T_1、T_2肺鳞癌及腺癌淋巴结转移特点及其临床意义

目的　研究T1、T2 肺鳞及腺癌淋巴结转移频度、分布范围及特点 ,为广泛清扫提供依据。　方法　按Naruke肺癌淋巴结分布图对 2 5 4例T1、T2 肺鳞癌及腺癌施行了手术切除及广泛肺内、叶间及纵隔淋巴结清扫术并对其进行统计分析。　结果　清除淋巴结 16 85组。N1淋巴结转移率 2 0 0 % ,N2 淋巴结转移率为 10 2 %。T1、T2 间淋巴结转移率差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 1)。T1鳞癌无N2 转移 ,N2 转移在鳞癌、腺癌分别为 2 2 0 %和 40 9% ,差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 1)。6 4 3%的鳞癌为某 1组N2 转移 ,腺癌≥ 3组转移占 46 2 % ,跳跃式转移占N2 转移的 5 7 5 %。N2 阳性上叶肺癌下纵隔转移占 13 6 % ,N2 阳性的下叶肺癌上纵隔转移占 5 1 6 %。　结论　随着瘤体增大 ,淋巴结转移频度增加 ,腺癌比鳞癌淋巴结转移更加活跃 ,任何部位的肺癌都可跨区域纵隔转移。除T1鳞癌外 ,只有广泛清扫同侧肺内及纵隔淋巴结才能达到根治。     

肺癌淋巴结转移特点的研究

目的：探讨肺癌淋巴结转移频度、分布及特点，为淋巴结清除术提供依据。方法：按Naruke肺癌淋巴结分布图对348例肺癌病人施行根治性手术及系统性淋巴结清除，分析其淋巴结转移特点。结果：3689组淋巴结N1转移率23．4％，N2转移率16．5％。Tis期肺癌无淋巴结转移；T1期以后各期肺癌N1、N2均可见转移；T1期、T2期鳞癌和腺癌N2转移率相比差异有显著性；淋巴结转移频度与T分期直线相关。肺下叶癌较肺上叶癌更容易转移至纵隔。肺上叶癌较肺下叶癌更容易发生跳跃式纵隔转移。结论：淋巴结转移腺癌比鳞癌活跃，小细胞肺癌最活跃，且随着T分期增加而增加；肺癌可跨区域纵隔转移；除T1期鳞癌不进行系统性淋巴结清除亦有可能达到根治目的外，其余类型肺癌均应进行系统性淋巴结清除。     

T1、T2肺鳞癌及腺癌淋巴结转移特点及其临床意义

目的 研究Ｔ１、Ｔ２肺鳞及腺癌淋巴结转移频度、分布范围及特点,为广泛清扫提供依据。方法 按Ｎａｒｕｋｅ肺癌淋巴结分布图对２５４例Ｔ１、Ｔ２肺鳞癌及腺癌施行了手术切除及广泛肺内、叶间及纵阴淋巴结清扫术并对其进行统计分析。结果 清除淋巴结１６８５组。Ｎ１淋巴结转移率２０．０％,Ｎ２淋巴结转移率为１０．２％。Ｔ１、Ｔ２间淋巴结转移率差异有非常显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０１）。Ｔ１鳞癌无Ｎ２转移,Ｎ２转移在鳞癌     

肺鳞癌、腺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的特点

目的 研究原发肺鳞癌及腺癌纵隔淋巴结转移特点,探讨临床意义.方法 对353例原发肺癌施行同侧纵隔淋巴结廓清术,病理检测淋巴结转移频度.结果 清除淋巴结2380组,平均每例6.74组.N2 淋巴结转移率16.2%.T1、T2、T3间淋巴结转移率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).N2转移率在鳞癌、腺癌分别为30.1%、44.1%.64.2% 鳞癌N2转移为某一组淋巴结,腺癌3组以上转移者46.2%.上叶肺癌跨区域N2转移占15.1%,下叶(包括中叶)肺癌跨区域转移占53.1%.跳跃式转移占N2转移的53.7%.结论 肺鳞癌及腺癌纵隔淋巴结转移具有多发性、跳跃性及跨区域性特点.     

直径≤3cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移规律的初步研究

目的探讨直径≤3cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)纵隔淋巴结转移的情况,分析早期周围型NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移的规律。方法 2000年1月1日～2008年12月31日治疗直径≤3cm的周围型NSCLC161例,男89例,女72例,年龄(63.4±10.7)岁,行肺叶切除或肺局限性切除加系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫术,分析其临床特征、病理特点及纵隔淋巴结转移规律。结果全组手术顺利,无死亡及严重并发症发生。肺叶切除153例,肺楔形切除7例,肺段切除1例。全组共清扫淋巴结2456枚,平均每例4.5±1.6组、13.1±7.3枚。术后病理:腺癌99例,鳞癌30例,肺泡细胞癌19例,其他类型肺癌13例。术后TNM分期:ⅠA期50例,ⅠB期62例,ⅡA期6例,ⅡB期10例,ⅢA期33例。N1组淋巴结转移率为23.6%(38/161),N2组转移率为20.5%(33/161),其中隆突下淋巴结转移率为8.1%(13/161),跳跃式纵隔转移率为6.8%(11/161),全组未发现下纵隔淋巴结转移。肺泡细胞癌及直径≤2cm的鳞癌、直径≤1cm的腺癌均无pN2转移。上肺癌发生pN2转移时上纵隔100%(19/19)受累,其中21.1%(4/19)同时伴有隆突下淋巴结转移;下肺癌则除主要转移至隆突下外(64.3%,9/14),还常直接单独转移至上纵隔(35.7%,5/14)。转移的纵隔淋巴结左肺癌主要分布在第5、6、7组,右肺癌主要分布在第3、4、7组。结论对于直径≤3cm的周围型NSCLC,肿瘤直径越大,其纵隔淋巴结转移率越高,肺泡细胞癌、直径≤2cm的鳞癌和≤1cm的腺癌其纵隔淋巴结转移率相对较低;上肺癌主要转移在上纵隔,下肺癌则隆突下及上纵隔均可转移;第5、6、7组淋巴结是左肺癌主要转移的位置,第3、4、7组是右肺癌主要转移的位置,术中应重点清扫。     

胃癌浸润深度及组织学类型与淋巴结转移的关系

目的探讨胃癌浸润深度及组织学类型与淋巴结转移的关系，为临床进行合理的淋巴结清扫范围提供依据。方法回顾性分析1994年6月至1998年1月行根治性切除手术的268例胃癌患者的病理资料，统计胃癌浸润深度及组织学类型与淋巴结转移之间的关系。结果胃癌浸润深度在T1、T2、T3和T3时的淋巴结转移率分别为4．6％、53．1％、78．7％和100％，依次呈递增趋势（P〈0．01）。未分化癌、黏液腺癌、低分化腺癌、分化型腺癌和印戒细胞癌的淋巴结转移率分别为100％、66．7％、77．8％、48．8％和33．3％（P〈0．01）。N0、N1、N2和N3患者的5年生存率分别为84．3％、30．1％、9．1％和0，各组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论胃癌的浸润深度及组织学类型与淋巴结转移相关，而淋巴结转移情况与患者的5年生存率密切相关。     

直径≤3cm的周围型肺腺癌淋巴结转移分析

目的探讨原发性周围型小肺腺癌(直径≤3cm)淋巴结转移的规律,为治疗方案的制定提供参考。方法自1990年1月至2009年1月期间,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院胸外科手术治疗肿瘤最大直径(CT测量)≤3 cm的周围型原发性肺腺癌288例,其中男223例,女65例;年龄30~73岁。288例患者诊断均经病理检查证实,临床诊断淋巴结转移的标准为最小直径大于1.0 cm(CT)。手术方式:肺叶切除术264例,肺袖式切除术22例,肺楔形切除术2例;纵隔淋巴结清扫方式为系统纵隔淋巴结清扫或采样。结果 288例中发生淋巴结转移142例(49.30%),其中术后分期为N190例(31.25%),N252例(18.06%)。不同原发部位的淋巴结转移率:右肺46.67%(77/165),左肺56.10%(69/123);肿瘤直径小于1 cm者淋巴结转移率为22.22%(2/9),1~2 cm之间者为39.44%(28/71),2~3 cm之间者为53.84%(112/208),三者间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。直径小于1 cm者未发现N2转移,1~2 cm之间者N2阳性率为14.08%(10/71),2~3 cm之间者N2阳性率为20.19%(42/208),三者间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.01,P0.01)。结论周围型小肺腺癌肺门及纵隔淋巴结转移常见,尤其是右肺上叶肺癌。直径大小对腺癌淋巴结转移发生率有明显的影响,但即便直径小于2 cm,淋巴结转移仍有很大的风险。术前应尽可能获得准确的N分期,如不能在术前确定N分期,对直径1 cm以上的肺腺癌术中应常规进行纵隔淋巴结清扫,否则难以获得准确的分期,亦难以达到根治性切除。     

肺癌跳跃式纵隔淋巴结转移的临床病理探讨

目的　探索肺癌跳跃式纵隔淋巴结转移的病理特点 ,为合理施行淋巴结清除术提供可靠的理论依据。方法　 1992年 10月至 1998年 6月 ,为 398例肺癌病人施行了根治性肺切除、规范淋巴结清除术 ,对其中 4 7例 ( 2 9 4 % )跳跃式纵隔转移淋巴结病例进行病理学研究。结果　各型或各叶肺癌中 ,跳跃式转移淋巴结分布最密集的部位依次是第 7、4、3、5组淋巴结 ,分别占 2 9 8%、2 4 5 %、14 9%与10 6 % ;就鳞癌与腺癌而言 ,肿瘤长径在 1cm以内者均无跳跃式淋巴结转移 ,跳跃式淋巴结转移率随长径增加而增加 ;低分化腺癌淋巴结转移率明显高于高分化者 (P <0 0 1) ;发生跳跃式淋巴结转移的肿瘤平均长径鳞癌与腺癌分别为 15 3mm与 9 1mm。结论　对肺癌淋巴结的廓清 ,切勿仅凭手触摸或靠肉眼观察淋巴结大小而盲目判定其是否转移或清除。除T1 中肿瘤长径 <1cm的鳞癌外 ,淋巴结的规范清除应重视其跳跃性 ,原则上必须包括同侧胸腔的肺门及上、下纵隔各组淋巴结 ,尤其要重视跳跃式淋巴结转移分布较密集区域 ,即右侧的第 3、4、7组与左侧的第 4、5、7组淋巴结     

肺癌淋巴结廓清程度对手术根治性的评价

作者近９年来，对３８６例肺癌患者施行了手术切除。术中按成毛韶夫肺癌淋巴结分布图对肺门和同侧纵隔淋巴结进行了广泛廓清。共清除淋巴结２６０３组，平均每例清除６．７４组。淋巴结转移率为４９．２％（１９０／３８６）。单纯Ｎ１４３例，占１１．１％；Ｎ２（包括Ｎ１＋Ｎ２）１４７例，占３８．１％。Ｎ２转移率在鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞癌及大细胞癌分别为３０．１％、４４．１％、４８．０％及５０．０％。肺癌淋巴结转移具有跳跃性和多发性。作者强调只有广泛清除了肺内和纵隔淋巴结才有可能达到根治，否则应被视为非根治术。     

肺癌淋巴结转移规律的临床研究

目的 探讨原发性肺癌淋巴结转移频率,分布范围及特点,为广泛廓清提供依据。方法 按Ｎａｒｕｋｅ肺癌淋巴结分布图对３８６例肺癌病人施行了手术切除及广泛肺门、叶间及纵隔淋巴结廓清术。结果 清除淋巴结２６０３组,Ｎ１淋巴结转移率２０．１％,Ｎ２淋巴结转移率１６．２％。Ｔ１,Ｔ２,Ｔ３间淋巴结经差异非常显著。     

A clinical study of small advanced lung cancer with metastasis to mediastinal lymph node

From January 1981 through December 1989, 15 patients with small advanced lung cancer were treated surgically at the Tenri Hospital. In these cases, the diameter of peripheral lung cancer did not exceed 3.0 cm (T1) and mediastinal lymph nodes were proved to be N2 postoperatively by lymph node dissection or sampling. The histological types were as follows: 8 adenocarcinoma, 4 large cell carcinoma, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 small cell carcinoma, and 1 adenosquamous carcinoma. All but one patient were received postoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The survival rate was 44.5% at 3 years, and median survival time was 36 months. The mediastinal lymph node metastasis with small peripheral lung cancer (T1N2) was ominous, and it should be said that complete mediastinal lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapy were indispensable to small advanced adenocarcinoma of lung.     

Rational lymph node dissection for lung cancer according to the occurrence lobe and histological type]

Between January 1989 and December 1998, 134 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 244 cases of adenocarcinoma underwent surgical resection of the lung with systematic lymph node dissection in our hospital. The cN diagnosis by CT scan and pN diagnosis were compared. In squamous cell carcinoma pN 2-3 cases were only one patient (2%) out of 60 patients with cN 0, 5 patients (18%) out of 28 patients with cN 1, and 21 patients (46%) out of 46 patients with cN 2-3. On the other hand in adenocarcinoma pN 2-3 cases were 27 patients (14%) out of 193 patients with cN 0, 3 patients (25%) out of 12 patients with cN 1, and 24 patients (62%) out of 39 patients with cN 2-3. The pathways of the lymphatic metastases to the mediastinal nodes were analized in 27 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 54 patients with adenocarcinoma undergoing systematic lymph node dissection. All patients had histologically proven mediastinal metastasis. Histologically there was no difference in pathways of the lymphatic metastases to the mediastinal nodes. 1. The dominant lymphatic drainage from the right upper lobe flowed into the superior mediastinal nodes. The direct metastatic passages to the superior mediastinal nodes were observed (47%). Subcarinal and inferior mediastinal node involvement was rare (3%). 2. The dominant lymphatic drainage from the middle and the lower lobe flowed into the subcarinal nodes (85%). The involvement of the superior mediastinal nodes occurred in 53% of subcarinal node positive patients on the right side. 3. The dominant lymphatic drainage from the left upper lobe flowed into the subaortic or paraaortic nodes (69%). Subcarinal and inferior mediastinal node involvement was rare (6%). We conclude that subcarinal and inferior mediastinal lymph node dissection is not necessary for upper lobe lung cancers, and that superior mediastinal lymph node dissection can be omitted in middle and lower lobe lung cancers without hilar and subcarinal lymph node involvement, especially in the cases of cN 0.     

Surgical treatment of lung cancer with mediastinoscopic positive lymph nodes]

There are no definite criteria for the indication of surgery in lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node involvement. During the past 20 years, 100 patients (76 patients with adenocarcinoma and 24 patients with squamous cell carcinoma) have undergone thoracotomy for lung cancer with mediastinoscopic positive lymph nodes at our hospital. Of these, relatively curative resection was performed on 13 patients. The 5-year survival rate in these 13 patients was 28%, which was significantly higher than the 0% in 42 patients with relatively non-curative resection and the 0% in 26 patients with absolutely non-curative resection. The 5-year survival rate was 9% in both T1 (n = 14) patients and T2 (n = 37) patients. No T3 (n = 21) and T4 (n = 9) patients survived 3 years. The 5 year survival rate in patients with squamous cell carcinoma was 12% and that in patients with adenocarcinoma was 0%, but there was no significant difference. The survival rates of T1 and T2 patients were significantly higher than that of T3 patients (p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.005) respectively. Contralateral mediastinal lymph node metastasis (N3) was observed significantly more frequently in patients with adenocarcinoma (38%) than in those with squamous cell carcinoma (13%), but there was no significant difference in the survival rate. In N2 patients, the survival rate was compared between those with mediastinal nodal involvement of an early stage (N2-1) and those with lymph node metastasis of more advanced stage (N2-2) according to the lobe bearing the primary cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)