肾移植术后少尿或无尿的诊治体会

报告尸体肾移植术后发生少尿或无尿患者30例,其中有2例无尿时间长达8～12周。均采取严密观察肾脏血供、常规透析、仔细防治排斥反应等并发症的“积极等待”的方法予以治疗,大部分患者移植肾功能均恢复正常;2例长时间无尿的患者亦恢复了正常肾功能,取得了较好的效果。认为彩色多普勒超声对诊断移植肾少尿或无尿有较大帮助,采用“积极等待”的方法治疗肾移植术后的少尿或无尿可取得较好效果。     

Subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic renal allograft dysfunction

We investigated the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) in 25 children with chronic renal allograft dysfunction (13 girls, 12 boys, mean age 15.8±4.2 years) for a treatment period of 9 – 162 (median 43) weeks. rHuEpo was started once weekly at a dose of 105±25 U/kg per week in 16 children, twice weekly at a dose of 175±70 U/kg per week in 6 children, and three times weekly at a dose of 270±28 U/kg per week in 3 children. The hematocrit increased in 21 children from 23.2%±3.1% to 33%±3.1% within 7.2±4.9 weeks at a mean rate of 1.98%/week. The hematocrit increase and rHuEpo starting dose were linearly related (delta hematocrit/week = 0.8+0.08 U/kg per week, r = 0.44, P <0.05). The maintenance dose was 74±23 (43 – 114) U/kg per week. Four children failed to reach the target hematocrit, most likely due to noncompliance. Seventeen recurrences of anemia (“anemic episodes”) during rHuEpo therapy were identified in 12 children, mostly associated with acute or insidious deteriorations in graft function. There was no acceleration of progression of graft dysfunction with rHuEpo treatment. We conclude that subcutaneous rHuEpo at a single weekly dose of 100 IU/kg per week is highly effective in children with chronic graft dysfunction. Children who appear to be rHuEpo resistant or experience rHuEpo-resistant episodes should be assessed for noncompliance, changes in graft function since the last dosage adjustment, and blood loss, such as seen in dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescent girls. Received February 13, 1997; received in revised form and accepted June 26, 1997     

The increasing importance of chronic rejection as a cause of renal allograft failure

A consequence of reducing early graft failure due to acute rejection has been that more patients are at risk of chronic rejection, something which has become an increasingly important cause of graft loss. We examine the graft survival rates and reasons for failure in our unit from 1981 to 1986. Patients were divided into two series according to treatment of acute rejection episodes. From 1983 onwards, by treating acute vascular (poor prognosis) episodes with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), we have significantly improved the 6-month actuarial graft survival rate. However, the percentage of total graft failure due to chronic rejection in this second series has significantly increased. The need for greater understanding of the aetiology of chronic rejection, together with its present unsatisfactory treatment, is discussed.     

The increasing importance of chronic rejection as a cause of renal allograft failure

Abstract. A consequence of reducing early graft failure due to acute rejection has been that more patients are at risk of chronic rejection, something which has become an increasingly important cause of graft loss. We examine the graft survival rates and reasons for failure in our unit from 1981 to 1986. Patients were divided into two series according to treatment of acute rejection episodes. From 1983 onwards, by treating acute vascular (poor prognosis) episodes with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), we have significantly improved the 6-month actuarial graft survival rate. However, the percentage of total graft failure due to chronic rejection in this second series has significantly increased. The need for greater understanding of the aetiology of chronic rejection, together with its present unsatisfactory treatment, is discussed.     

羟苯磺酸钙在肾移植术后移植肾功能不全患者中应用的临床观察

探讨羟苯磺酸钙治疗肾移植术后移植肾功能不全的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2009年9月至2012年2月期间,在解放军总医院泌尿外科进行随访的移植肾功能不全患者,共150例.患者均排除急性排斥反应.所有患者被告知其治疗目的,均取得患者同意.患者均给予羟苯磺酸钙1 000 mg/d,分两次于每日早晚餐间口服,服用1~24个月(中位时间18个月).观察患者羟苯磺酸钙治疗前、治疗后各时间点移植肾功能的变化情况,主要指标包括血清肌酐(Scr)、估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)、血尿素氮(BUN)及血清尿酸等.记录不良反应的发生情况,主要指标包括丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、空腹血糖、总胆固醇及甘油三酯等.结果 服药期间,4例因出现明显的胃肠道反应停药退出研究;2例死亡,死亡原因分别为肺癌转移和猝死.使用羟苯磺酸钙治疗后,移植肾功能基本保持原有水平或比治疗前好转,与治疗前比较,治疗后各时间点的Scr明显降低,eGFR明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).羟苯磺酸钙的主要不良反应为胃肠道反应,大部分患者对治疗能耐受.与治疗前比较,治疗后各时间点的肝功能、血糖、血脂无明显变化.结论 羟苯磺酸钙治疗肾移植术后移植肾功能不全是有效和安全的.     

血液透析和肾移植对尿毒症植物神经病变的影响

对６４例长期维性血液透析和１１例肾移植患者手术前后的心脏植物神经功能进行检测。结果提示：充分的透析可阻止尿毒症植物神经病变的进一步发展，但其改善作用是有限的，且与透析时间长短无关。肾移植则可以逆转植物神经病变，使植物神经功能恢复正常。     

Back-table renal allograft angioscopy and thrombolysis

Poor back-table perfusion of a renal allograft may occur as a result of intravascular thrombosis of the renal artery branches. We herein report such a case where back-table angioscopy was performed to confirm the diagnosis, followed by successful thrombolysis using urokinase under hypothermic conditions.     

肾移植术后Ⅰ型原发性高草酸尿症复发致移植肾功能不全的多学科综合诊疗

目的  探讨肾移植术后Ⅰ型原发性高草酸尿症（PH）复发的临床特点和多学科综合诊疗（MDT）的经验。方法  对1例接受同种异体肾移植手术后不明原因移植肾功能短期内迅速下降的病例进行MDT讨论,总结MDT在诊断罕见遗传性疾病以及提高肾移植受者长期存活中的作用。结果  经MDT讨论,患者确诊为Ⅰ型PH复发,排除排斥反应后恢复常规免疫抑制方案,嘱大量饮水,予优质蛋白和低磷饮食、维生素B6、钙剂等保守治疗措施并积极防治并发症。患者移植肾功能恶化延缓,但仍在肾移植术后5个月恢复规律血液透析至投稿日。结论肾移植术后Ⅰ型PH复发较为罕见,临床主要表现为复发性肾结石,移植肾功能下降,且并发症多,患者预后不良。通过MDT讨论患者病情,明确诊断,确定最佳治疗方案,延缓了病情进展,改善了患者预后。     

零点活检对活体肾移植术后受体肾功能的预测价值

目的探讨活体肾移植供肾零点活检对受体术后1年内移植肾功能的预测价值。方法 149例活体肾移植受者,根据是否同意活检和活检是否发现异常分为3组：未活检组（63例）,活检正常组（58例）和活检异常组（28例）。受体术后平均随访8个月,比较3组间受体术后移植肾功能恢复情况。结果供肾零点活检异常率为33%,其中肾小管炎7例,肾小管萎缩5例,肾小球硬化8例,肾小球钙化3例,肾小球玻璃样变3例,肾间质炎7例,肾间质纤维化1例,系膜增生2例以及小动脉玻璃样变2例（部分病例有一种以上病理改变）。供者年龄与移植前零点活检异常相关（P〈0.05）。从术后1个月之后至术后1年内,活检异常组各时间点受体血清肌酐均高于未活检组和活检正常组（均为P〈0.05）;术后3个月,活检异常组各时间点受体肾小球滤过率均低于未活检组和活检正常组（P〈0.05）,但术后1年内3组各随访时间点的血尿素氮比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后6个月内重复测量趋势分析显示,与活检正常组比较,活检异常组的血清肌酐和肾小球滤过率的变化趋势差异有统计学意义（均为P〈0.05）,活检异常组的血清肌酐与未活检组比较差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论活体供肾零点活检结果对术后1年内特别是术后6个月内移植肾功能有预测价值,具有临床实用性。     

大鼠肾移植模型四种肾静脉重建术式的比较

目的：探讨不同大鼠移植肾静脉重建术式的效果。方法建立大鼠同种异体肾移植模型,根据移植肾静脉重建方式不同将受体大鼠分为4组：32只实验组大鼠采用内支架法行原位端-端吻合;25只对照组Ⅰ大鼠采用原位端-端吻合;22只对照组Ⅱ大鼠采用Cuff管套扎法吻合;20只对照组Ⅲ大鼠采用受体下腔静脉端-侧吻合。比较各组大鼠移植肾静脉重建手术操作时间和静脉吻合口漏血、静脉血栓形成、静脉吻合口狭窄发生情况。结果实验组供肾静脉分离切取用时最短,为（9．1±0．9） min;对照组Ⅲ用时最长,为（12．1±0．9）min;两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。实验组供肾静脉修整用时为（5．0±0．6）min,短于对照组Ⅱ和对照组Ⅲ,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）。实验组移植肾静脉重建用时为（6．2±1.5） min,短于对照组Ⅰ和对照组Ⅲ,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）。实验组术后静脉血栓发生率最低（3．1％）,与对照组Ⅱ（27．3％）比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4．77, P＜0．017）;静脉吻合口狭窄发生率最低（3．1％）,与对照组Ⅰ（24．0％）比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝3．90, P＜0．017）。结论应用内支架法行移植肾静脉原位端-端吻合操作时间短、并发症少,可有效解决大鼠肾移植静脉重建的问题。     

动态监测供者特异性抗体与非供者特异性抗体判断移植肾预后的临床意义

目的 动态监测肾移植前后供者HLA特异性抗体(DSA)及非供者HLA特异性抗体(NDSA)的变化,观察其对移植肾预后的影响.方法 采用免疫荧光液相芯片(Luminex)技术检测8例肾移植患者术前HLA基因分型、术前和术后的特异性HLA抗体改变.结果 术前HLA抗体阴性者4例,术后1例并发肺部感染死亡,另3例半年内HLA抗体阴性,肾功能良好.2例移植前后检测HLA抗体阳性,术后半年抗体滴度明显逐渐增高,分离出DR11(DSA);DR12、DQ7、DQ8(NDSA).1例术前存在A11(DSA),A34(NDSA)抗体,术后1个月始NDSA增多,且其分值呈上升趋势.1例术前存在DR.15(DSA)抗体,术后1周发生急性排斥反应行移植肾切除.结论 肾移植前受者存在DSA会导致移植肾急性排斥,特别是存在HLA-Ⅱ类抗体.在随访期间HLA抗体滴度和类型持续升高者,应鉴定其DSA与NDSA类型,尽早采用有效的治疗方法 减少移植肾功能减退及排斥反应的发生和发展.     

Protective effect of the PAF antagonist BN 52021 in an experimental renal warm ischemia model

Platelet activating factor is involved in warm ischemic damage. We studied the effect of the PAF receptor antagonist BN 52021 in an experimental model of 60 min of renal warm ischemia in which the left kidney was flushed with Euro-Collins solution and a right nephrectomy was performed. Eighty Wistar rats were divided into a sham-operated group, two control groups, and four study groups, according to the dosage and route of BN 52021 administration. BN 52021 was used in the flush solution at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/ml, or intravenously prior to ischemia at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight. Creatinine clearance per, 100g body weight, fractional sodium excretion, and conventional histology were studied. Rats that received BN 52021 intravenously showed a significantly higher creatinine clearance than controls. Intravenous BN 52021 produced a higher acceleration of renal function recovery at 10 mg/kg than at 5 mg/kg body weight. Conventional histology was better in animals that received BN 52021 at 10 mg/kg body weight than in controls. Addition of BN 52021 to Euro-Collins flushing solution showed no protective effect. We conclude that intravenous BN 52021 shows a renal protective effect against warm ischemia.     

活体肾移植供肾多支血管处理的体会

目的探讨活体肾移植供肾多支血管的处理及重建方法。方法 49例供体,供肾有多支动脉变异45例,有多支静脉变异7例,其中3例为肾动脉、静脉同时多支血管变异。供肾切取术中,对于供血面积直径小于3cm且影响操作的分支动脉,术中即予结扎、离断;多支静脉,如直径为主干的1/3以下且试夹闭该静脉未发现明显淤血等血液回流障碍者,给予结扎、离断。5例采用体外血管重建。受体肾移植术中根据分支动脉管径、长度及位置及受者髂动脉和腹壁下动脉的情况等综合条件来选择受者相应的动脉吻合。结果 48例动脉分支吻合者在开放血流后搏动良好、吻合口通畅,术后1～7d内肾功能恢复正常、术后1～2周彩色多普勒超声检查,提示该分支动脉供血区域丰富。肾静脉分支结扎者未发现淤血现象。1例高龄供肾者发生肾功能延迟恢复。术后无出血、肾动脉栓塞、尿瘘、输尿管坏死和新发高血压等并发症。结论正确处理移植肾多支血管变异,可获得良好移植效果。     

他克莫司替换环孢素A治疗肾移植后肝、肾功能损害的临床观察

目的　观察他克莫司 (FK5 0 6 )替换环孢素A(CsA)治疗肾移植后肝、肾功能损害的有效性及安全性。方法　将 6 1例肾移植后肝、肾功能异常的患者分为 :肝损害组 (Ⅰ组 ,2 3例 )、肾损害组(Ⅱ组 ,2 0例 )及肝、肾均损害组 (Ⅲ组 ,18例 )。观察用FK5 0 6替换CsA 12个月后各组患者肝、肾功能变化情况及药物的不良反应。结果　用FK5 0 6替换CsA 12个月后 ,Ⅰ组中 87.8%的患者明显恢复 ,Ⅱ组中 6 5 .8%明显恢复 ,而且替换期间未出现急性排斥反应。主要不良反应为血糖升高、震颤等 ,经对症治疗及调整FK5 0 6药量后症状均缓解。结论　用FK5 0 6替换CsA是治疗肾移植后肝、肾功能损害的一种安全而有效的措施。     

移植肾间室综合征四例报道

目的 探讨移植肾间室综合征的诊断方法和处理原则.方法 分析和总结4例患者发生移植肾问室综合征的危险因素以及诊断和处理方法.结果 2例由于腹胀,1例由于腰骶部挚起,1例南于再次肾移植盆腔容积狭小,腹壁张力增高而导致腹膜后压力升高,压迫移植肾,引起移植肾血液循环障碍,导致移植肾功能紊乱.彩色多普勒超声检查提示移植.肾皮质血流减少,移植肾各级动脉血流速度降低和阻力指数增高.经迅速解除引起腹膜后压力升高的危险因素,减轻腹膜后的压力,改善移植肾微循环,4例移植肾室综合征患者的肾功能均恢复正常.结论 移植肾间室综合征是肾移植术后的一种近期并发症.彩色多普勒超声检查可明确诊断;确诊后应紧急减轻腹膜后的压力,解除移植.肾受压可改善患者的预后.     

Infection-associated cellular activation accelerates chronic renal allograft rejection in rats

The etiology of chronic rejection is unknown, although acute rejection, viral infection, and initial graft ischemia have been implicated. To test the effects of infections on the process of chronic rejection, we simulated bacterial infection by the administration of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent activator of various cell types in an established rat model of chronic rejection. Lewis recipients of Fisher 344 kidneys were treated with a single dose of LPS or vehicle 8 weeks following transplantation and grafts were examined at various time points. In the chronically rejecting controls leukocytic infiltration and the expression of cytokines peaked at 16 weeks. In LPS-treated hosts, leukocyte infiltration and cytokine expression peaked at 12 weeks. By 16 weeks, glomeruli in LPS-treated recipients had become far more sclerotic than those in controls, mimicking the changes observed in controls at 24 weeks. We conclude that infections may play an important role in the development of chronic rejection.     

移植肾排异反应中肾小管上皮细胞的表型转化

目的 观察人移植肾肾穿刺标本不同排异反应病变中肾小管上皮细胞表型转化状态,探讨排异反应与肾小管上皮细胞表型转化的相关性。 方法 免疫组织化学SP法检测55例移植肾穿刺不同病变组中肾小管上皮细胞α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的表达。 结果 各组萎缩病变的肾小管上皮细胞均有α-SMA阳性表达,表现为近基底膜处胞质阳性染色,提示出现了表型转化。在无萎缩病变的肾小管中,仍有部分肾小管细胞呈α-SMA阳性染色。7例基本正常病例组均无肾小管上皮细胞的表型转化。28例急性T细胞介导排异 IA级病例组中,1例肾小管上皮细胞α-SMA阳性表达率为25%~50%,3例为10%~25%。14例排异反应IB 级中,1例α-SMA阳性表达率达50%以上,2例25%~50%,2例10%~25%。 结论 随着急性T细胞介导性排异反应加重,肾小管上皮细胞发生表型转化的现象明显增强。     

Altered expression of aquaporin-2 in human explants with chronic renal allograft dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of aquaporins, a recently discovered family of transmembrane water channels, in human renal explants, with specific reference to chronic renal allograft dysfunction (CRAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry for aquaporin-1 and -2 was used in 11 explants, of which five had clinically and histologically confirmed CRAD. Controls were taken from the six explants unaffected by CRAD and from histologically normal areas of six kidneys excised for renal tumours. RESULTS: In the renal tumour control group, aquaporin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in the glomerular endothelium, Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubules and the thin limb of the loop of Henle, whereas immunoreactivity for aquaporin-2 was detected in the collecting ducts only. Of the explants without CRAD, where architecture was preserved, immunoreactivity for aquaporin-1 and -2 was the same as in the renal tumour controls. In the two explants with no CRAD and loss of collecting ducts, there was no aquaporin-2 immunoreactivity. In five explants with CRAD, immunoreactivity for aquaporin-2 was decreased or absent from the medulla to the cortex. The apparent decreased immunoreactivity of aquaporin-1 in this group was secondary to a decrease in the number of viable proximal tubules. CONCLUSION: There was less aquaporin-2 immunoreactivity in human renal explants diagnosed with CRAD, starting from the medullary region. In explants with no CRAD and viable collecting ducts, or in normal controls, aquaporin-2 immunoreactivity remained unchanged. Aquaporins might be useful as markers for CRAD.     

Chronic renal dysfunction following liver transplantation

Abstract:  With most of the immunosuppressive protocols consisting of calcineurin inhibitors (CI), nephrotoxicity has become a major long-term complication often compromising outcome. In a single-center retrospective study, we reviewed 1173 liver transplantations to identify variables indicative for the occurrence of chronic renal dysfunction (CRD) (defined as ≥1 episode of serum creatinine increase ≥1.8 mg/dL ≥2 wk). Chronic renal dysfunction was found in 137 (11.7%) of all transplants [82 (7%) early (after 3–12 months), 55 (4.7%) late-onset (>12 months)]. Compared to 5-/10-yr survival rates in non-CRD transplants (84/74%) survival was significantly decreased in early (66/46%), but unchanged in late-onset CRD (98/86%). Rates of alcoholic cirrhosis and prior renal dysfunction were significantly increased in patients with CRD. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, only cyclosporine A (CyA) as immunosuppression remained an independent risk factor. No correlations to age, gender, rejection/retransplantation or diabetes were found. Surprisingly, renal function (creatinine) showed no difference between patients on CI monotherapy (FK/CyA) compared to those who had mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) added. In liver transplantation, early onset CRD significantly compromises survival. CyA-based immunosuppression appears to have a stronger impact than FK. The fact that patients with long-term severe chronic renal dysfunction failed to improve under MMF rescue therapy emphasizes the importance of new diagnostic strategies to earlier identify at-risk patients.     

肾移植术后肝功能异常患者用他克莫司替换环孢素A疗效的初步观察

目的　观察他克莫司 (FK5 0 6 )替换环孢素A(CsA)并联合应用霉酚酸酯 (MMF)及泼尼松 (Pred)防治肾移植术后肝功能异常患者的有效性及安全性。方法　肾移植术后 8例肝功能异常患者 (男性 5例 ,女性 3例 ,平均 38.2 3岁 ) ,用FK5 0 6替换CsA治疗 ,停用CsA 2 4h后 ,开始给予FK5 0 6。FK5 0 6初始剂量根据患者体重、肝功能损害程度及术后时间确定 ,服药 1周后 ,根据全血FK5 0 6谷值浓度调整剂量 ,使其谷值浓度维持于 5～ 15 μg/L。结果　用FK5 0 6替换CsA ,1个月后患者血中直接胆红素从替换前的 (2 2 .6 6± 17.19) μmol/L下降至 (7.0 5± 2 .32 ) μmol/L ,P <0 .0 5 ;间接胆红素从替换前的 (4 2 .15± 34.15 ) μmol/L下降至 (14.5 4± 2 .5 9) μmol/L ,P <0 .0 5 ;血清丙氨酸转氨酶从替换前的 (83 .0 0± 93 .14)IU/L下降至 1个月后的 (2 9.5 0± 15 .41)IU/L ,P >0 .0 5 ;血清肌酐从 (177.91±86 .41) μmol/L下降至 (135 .92± 34.0 5 ) μmol/L ,P >0 .0 5。 3例腹水的患者均于药物替换 1个月后完全消失。仅有 1例患者出现便秘、食欲下降伴上肢颤抖。结论　用FK5 0 6替换CsA并联合应用MMF及Pred对防治肾移植术后肝功能异常是安全和有效的措施