人群发病率为1.81/10万。以上4种疾病高发年龄在25～34岁年龄组。农民发病人数占49.48%。4种疾病病例数近几年呈逐年上升趋势,特别是梅毒和HIV阳性病例上升较明显。结论该县梅毒、淋病、AIDS/HIV阳性病例不断增多,其防治任务仍然严峻。     

High rates of syphilis among STI patients are contributing to the spread of HIV-1 in India

BACKGROUND: Recent syphilis outbreaks have raised concern regarding the potential enhancement of HIV transmission. The incidence of syphilis and its association with HIV-1 infection rates among a cohort of sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic attendees was investigated. METHODS: 2732 HIV-1 seronegative patients attending three STI and one gynaecology clinic, were enrolled from 1993-2000 in an ongoing prospective cohort study of acute HIV-1 infection in Pune, India. At screening and quarterly follow up visits, participants underwent HIV-1 risk reduction counselling, risk behaviour assessment and HIV/STI screening that included testing for serological evidence of syphilis by RPR with TPHA confirmation. Patients with genital ulcers were screened with dark field microscopy. RESULTS: Among 2324 participants who were HIV-1 and RPR seronegative at baseline, 172 participants were found to have clinical or laboratory evidence of syphilis during follow up (5.4 per 100 person years, 95% CI 4.8 to 6.5 per 100 person years). Independent predictors of syphilis acquisition based on a Cox proportional hazards model included age less than 20 years, lack of formal education, earlier calendar year of follow up, and recent HIV-1 infection. Based on a median follow up time of 11 months, the incidence of HIV-1 was 5.8 per 100 person years (95% CI 5.0 to 6.6 per 100 person years). Using a Cox proportional hazards model to adjust for known HIV risk factors, the adjusted hazard ratio of HIV-1 infection associated with incident syphilis was 4.44 (95% CI 2.96 to 6.65; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A high incidence rate of syphilis was observed among STI clinic attendees. The elevated risk of HIV-1 infection that was observed among participants with incident syphilis supports the hypothesis that syphilis enhances the sexual transmission of HIV-1 and highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of syphilis.     

近10年梅毒血清固定患者临床分析

目的：研究梅毒血清固定现象及其相关影响因素。方法：回顾过去10年的梅毒患者资料,所有患者均采用苄星青霉素240万U（每周1次,连续3次）肌内注射治疗,统计梅毒血清固定的发生率和形成时间,用多因素逐步回归方法分析梅毒血清固定与患者年龄、性别、梅毒分期、血清快速血浆反应素（RPR）试验初始滴度等因素的关系,并作前、后5年的比较。结果：423例梅毒患者2年内RPR试验阴转率为82．5％,有74例（17．5％）出现血清固定,其中一期梅毒血清固定发生率为3．8％,二期梅毒为17．5％,潜伏梅毒为40．5％;多因素逐步回归分析结果表明,梅毒分期是与血清固定发生有显著性意义的相关因素,在过去10年中,后5年各期梅毒患者的血清固定发生率都有不同程度增加,特别是潜伏梅毒患者的血清固定发生率显著增高（P＜0．01）。结论：病期不明的潜伏梅毒增多是后5年潜伏梅毒患者血清固定发生率显著增高的主要原因,加强对潜伏梅毒的筛查和及时治疗是减少梅毒血清固定形成的关键。     

Increases in gonorrhea and sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men: a 12-year trend analysis at the Denver Metro Health Clinic

BACKGROUND: Recent increases in rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and decreases in safe sex behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in several American and European cities have been noted by researchers. It has been suggested that these trends are the result of perceptions that HIV/AIDS is less serious because of the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). GOAL: The goal of the study was to examine trends in STD rates and risk behaviors among MSM and men who have sex with women (MSW) visiting a public STD clinic in Denver and to determine whether there is an ecological association with the availability of HAART. STUDY DESIGN: This is a two-part retrospective analysis of male visits to the Denver Metro Health Clinic (DMHC). The first part describes gonorrhea and early (primary and secondary) syphilis trends among MSM between 1982 and 2001. For the second part, data were grouped into two 6-year time periods to represent pre-HAART and post-HAART time frames, 1990 to 1995 and 1996 to 2001. RESULTS: Gonorrhea and early syphilis cases among MSM declined precipitously between 1982 and 1988 and then stabilized at low rates. The proportion of male visits to the clinic made by MSM decreased from 14.1% in 1990 to 7.2% in 1995 and then increased to 13.0% in 2001. Gonorrhea positivity rates among MSM increased after 1995 and were significantly higher in the period 1996 to 2001 (12.9%) than in the period 1990 to 1995 (8.1%; P<0.0001). Conversely, gonorrhea rates among MSW dropped from 11.2% in the first period to 6.9% in the second (P<0.0001). Among MSM known to be HIV-infected, gonorrhea rates increased from 11.6% in the first time period to 24.0% in the second period (P<0.0001). Reports of anal sex among MSM increased from 64.4% to 70.9% (P<0.0001). Reporting more than one sex partner increased for MSM from 65.2% to 70.3% (P<0.0001), but it significantly decreased from 52.6% to 46.2% for MSW (P<0.0001). No or inconsistent condom use increased from 60.9% to 63.0% for MSM (P=NS) and decreased from 85.1% to 82.4% among MSW (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These trends appear to reflect a change toward higher risk-taking behaviors among MSM but not MSW since the time HAART became available and raise concerns about the potential for increased HIV transmission in this group.     

Increase in sexually transmitted infections among homosexual men in Amsterdam in relation to HAART

OBJECTIVES: We investigated if a rise in rectal gonorrhoea and early syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Amsterdam coincided with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) in July 1996 and determined risk factors for these sexually transmitted infections (STI). METHODS: Subjects were patients of the STI clinic of the municipal health service in Amsterdam. Surveillance data (1994-9) represented consultations (n=11 240) of MSM (n=6103). For analyses we used logistic regression. RESULTS: Comparing the periods before and after the introduction of HAART, the infection rate for rectal gonorrhoea increased from 4% to 5.4% (p=.001) and for syphilis, from 0.5% to 0.8% (p = 0.050). Independent risk factors for rectal gonorrhoea (younger age, western nationality, and concurrent infection with another STI) and for early syphilis (non-western nationality and concurrent infection with rectal gonorrhoea) did not change after HAART became available. For rectal gonorrhoea, however, the infection rate increased only among men who had exclusively homosexual contacts (OR 1.38, p<0.01), compared with bisexual men. For early syphilis, the infection rate increased only among men of western nationality (OR 3.38, p<0.01) compared to men of non-western nationality. CONCLUSIONS: Infection rates of rectal gonorrhoea and early syphilis increased, indicating a change in sexual behaviour, possibly as a result of the introduction of HAART. For now, it is important to find out how sexual behaviour is changing and to keep monitoring trends in STIs (including HIV) among MSM in Amsterdam.     

1990年至1994年全国38个城市监测点梅毒流行病学调查报告

为了全面地了解我国梅毒发生、发展和分布的特点及流行的规律,为制订控制梅毒的对策提供科学依据,我们于1990～1994年对全国38个城市监测点用统一的方法、步骤和表格作了连续五年的梅毒发病情况的调查.总计发现梅毒病例5078例,占STD构成比为1.34%,平均年发病率为0.94/10万,平均年增长率为23.06%,男性平均年发病率为1.09/10万,女性平均年发病率为0.75/10万.我国目前流行的主要是早期梅毒,占94.70%,其中一期梅毒20.16%,二期梅毒46.51%,早期隐性梅毒28.10%;此外,三期梅毒为2.10%,先天梅毒为0.70%.以20～29岁和30～39岁年龄组发病率最高,分别为1.80/10万和1.56/10万.从职业分析以个体者、待业者、驾驶员发病率为最高.我国梅毒发病率较高的地区,北方是新疆、陕西、甘肃和天津,南方是福州、桂林、杭州、南宁和海口一些旅游城市,尤其是南方城市近年来呈明显上升之趋势.作者认为:必须继续进行对我国梅毒流行的监测,加强提高梅毒诊断技术和治疗方法,加强长效青霉素制剂的生产和供应,以保证梅毒防治工作的开展.     

广州市1990—1999年梅毒流行特征分析

目的：对1990－1999年广州市性病梅毒流行特征及趋势进行病学分析。方法：采用广州市监测点梅毒疫情资料分两个5年段（1990－1994年和1995－1999年）进行统计分析。结果：广州市梅毒发病率呈逐年上升趋势,前5年发病率为1．00／10万,后5年上升到28．44／10万,上升幅度为27．44％,梅毒各期的比例前后5年发生显改变,前5年梅毒增长呈持续缓慢增长,后5年出现了快速增长和基本稳定两个阶段,男女比例在Ⅰ期,Ⅱ期梅毒中无发生变化。     

2012-2018年宁波市鄞州区HIV阳性患者梅毒感染及影响转归的相关因素

目的：了解HIV阳性患者梅毒感染情况及影响转归的相关因素。方法：收集2012-2018年间在我院皮肤性病门诊就诊的HIV感染阳性并行梅毒检测患者的资料,分析梅毒患病感染情况及治疗转归效果。结果：480例HIV阳性患者中梅毒感染率为25%,多因素logistic回归结果显示本组患者梅毒感染的危险因素为年龄在21~30岁之间、同性传播、性伴人数大于2、有不安全注射史及未接受HAART治疗;多因素Cox回归结果显示性伴人数大于2人、有不安全注射史、未接受HAART治疗、CD4+T细胞数量,梅毒患病时的TRUST初始滴度和临床用药选择则是梅毒转归的危险因素。结论：HIV阳性患者中梅毒感染率高,影响转归的因素包括性伴人数、不安全注射史、未接受HAART治疗等。     

AIDS mortality may have contributed to the decline in syphilis rates in the United States in the 1990s

BACKGROUND: The mortality associated with AIDS among men may have had an influence on primary and secondary syphilis trends among men in the United States, through the loss of men at high risk for acquisition or transmission of syphilis in this population and/or by prompting safer sexual behaviors in response to the threat of AIDS. GOAL: The goal of this study was to examine the association between AIDS mortality rates and primary and secondary syphilis incidence rates among men in the United States from 1984 to 1997. STUDY DESIGN: We used a fixed-effects regression analysis of state-level AIDS mortality rates and primary and secondary syphilis incidence rates for men. RESULTS: Our analysis showed a significant association between higher AIDS mortality and lower rates of syphilis incidence, after we controlled for confounding factors. Our model estimates suggested that every 20 AIDS deaths per 100,000 adult men are associated with declines of about 7% to 12% in syphilis incidence rates among men. CONCLUSION: Increases in AIDS-associated mortality may have accounted for one-third to one-half of the decline in syphilis rates among men in the early 1990s. Recent declines in AIDS mortality in the United States may have contributed to the recent outbreaks of syphilis, particularly among men who have sex with men. Our findings underscore the importance of providing STD prevention services to men with HIV infection and the need for STD surveillance in communities at risk for syphilis outbreaks.     

妊娠合并梅毒临床病例分析

目的：总结妊娠合并梅毒病例的临床特点及产前梅毒筛查情况，研究梅毒治疗时间对妊娠结果的影响。方法：对我院1998年4月—2002年4月间妊娠合并梅毒的病例进行回顾性分析。结果：妊娠合并梅毒病例30例，占住院分娩病例总数的0．49％。潜伏梅毒病25例，占83．3％；Ⅰ期梅毒、Ⅱ期梅毒及妊娠前驱梅治疗后血清固定的病例各占3．3％、6．7％、6．7％。晚期妊娠发现梅毒病例中，死胎或畸胎6例，先天性梅毒婴儿3例，远多于妊娠早期及中期发现梅毒的病例。结论：妊娠合并梅毒病例的临床表现以潜伏梅毒为主。治疗梅毒的时间对妊娠结局有一定影响。     

Analysis of the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in 1987

In 1987 the number of cases of early symptomatic syphilis increased by 1.5% to 1211 cases (3.2 per 100 thousand). Early asymptomatic syphilis was diagnosed in 2.5 per 100 thousand of the population, that is 5% less than in the preceding year. In all, 2136 cases of early syphilis were recorded, that is 1% less than in the preceding year, and the incidence was 5.7 per 100 thousand. The incidence of gonorrhoea decreased by 23% to 7665 cases, that is 20.3 per 100 thousand, the lo-west incidence after World War II. The male/female sex ratio was 3.4:1. The incidence of non-gonococcal urethritis was 16% lower in men, that is 26.6 per 100 thousand of men. The ratio of NGU to gonorrhoea was 82:100. Anti-HIV antibodies were detected in 1987 in another 32 Polish citizens (since 1985 they were found in 52 Polish citizens) and 7 foreigners, 3 of whom left Poland. Homosexual and bisexual males prevailed (23), 14 were haemophiliacs, 9 were women (5 prostitutes). Two new cases of AIDS were found (three in all), all three patients died.     

452例梅毒患者的临床分析

目的:了解梅毒的发病及临床特点,以探求及早控制本病的措施。方法:对本院1997年1月-2002 年12月间的452例梅毒患者的临床资料进行整理和临床分析。结果:452例梅毒中一期梅毒174例,占38.5%, 二期梅毒198例,占43.8%,一、二期梅毒共存者6例,占1.3%。潜伏期(隐性)梅毒74例,占16.4%。结论:正规足量的驱梅药物治疗,一期梅毒治愈恢复明显快于二期梅毒。     

Active syphilis in HIV infection: a multicentre retrospective survey. The German AIDS Study Group (GASG).

OBJECTIVE: To study syphilis in HIV infection focusing on immunocompromised patients with an atypical or aggressive clinical course of syphilis, inappropriate serological reactions or an unreliable response to therapy. STUDY DESIGN: A multicentre retrospective chart review using a standardised questionnaire for all patients with active syphilis. SETTINGS: Thirteen dermatological and medical centres throughout Germany, all members of the German AIDS Study Group (GASG). PATIENTS: Clinical data of 11,368 HIV infected patients have been analysed for cases of active syphilis requiring treatment. Asymptotic patients with reactive serological parameters indicating latent syphilis without a need for treatment were excluded. RESULTS: Active syphilis was reported in 151 of 11,368 HIV infected patients (1.33%, range per centre 0.3%-5.1%). Most of the 151 syphilis patients were male (93%) and belonged to the homosexual or bisexual exposure category for HIV infection (79%); another 6% were iv drug users. Among the 151 syphilis patients primary syphilis was diagnosed in 17.2%, maculopapular secondary syphilis in 29.1%, ulcerating secondary syphilis in 7.3%, neurosyphilis in 16.6% and latent seropositive syphilis without clinical symptoms but serological abnormalities indicating active syphilis in 25.2%. A history of prior treatments for syphilis was reported in 50%. At the time of syphilis diagnosis 26.5% of the patients were in CDC stage II, 33.8% in stage III and 24.5% in stage IV of HIV disease (CDC classification 1987). CD4 cell count was lowest in those with ulcerating secondary syphilis (mean 307, SD 140/microliters) and neurosyphilis (351, SD 235/ microliters). The highest CD4 count was found in patients with early primary and early secondary syphilis (444, SD 163/microliters and 470, SD 355/microliters). Inappropriate serological response to syphilis infection was found in 81 of 151 patients (54%). Remarkable findings were false negative VDRL titres (11 patients with non primary syphilis), false negative TPHA (1) or 19S-IgM-FTA-ABS-tests (16), and strongly reactive VDRL (> or = 512, 8) or TPHA titres (> or = 10 240, 47). Treatment failures were reported in at least 6 of 151 cases (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Atypical clinical and serological courses of syphilis were observed in HIV infected patients. Ulcerating secondary syphilis with general symptoms ("malignant syphilis") was 60 times more frequent than in historic syphilis series. Neurosyphilis was found in one sixth of those with active syphilis. Therefore lumbar puncture should be considered a routine in coinfections with HIV and syphilis. Treatment efficacy should be monitored carefully.     

A consequence of the syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM): neurosyphilis in Los Angeles, 2001-2004

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology and clinical findings of neurosyphilis (NS) cases diagnosed during the current syphilis epidemic occurring predominantly among men who have sex with men. METHODS: Syphilis cases reported to the health department were reviewed for diagnosis of NS, cerebrospinal fluid venereal disease research laboratory results, and/or treatment for NS. RESULTS: During 2001-2004, 7083 cases of syphilis were diagnosed in Los Angeles. One hundred nine cases of confirmed or probable NS occurring among persons aged 19 to 65 years were identified during this period (1.5%). Symptomatic NS was present in 1.2% of reported syphilis cases (86 of 7083). NS cases were inclusive of 71 (65%) men who have sex with men. Forty-two (49%) of the symptomatic NS cases occurred during secondary (N = 28) or early latent (N = 14) syphilis. Sixty-eight percent (N = 74) of the NS cases were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. The estimated incidence of symptomatic NS among HIV-infected persons with early syphilis was 2.1% as compared with 0.6% among HIV-negative persons. CONCLUSION: Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for NS among patients with syphilis, particularly those with HIV infection.