纤维蛋白胶预防胰腺切除术后胰瘘的临床研究

目的　探讨医用纤维蛋白胶在胰腺切除术中应用对预防术后胰瘘的效果。方法　 2 0 0 2年 2月～ 2 0 0 3年 11月行胰十二指肠联合切除或胰体尾切除术 2 1例 ,术中使用纤维蛋白胶 ;2 0 0 0年 2月～ 2 0 0 2年 1月行胰十二指肠联合切除或胰体尾切除术 18例 ,未使用纤维蛋白胶 ,作为对照。术后 3～ 10d ,观察两组胰瘘发生率 ,并进行对比研究。结果　用胶组 2 1例病人中发生胰瘘 3例 ,发生率为 14 .3% ;未用胶组 18例病人中发生胰瘘 8例 ,发生率为4 4 .4 % ,明显高于用胶组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;2 8例胰十二指肠联合切除术中共发生胰瘘 7例 ,用胶组和未用胶组分别为 2例和 5例 ,两组差异不明显 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;11例胰体尾切除术中发生胰瘘 4例 ,用胶组和未用胶组分别为 1例和 3例 ,两组差异亦不明显 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　纤维蛋白胶减少胰腺术后胰瘘的发生率 ,其使用为预防胰瘘的一种有效手段     

胰十二指肠切除术中胰管置管胰液外引流预防胰瘘的经验和体会

目的探讨应用胰管置管胰液外引流在胰十二指肠切除术后预防胰瘘的价值。方法在36例胰十二指肠切除术中,均采用胰管置管胰液外引流预防胰瘘。结果36例中出现胰瘘1例,经保守治疗痊愈。死亡1例,死亡原因为肾功能衰竭。结论在胰十二指肠切除术中,应用胰管置管胰液外引流可有效地预防胰瘘的发生。     

胰十二指肠切除术后预防胰瘘一种新术式的临床应用

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后一种新术式预防胰瘘的疗效及其并发症和病死率.方法 回顾性分析51例行胰十二指肠切除术后在Child术式基础上经T管胰液外引流预防胰瘘患者的临床资料.结果 51例患者术后发生并发症16例(31.4%),其中肺部感染5例,右胸腔积液3例,消化道出血3例,胃排空延迟2例,局限性腹膜炎2例,腹腔脓肿1例,予相应处理后治愈,无死亡及胰瘘发生.结论 采用稳妥的胰肠吻合,同时经T管胰液外引流,可避免胰肠吻合口处胰液的积聚及胰酶对吻合口的腐蚀,对预防胰瘘疗效满意.     

胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔引流液淀粉酶测定的价值

目的：探讨胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔引流液淀粉酶的测定在胰瘘诊断中的意义。方法：回顾性分析2002年6月至2012年3月泰兴市人医集团收治的77例胰十二指肠切除术病人的临床资料。术后3-5d测定胰肠、胆肠吻合口旁引流液淀粉酶浓度,同时测定血清、T管内胆汁淀粉酶。采用国际国内认可的胰瘘定义对结果进行评估。结果：77例中术后出现胰瘘（ISGPF）34例（44．2％）,其中A级胰瘘22例（28．6％）,B级或C级胰瘘12例（15．6％）。单纯性胰液渗漏22例,胰肠吻合口漏12例,相关死亡5例（6．5％）。结论：术后对胰肠吻合口引流液淀粉酶的监测十分必要,主动结合其他生化指标的监测,可较有效地获知早期胰接的发生及胰瘘的性质,更好地指导临床诊治。     

腹腔镜胰腺手术后胰瘘原因分析及防治

目的：以胰十二指肠切除术为例探讨腹腔镜胰腺手术后胰瘘发生的原因及其防治措施。方法选取2009年8月—2014年5月30例胰十二指肠切除术的临床资料，对其术后并发症的影响因素进行单因素统计学分析，找出胰瘘的相关因素和，提出改进措施。结果30例胰十二指肠切除共发生术后胰瘘9例，发生率30%。该9例胰瘘中术后出现胰瘘者有2例死亡，病死率为22.2%，术后胰瘘的病死率(22.2%)明显高于未出现胰瘘的患者的病死率(4.76%)(P<0.05)。单因素分析显示术中出血量，术中输血量、术后出血和感染为胰瘘发生的相关因素。结论胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生率和病死率较高，在术中进行严密止血，术后预防出血、感染是减少术后胰瘘的重要防治措施。     

捆绑式胰肠吻合术对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防作用

目的　观察捆绑式胰肠吻合术对胰十二指肠切除术 (PD)后胰瘘的预防作用。方法　对 2 0 0 1年以来采用捆绑式胰肠吻合术完成的 2 6例PD与 1993年～ 2 0 0 0年采用其他胰肠吻合方式完成的 82例PD进行回顾性对比分析。结果　全组胰瘘的发生率为 13 9% ( 15 / 10 8) ,其中捆绑式胰肠吻合组无胰瘘发生 ,而胰 -空肠套入式端端吻合组及胰管空肠粘膜端侧吻合组胰瘘的发生率分别为 2 4 6% ( 14 / 5 7)、4 0 % ( 1/ 2 5 ) ,捆绑式胰肠吻合组胰瘘发生率显著低于胰 -空肠套入式端端吻合组 (P <0 0 1) ,而与胰管空肠粘膜端侧吻合组差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　捆绑式胰肠吻合术操作简便 ,预防胰瘘效果可靠 ,值得推广。     

胆汁并胰液外引流在胰头十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的　探讨预防胰头十二指肠切除术后胰、胆漏的发生原因。方法　对 4 8例胰头癌、壶腹癌患者 ,随机分成2组 ,一组为传统Child术式 2 7例 ,另一组为胆汁T管外引流并胰液胶管外引流的Child术式 2 1例。结果　传统Child术式发生胰胆漏 6例 ,引流的Child术式组无胰胆漏发生。结论　胆汁T管外引流并胰液胶管外引流在胰头十二指肠切除术中应用 ,能有效地预防胰、胆漏的发生。     

外引流胆汁和胰液回输对胰十二指肠切除术后患者的影响

目的研究分析外引流胆汁和胰液回输对胰十二指肠切除术后患者的影响,评价其在预防和治疗胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的应用价值。方法93例行胰十二指肠切除术患者根据治疗方法的不同,分成外引流胆汁和胰液回输组（68例）和非回输组（25例）,观察两组患者术前和术后7d肠内营养相关指标、肝脏功能、术后并发症以及住院时间、花费等。结果回输组患者的转氨酶、总胆红素和乳酸脱氢酶降幅与非回输组比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者血清前白蛋白在术后均下降,但回输组患者治疗7d后出现回升,转铁蛋白含量在手术前后变化差异无统计学意义。回输组患者腹部感染发生率2．9％（2／68）低于非回输组的44％（11／25）（P〈0．01）;回输组患者肺部感染率7．3％（5／68）,与非回输组患者48％（12／25）相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;回输组患者胰瘘的发生率1．5％（1／68）低于非回输组[36％（9／25）]（P〈0．01）。回输组的胰液和胆汁日均引流量在术后7d低于非回输组（P〈0．05）。非回输组患者住院时间以及花费较回输组增多（P〈0．05）。结论对胰十二指肠切除术患者进行术后外引流胆汁和胰液回输,可改善肠内营养,促进肝功能的恢复,并降低感染及其并发症,术后患者住院时间缩短,费用减少,具有较高的应用价值。     

胰头十二指肠切除术后吻合胰瘘的防治

胰头十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生率在 10～12 % ,占全部并发症的 4 0 %～ 5 0 %。是导致十二指切除术死亡的主要并发症之一 ,其死亡率可高达 5 0 %以上 ,因而如何防治这一并发的发生 ,至关重要。但至今尚无一种方法能完全预防这种并发症的发生。 1980年以来 ,共行胰头十二指肠切除术 33例 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1·1　一般资料　 33例胰头十二指肠切除术患者 ,男2 6例 ,女 7例 ,30岁～ 2例 ,4 0岁～ 2 0例 ,5 0岁～ 10例 ,>6 0岁 1例。其中胰头癌 2 0例 ,壶腹癌 13例。1·2　手术方法　全部病例按经典Ｗｈｉｐｐｌｅ氏手术方法进行 ,重…     

五点法在胰肠吻合中的应用

胰瘘是胰十二指肠切除术后的严重并发症 ,易并发感染成为术后死亡的重要原因 ,本文介绍五点法胰管空肠黏膜吻合并胰液外引流 ,同时胆肠吻合口置支撑管技术 ,并探讨其在减少胰十二指肠切除术后并发症方面的应用价值。1　资料和方法1.1　临床资料　收集本院自 1991年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年8月完成的胰十二指肠切除术病例 4 7例 ,其中男 30例 ,女 17例 ,年龄 32～ 6 8岁 ,平均年龄 5 4岁。其中A组 2 5例 ,采用五点法胰管空肠黏膜吻合及胆肠吻合口置支撑管技术 ;B组 2 2例 ,采用传统胰十二指肠切除术。1.2　手术方法　B组采用传统胰十二指肠切除术 …     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.