针灸后局部结核感染的实验室检测报告

目的：检测某中医诊所受诊者局部感染病原菌,为探索事件致病原因提供科学依据。方法：采集病人局部感染脓液和痰液标本,进行涂片、分离培养、药敏试验、结核分枝杆菌鉴定等检测。结果：检测46例病人的脓液标本78份,其中48份标本检出人结核分枝杆菌,涉及病例32人,受检病例阳性率为69.57%（32/46）,脓液标本检出率为61.54%（48/78）。检测11例患者痰液标本,9例结核分枝杆菌阳性,阳性率为81.82%（9/11）。9例痰液阳性标本与48份脓液阳性标本结核分枝杆菌鉴定,为同源人结核分枝杆菌。结论：该中医诊所在诊疗过程中陆续引发受诊者针灸部位局部感染,其病原菌为人结核分枝杆菌。为现场流行病学分析致病原因和受感染患者的医疗救治提供了科学依据。     

巢式PCR对颈部分枝杆菌淋巴结炎病原菌鉴定

目的研究颈部分枝杆菌淋巴结炎病原菌的类型以提高疾病的诊断水平。方法选取分枝杆菌性淋巴结炎73例,标本类型为脓液41例,淋巴结组织32例,肺癌淋巴结转移21例,使用巢式PCR扩增热休克蛋白65(hsp65)基因的部分序列,将扩增产物与GENEBANK序列比对,研究分枝杆菌属的类型,同时,对淋巴结标本常规行抗酸染色和改良罗氏培养。结果标本类型为脓液的病例41例,抗酸染色阳性3例,分枝杆菌属培养阳性4例,巢式PCR阳性30例,比对后为结核分枝杆菌28例,脓肿分枝杆菌和偶然分枝杆菌各1例;标本类型为淋巴结组织的病例32例,抗酸染色和分枝杆菌培养均为阴性,巢式PCR阳性14例,比对后全部为结核分枝杆菌;两种标本类型巢式PCR阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);21例肺癌淋巴结转移病例,1例巢式PCR阳性,巢式PCR诊断分枝杆菌性淋巴结炎的敏感性60.3%、特异性95.3%。结论巢式PCR具有较高的敏感性和特异性,可用于临床标本的菌种鉴定。     

淋巴结结核细针穿刺细胞学涂片的检测

目的 探讨细针穿刺细胞学涂片鉴别诊断淋巴结结核的应用及价值.方法 采用10 ml一次性注射器和7号针头抽吸病变部位成分并制片2～3张,用刘氏快速染液染色,普通光学显微镜下观察,根据细胞学诊断标准判断,疑似淋巴结结核者进一步做抗酸染色,对不典型涂片同时检测外周血腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）和结核抗体（TBAb）,并追踪观察.结果 共检测724例,其中诊断为淋巴结结核者324例,占44.7%.结论 细针穿刺细胞学涂片检测在鉴别诊断淋巴结结核中具有重要临床价值.     

4种不同结核分枝杆菌检测方法对结核病的诊断价值比较

目的 利用基因芯片法、金标法检测结核抗体、抗酸染色涂片法及结核菌素试验等方法进行结核分枝杆菌的检测诊断比较,以评价不同方法在结核病诊断中的临床应用价值.方法 用基因芯片法、金标法检测结核抗体、抗酸染色涂片法及结核菌素试验对172例临床病例或临床标本进行同步检测;比较各方法的检出率、灵敏度及特异度的指标.结果 基因芯片法、金标法、抗酸染色法及结核菌素试验检测结核分枝杆菌的阳性率分别为36.0%、50.6%、11.6%和75.6%;4种方法的灵敏度分别为81.6%、73.7%、26.3%和88.2%;特异度分别为100.0%、67.7%、100.0%和34.4%.结论 基因芯片法与金标法、抗酸染色法及结核菌素试验比较,具有简便、快速、敏感性高和特异性强等优点,是临床结核病快速诊断的有效检测方法.     

噬菌体生物扩增法检测肺结核患者痰标本的临床应用价值

目的探讨噬菌体生物扩增法对肺结核临床诊断的应用价值。方法对298例肺结核患者的痰标本,20例非结核性其他肺部疾病患者痰标本进行噬菌体生物扩增法检测,同份标本同时进行涂片抗酸染色、分枝杆菌罗氏培养。结果 298例痰标本有167例噬菌体生物扩增法检测结果阳性,阳性率56.0%;有78例涂片抗酸染色阳性,阳性率26.2%;有129例罗氏培养阳性,阳性率43.3%。结论噬菌体生物扩增法检测肺结核痰标本中结核分枝杆菌只需2d时间,操作简便、灵敏度高、特异性强,可作为诊断肺结核的一种检测方法。     

Xpert MTB/RIF、IGRA与抗酸涂片检测肺结核和肺外结核病的比较

目的 比较结核分枝杆菌及利福平耐药基因检测（Xpert MTB/RIF）、γ-干扰素释放试验（IGRA）和抗酸涂片镜检（抗酸涂片）3种方法检测结核分枝杆菌的优缺点，为临床寻找高效的检测结核分枝杆菌感染的方法。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月—2021年12月秦皇岛市第一医院收治的结核病患者1 093例，将其分为肺结核组（n=665）、肺外结核组（n=428），分析Xpert MTB/RIF、IGRA和抗酸涂片3种方法的检测结果。结果 以培养作为诊断标准，Xpert MTB/RIF诊断肺外结核的敏感性高于肺结核（96.5%>90.9%,P<0.05）,IGRA诊断肺外结核的敏感性高于肺结核（93.8%>82.9%,P<0.05），抗酸涂片对肺外结核的诊断敏感性低于肺结核（10.1%<30.0%,P<0.05）。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析，Xpert MTB/RIF肺结核组曲线下面积大于肺外结核（0.921>0.908）,IGRA肺外结核组曲线下面积大于肺结核组（0.904>0.837），抗酸涂片肺结核组曲线下面积大于肺外结核组曲线下面积...     

荧光定量PCR在结核分枝杆菌检测中的应用价值

目的比较荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR)与抗酸染色、改良罗氏培养法检测结核分枝杆菌的灵敏度和特异性,探讨FQ-PCR检测痰标本中结核分枝杆菌的应用价值。方法对311例临床确诊的肺结核病患者和40例非结核呼吸系统疾病患者的痰标本应用FQ-PCR法、痰涂片抗酸染色法、改良罗氏培养法检测结核分枝杆菌。结果FQ-PCR、抗酸染色法、改良罗氏培养法检测结核分枝杆菌的阳性率分别为47.0%(146/311)、28.3%(88/311)、35.4%(110/311),特异性分别为100.0%、100.0%、95.2%,以FQ-PCR检测的阳性率最高。结论FQ-PCR是一种快速、敏感性高、特异性强的结核分枝杆菌辅助诊断方法,在临床上有重要应用价值。     

骨与关节结核患者病灶感染病原菌检测结果分析

目的分析临床诊断骨与关节结核患者病灶感染病原菌的种类和耐药性,为临床抗结核治疗方案的制定提供参考。方法选取医院收治的临床诊断骨与关节结核并接受手术治疗的患者58例,收集所有患者病灶部位的脓液、坏死组织、肉芽组织等作为标本进行病原菌培养和药敏试验,对比不同临床资料患者的病原菌培养阳性率并分析病原菌的耐药性。结果 58份标本中分枝杆菌属培养阳性率为56.90%;15份抗酸染色阳性的标本中,分枝杆菌属培养阳性率为93.33%,显著高于抗酸染色阴性的标本(P<0.05);31例有结核中毒症状患者的标本中,分枝杆菌属培养阳性率为70.97%,显著高于无结核中毒症状患者的标本(P<0.05);共培养出结核分枝杆菌20株、牛分枝杆菌8株、肺结核分枝杆菌5株;其中12株为耐药株,占36.36%,其对链霉素和异烟肼的耐药率最高,达75.00%,对磺胺甲氧嗪的耐药率最低,为0。结论结核分枝杆菌是骨与关节结核主要的病原菌,分枝杆菌属对链霉素、异烟肼的耐药率较高,临床上应重视药敏试验,以指导临床抗结核药物的选择,提高临床治疗效果,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

支气管肺泡灌洗液应用TB-LAMP对菌阴肺结核的诊断价值

 目的 评估支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）应用结核分枝杆菌环介导等温扩增技术（TB-LAMP）对菌阴肺结核诊断中的应用价值。方法 收集某院2017年12月—2018年11月临床确诊为菌阴肺结核（3次痰涂片阴性且痰培养阴性）的254例患者的资料,所有患者行支气管检查取支气管镜刷检物或BALF标本,同时分为LAMP组（进行涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养、TB-LAMP检测）、GeneXpert组（进行涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养、GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测）。结果 LAMP组和GeneXpert组分别纳入96例、158例菌阴肺结核患者,两组患者性别及年龄比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。LAMP组涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养、TB-LAMP检测阳性率分别为4.17%（4例）、18.75%（18例）、52.08%（50例）;GeneXpert组涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养、GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测阳性率分别为3.80%（6例）、12.66%（20例）、54.43%（86例）。TB-LAMP、GeneXpert MTB/RIF分别与涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。TB-LAMP与GeneXpert MTB/RIF对结核分枝杆菌检测阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义。结论 BALF应用TB-LAMP对菌阴肺结核具有良好的诊断效能,且具有快速、简单、准确及经济等特点,值得在临床进一步推广应用。     

肺结核合并非结核分枝杆菌肺病15例临床检测分析

[目的]探讨肺结核合并非结核分枝杆菌肺病的临床最佳检测方法。[方法]收集福州肺科医院住院或门诊肺结核患者痰标本进行BACTEC960培养,对阳性培养液行涂片抗酸染色检查外,续行胶体金试验、变色液体培养基系统试验、对硝基苯甲酸(PNB)和噻吩-2-羧酸肼(TCH)试验作初筛鉴定,同时行结核感染T细胞斑点实验(T-SPOT.TB)检测。[结果]258份BACTEC 960阳性培养液行3种初筛鉴定方法结果类似(2=3.40,P0.05),结核分枝杆菌胶体金试验因其快速简单的操作而显优势。BACTEC 960培阳肺结核患者T-SPOT.TB检测阳性率为92.1%(152/165);40例非结核分枝杆菌肺病患者均呈阴性;15例肺结核合并非结核分枝杆菌肺病患者均呈阳性。[结论]BACTEC 960培养阳性→涂片抗酸染色→结核分枝杆菌胶体金试验→T-SPOT.TB检测,可用于结核病的快速诊断,且为最佳检测路线图,能早期诊断肺结核合并非结核分枝杆菌肺病。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.