成年超高度近视眼患者黄斑区巩膜厚度及其相关影响因素

目的观察成年超高度近视(等效球镜度≥-9.00 D)患者黄斑区巩膜厚度的改变,并分析巩膜厚度与年龄、眼轴长度、屈光度数及最佳矫正视力的关系。 方法纳入2016年6月至2018年5月就诊于广州爱尔眼科医院的超高度近视患者112例(195只眼)为研究对象。其中,男性50例(84只眼),女性62例(111只眼);年龄18~67岁,平均(33.10±13.27)岁。采用扫频光学相干断层扫描测量黄斑中心凹处及由中心凹向鼻侧、颞侧各500 μm、1000 μm及1500 μm的巩膜厚度值,共测量7个点位。采用单因素方差分析比较超高度近视眼黄斑区不同部位的巩膜厚度有无差异,当差异有统计学意义时,再用最小显著性差异法进行两两比较,计算相关系数并采用多元回归分析法黄斑中心凹处巩膜厚度和眼轴长度、年龄、屈光度数及最佳矫正视力的关系。 结果本研究纳入的患者平均最佳矫正视力(0.68±0.31),区间为0.01~1.00;平均屈光度数(-14.68±4.31)D,区间为-9.00~-25.25 D;平均眼轴长度(29.14±2.06)mm,区间为25.20~36.00 mm。中心凹颞侧1500 μm处的巩膜厚度均值最小,为(281.17±93.84)μm;中心凹处巩膜厚度均值最大,为(318.13±87.49)μm。颞侧1500 μm处的巩膜厚度与颞侧500 μm、中心凹处和鼻侧相比较薄,差异有统计学意义(t＝-2.78,-3.90,-3.37,-2.85,-3.07;P<0.05);颞侧1000 μm处的巩膜厚度与中心凹处、鼻侧500 μm和鼻侧1500 μm处相比较薄,差异有统计学意义(t＝-2.87,-2.35,-2.05;P<0.05)。中心凹处巩膜厚度与年龄呈轻度负相关(r＝-0.371,P<0.05);与眼轴长度呈中度负相关(r＝-0.573,P<0.05);与屈光度数和最佳矫正视力呈中度正相关(r＝0.469,0.414;P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析表明,眼轴长度和年龄是影响中心凹处巩膜厚度的独立相关因素(β＝-18.436,-1.347;P<0.05)。 结论扫频光学相干断层扫描测量成年超高度近视眼患者黄斑区巩膜全层图像的方法,是无创、实用且简单易行的。本研究结果提示巩膜的病理变化,可能在超高度近视眼并发症的发生与发展过程中发挥作用。测量高度近视眼患者黄斑区巩膜厚度,可作为后巩膜葡萄肿观察的重要指标之一,从而为高度近视眼的防控提供客观依据。     

Assessing macular pigment from SLO images

PURPOSE: To assess the spectral characteristics and spatial distribution of macular pigment by comparing relative retinal reflectance at four different wavelengths. METHODS: A Rodenstock scanning laser opththalmoscope (SLO) with four spectral beams, 488, 544, 633 and 780 nm, was used to obtain images of the normal macula from five eyes of three normal subjects. The relative spectral reflectance was determined along a horizontal path extending from nasal to temporal retina through the fovea for each image. A comparison of this data provided an indication of the relative density and the actual spatial extent of macular pigmentation. RESULTS: There is an area of hyper-pigmentation obtained from averaging the data from all five eyes that extends from about 6 deg symmetrically into nasal and temporal macula surrounding a small zone of greater hyper-pigmentation that extends about 3 deg on each side of the fovea. The smaller central zone has a relatively high absorption for blue light and is considered to represent macular pigment. The larger less hyper-pigmented zone is considered to represent melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium. CONCLUSION: The circularly symmetrical hyper-pigmented central macula including the yellow macular pigment can be assessed by comparing different spectral images obtained from an SLO.     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿视网膜功能定量研究

目的:应用多焦视网膜电图评估糖尿病性黄斑水肿的视网膜功能.方法:选取2010-03/2014-03我院眼科经眼底血管造影检查确诊为糖尿病性黄斑水肿的患者30例48眼为观察组(其中局限性水肿18眼,弥漫性水肿24眼,囊样水肿6眼),选取视力0.8以上,经裂隙灯显微镜检查均未发现异常,全身情况无异常者15例30眼为对照组,两组研究对象均行多焦视网膜电图检查,并对其结果进行统计学分析.结果:糖尿病性黄斑水肿组多焦视网膜电图中心凹、黄斑区、黄斑外区a、b波的振幅密度与对照组相比均差异存在统计学意义(P＜0.01);中心凹处观察组和对照组a波的振幅密度分别为25.2±10.48、37.93±7.19nv/deg2,b波的振幅密度分别为77.16±27.97、113.42±11.79nv/deg2;黄斑区观察组和对照组a波的振幅密度分别为14.27±4.99、27.42 ±2.86nv/deg2,b波的振幅密度分别为43.14±14.77、69.99±10.07 nv/deg2;黄斑外区观察组和对照组a波的振幅密度分别为7.82±2.79、11.46±1.54nv/deg2,b波的振幅密度分别为19.85±6.5、31.56±6.0nv/deg2.中心凹处、黄斑区及黄斑外区多焦视网膜电图a、b波振幅密度在局限性黄斑水肿组与弥漫性黄斑水肿组和囊样黄斑水肿组间均存在统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:糖尿病性黄斑水肿的多焦视网膜表现为a、b波振幅密度下降,潜伏期延长,振幅密度比潜伏期敏感.     

高度近视性弱视儿童视网膜厚度及其影响因素分析

目的：研究高度近视性弱视儿童视网膜厚度变化,并探讨中心凹下视网膜厚度与眼轴、年龄的关系。
　　方法：儿童39例65眼,平均年龄9．913．41岁,所有受检眼排除眼底的疾病和眼前节的病变。根据阿托品扩瞳验光的结果,分成高度近视性弱视组（24眼）、高度近视组（19眼）、正视眼组（22眼）,运用海德堡OCT对中心凹下视网膜厚度及距中心凹0．5,1．0,1．5,2．0,2．5,3．0mm处上方（ S,12∶00位）、颞侧（ T,9∶00位）、下方（ I,6∶00位）、鼻侧（ N,3∶00位）的视网膜厚度进行测量,并通过A超测量出所有受检者眼轴长度。对各组间同一位点的视网膜厚度进行比较,分析中心凹下视网膜厚度与眼轴、年龄的关系。
　　结果：高度近视性弱视组中心凹下视网膜厚度薄于高度近视组,厚于正视眼组,但均无统计学差异（ P＞0．05）。其中距中心凹0．5 mm处颞侧及下方视网膜厚度、距中心凹1．0 mm处颞侧及上方视网膜厚度,高度近视性弱视组与正视眼组相比均变薄,并有统计学差异（P＜0．05）,距中心凹1．5,2．0,2．5,3．0mm处鼻、上、颞、下视网膜厚度,高度近视性弱视组与高度近视组、正视眼组相比均变薄,有统计学差异（P＜0．05）。高度近视性弱视组中心凹下视网膜厚度与眼轴、年龄之间无明显相关性。
　　结论：高度近视性弱视儿童黄斑区视网膜结构存在异常。     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿激光治疗前后视网膜功能的定量研究

目的：探讨激光光凝对糖尿病黄斑水肿患者视网膜功能的影响。
　　方法：连续选取2010-03/2014-03我院眼科经眼底血管造影检查确诊为糖尿病性黄斑水肿行黄斑格栅光凝的患者19例30眼,于治疗前及黄斑格栅光凝治疗后3 mo均行多焦视网膜电图检查,并对其结果进行统计学分析。
　　结果：激光治疗后中心凹处 a、b 波振幅密度升高,与治疗前相比存在统计学差异( t=-3.7683, P<0.01;t=-3.6570,P<0.01);激光治疗前后a、b波潜伏期无统计学差异(t=1.7103,P>0.05;t=1.5623,P>0.05)。激光治疗后黄斑区a、b波振幅密度均升高,与治疗前相比存在统计学差异(t=4.8337,P<0.01;t=-2.0376,P<0.05);激光治疗后黄斑区a、b波潜伏期均延长,与治疗前相比均存在统计学差异( t=-2.1892, P<0.05;t=-3.5024, P<0.01)。激光治疗前后黄斑外区a、b波振幅密度均无统计学差异(t=-1.4387,P>0.05;t=-0.1766,P>0.05);激光治疗后黄斑外区a、b波潜伏期均延长,与治疗前相比均存在统计学差异(t=-2.0905,P<0.05;t=-2.5646,P<0.05 ) 。
　　结论：激光光凝治疗改善了中心凹处视网膜的功能,有益于视力的改善,但激光光凝治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿对黄斑区和黄斑外区视网膜的功能有广泛的破坏作用。     

儿童隐匿性高度近视黄斑区视网膜厚度分析

目的：观察分析隐匿性高度近视儿童黄斑区视网膜厚度变化及其相关因素。

方法：前瞻性非随机对照研究。选取2019-09/2020-09在承德医学院附属医院眼科门诊首次就诊且未进行过任何近视矫正训练的儿童56例110眼纳入研究,根据儿童近视的临床表现分为隐匿性高度近视组(27例52眼)和对照组(29例58眼,普通近视儿童)。比较两组儿童黄斑各分区视网膜厚度情况,分析隐匿性高度近视儿童黄斑中心凹平均视网膜厚度与基线资料的相关性。

结果：隐匿性高度近视儿童黄斑区视网膜厚度以黄斑中心凹最薄,内环区上方最厚。隐匿性高度近视组儿童黄斑9个分区平均视网膜厚度均较对照组变薄,其中黄斑中心凹、外环区下方和颞侧处视网膜厚度有显著差异(均P<0.05)。随着隐匿性高度近视儿童屈光度的增高,黄斑各分区的平均视网膜厚度值均降低。与对照组相同屈光度儿童比较,隐匿性高度近视组除0.00D≤屈光度≤-1.00D儿童外环区颞侧、-2.00D<屈光度≤-3.00D儿童黄斑中心凹平均视网膜厚度有明显差异(均P<0.05),其余各分区平均视网膜厚度均无差异(P>0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,隐匿性高度近视儿童黄斑中心凹平均视网膜厚度与性别、年龄、眼轴、眼压、角膜曲率均无相关性(P>0.05),与屈光度呈负相关性(r=-0.201,P<0.05)。

结论：隐匿性高度近视儿童黄斑视网膜厚度以黄斑中心凹最薄,内环区上方最厚,黄斑各分区平均视网膜厚度较相应屈光度数近视儿童薄。隐匿性高度近视儿童黄斑中心凹平均视网膜厚度与屈光度呈负相关。     

不同程度近视患者黄斑厚度改变的相关因素分析

目的：探讨不同程度近视患者黄斑参数改变的相关因素。

方法：选取2016-01/2017-12在我院眼科就诊的自愿参加研究的近视患者313例626眼,使用OCT对其黄斑中心区厚度、黄斑内外环的颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方各区域的厚度进行测量,分析黄斑参数与年龄、性别、眼别、眼轴长度(AL)以及等效球镜(SE)的相关性。

结果：三组不同程度近视患者的黄斑中心区视网膜厚度最薄,黄斑区内环上方与内环鼻侧视网膜厚度最厚,三组间的内环鼻侧、内环上方、内环颞侧、内环下方、外环鼻侧、外环上方、外环颞侧、外环下方的视网膜厚度均有差异(P<0.05)。黄斑中心及内外环内部不同区域的视网膜厚度与年龄、眼别均无相关性(P>0.05),与性别相关(P<0.05); 除黄斑中心外,内外环内部不同区域的视网膜厚度与AL呈负相关,与SE呈正相关(P<0.05)。

结论：近视患者的黄斑参数与AL、SE有一定的相关性。     

Asymmetry of focal ERG in human macular region

Electroretinograms (ERGs) were elicited by hemicircular (half-disc) stimuli to the upper, lower, temporal and nasal maculas of 26 normal subjects, and the amplitudes and implicit times of the ERGs from opposing macular regions were compared. The amplitudes of a-wave, b-wave and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were significantly larger in the upper macular region than in the lower macular region (P less than 0.05). The amplitudes of a- and b-waves did not differ significantly between temporal and nasal macular regions, but OPs showed enormous asymmetry, with significantly larger amplitudes in the temporal retina than in the nasal retina (P less than 0.001). The implicit times of a-waves, b-waves and OPs did not differ significantly between upper and lower retina, or between temporal and nasal retina. These findings aided analysis of the ERG of a patient with a retinal defect.     

OCT在视网膜中央动脉阻塞中的应用及意义

目的：探讨光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)在视网膜中央动脉阻塞疾病中的应用及内层视网膜厚度与患者治疗前后视力是否存在相关性。

方法：回顾性分析视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者11例,收集患者发病至入院时间、初始视力、治疗后视力,行黄斑OCT测量黄斑区视网膜厚度,进行定量测定和分析黄斑中心凹、距中心小凹3mm及6mm上、下、鼻、颞侧扇形面积下视网膜全层的平均厚度。内层视网膜厚度采用人工手动测量。距黄斑中心小凹1mm处内层视网膜,鼻侧记为N1,颞侧记为T1,距黄斑中心小凹3mm处内层视网膜,鼻侧记为N3,颞侧记为T3。

结果：8/11的患者视力均有不同程度的提高; 患眼黄斑中心凹及鼻侧3mm扇形面积下视网膜全层厚度比健眼增厚(P<0.05),余各区域面积下视网膜全层厚度与健眼相比无统计学差异(P>0.05); 患眼N1、N3及T3均比健眼增厚(P<0.05); 黄斑中心凹厚度患眼与健眼的差值与治疗后视力呈负相关,r=-0.740(P<0.05); 患眼与健眼N1、T1、T3的差值与治疗后视力呈负相关,r_N1=-0.692,r_T1=-0.754,r_T3=-0.657(P<0.05)。

结论：OCT检查对视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者治疗后视力的恢复有提示作用。     

OCT对糖尿病视网膜病变光感受器细胞层的检测

目的:应用频域光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)在健康人群及各期糖尿病视网膜病变患者中测量外核层(ONL)、内节和外节层(IS/OS)、光感受器细胞层的厚度.方法:选择健康人群50例100眼作为对照组,选择2型糖尿病患者178例300眼为研究对象,分为3组:糖尿病正常视网膜组(NDR)100眼、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变组(NPDR)100眼、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变组(PDR)100眼.用频域OCT对4组进行测量中心凹和旁中心凹(鼻侧、颞侧)ONL、IS/OS层、光感受器细胞层的厚度.结果:对照组、NPDR组、PDR组中心凹、旁中心凹颞侧ONL、光感受器细胞层厚度比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);NDR组中心凹、旁中心凹颞侧各层与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中心凹、旁中心凹颞侧各组IS/OS层厚度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);旁中心凹鼻侧各组各层比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:黄斑中心凹和旁中心凹颞侧ONL、光感受器细胞层在DR中均有增厚,随DR病程的进展呈动态变化;光感受器细胞层厚度的变化主要发生在ONL层,IS/OS层无变化;旁中心凹颞侧的改变显于鼻侧;频域OCT能定量定性地观察糖尿病患者黄斑区的细微变化,为糖尿病患者黄斑病变早期诊断及治疗提供可靠的检测手段.     

Effect of spatial frequency of stimulus on focal macular ERGs in monkeys

Purpose To determine the effect of the spatial frequency of a small grating stimulus centered on the macula on the focal macular ERGs (fmacERGs) of monkeys.Methods fmacERGs were recorded from eight eyes of four adult monkeys (Macaca fuscata). The spatial frequency of the stimulus was changed from 0.25 to 8 cycles/degree. The luminance of the light bars was 10 cd/m², and the contrast was 95%. The stimulus was flashed on and off with an on duration of 100 ms and an off duration of 150 ms (4 Hz). The stimulus was centered on the fovea and subtended 12.7° at the cornea. The luminance of the steady light-adapting background was 3.5 cd/m². The location of the stimulus on the retina was monitored throughout the recordings. The effects of the spatial frequency of the stimulus on the amplitudes and implicit times of the a-waves, b-waves, and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were determined. fmacERGs were also recorded following intravitreal tetrodotoxin (TTX).Results The amplitudes of the a- and b-waves did not change with changes in the spatial frequency of the stimulus. The OPs, on the other hand, responded best to the lowest spatial frequency, and the OPs after the first two were attenuated at intermediate and higher frequencies (Wilcoxon signed-rank test: P < 0.05). TTX reduced all OP wavelets in monkeys.Conclusions The OPs of the photopic macular ERGs are affected by the spatial frequency of the stimulus and are reduced by TTX, consistent with their being generated by inner retinal neurons.     

单眼屈光参差性弱视黄斑区及视盘周围神经纤维层厚度的Meta分析

目的：评估应用光学相干断层成像术(OCT)评价单眼屈光参差性弱视青少年儿童双眼黄斑区及视盘周围神经纤维层厚度(RNFL)的差异,为探讨弱视的发病机制及指导弱视的诊疗提供依据。

方法：检索维普、万方、PubMed、EMBASE等中英文数据库,对1995-01-01/2019-12-08采用OCT检查单眼屈光参差性弱视青少年儿童患者双眼黄斑区及RNFL的相关临床研究进行筛选、评估和数据提取,将单眼屈光参差性弱视患者双眼黄斑中心小凹、黄斑中心凹1mm直径中央区、1～3mm内环区、3～6mm外环区及RNFL厚度纳入研究,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。

结果：采用时域OCT(TD-OCT)的研究结果显示,弱视眼黄斑中心小凹、黄斑中心凹1mm直径中央区厚度均大于对侧非弱视眼(P<0.05),弱视眼RNFL平均厚度大于对侧非弱视眼(P>0.05)。采用频域OCT(SD-OCT)的研究结果显示,弱视眼黄斑中心小凹及各分区厚度均大于对侧非弱视眼,除黄斑中心凹1mm直径中央区、3～6mm的外环区下方外,余比较均有差异(P<0.05); 弱视眼RNFL平均厚度及鼻侧各分区厚度均大于对侧非弱视眼(P<0.05)。

结论：单眼屈光参差性弱视患者弱视眼黄斑区及RNFL厚度高于对侧非弱视眼,且弱视主要引起黄斑中心凹1mm直径区域内厚度增厚。     

剥脱性青光眼与剥脱综合征黄斑厚度及体积比较

目的：对比分析剥脱性青光眼（PXG）、剥脱综合征（PEX）患者及正常人(CON)黄斑厚度及体积的差异。方法：病例对照研究。连续性选取2014 年5 月至2017 年5 月在石家庄市第一医院住院治疗的PXG病例31例（31眼）,PEX病例16例（16眼）及性别、年龄相匹配的CON 34例（34眼）分别作为PXG组、PEX组、CON组。3 组纳入人员均进行黄斑区OCT-3D模式扫描,并对黄斑各区厚度及体积进行单因素方差分析。结果：CON组、PEX组、PXG组黄斑平均厚度分别为（305±15）μm、（299±12）μm、（289±18）μm,黄斑平均体积分别为（0.94±0.05）μm3、（0.92±0.03）μm3、（0.89±0.06）μm3。3组间黄斑厚度总体差异在鼻内环（NIM）、上内环（SIM）、颞内环（TIM）、下内环（IIM）、上外环（SOM）、颞外环（TOM）、下外环（IOM）区有统计学意义（F=4.887、8.987、7.889、9.489、6.462、6.464、7.964,P < 0.05）,在中心凹厚度（CMT）、中央区（CSF）、鼻外环（NOM）区差异无统计学意义;3组间体积总体差异在NIM、SIM、TIM、IIM、SOM、TOM、IOM区有统计学意义（F=4.352、8.697、7.920、8.513、6.185、6.411、9.095,P < 0.05）,在CSF、NOM区差异无统计学意义。进一步两两比较显示,PXG组与CON组相比,黄斑厚度在NIM、SIM、TIM、IIM、NOM、SOM、TOM、IOM区变薄（P < 0.05）;黄斑体积在NIM、SIM、TIM、IIM、NOM、SOM、IOM区变小（P < 0.05）。PXG组与PEX组相比,黄斑厚度及 体积在SIM、IIM、SOM区变薄（P < 0.05）。结论：与PEX患者及正常人相比,PXG患者黄斑厚度变薄、体积变小,监测黄斑厚度的变化对PXG的临床诊治具有重要意义。     

Displacement of foveal area toward optic disc after macular hole surgery with internal limiting membrane peeling

Purpose

To determine whether there is a displacement of the fovea toward the optic disc after successful macular hole (MH) surgery with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling.

Methods

The medical records of 54 eyes of 53 patients that had undergone pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling and gas or air tamponade for an idiopathic MH were evaluated. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) had been performed before and >6 months after the surgery. The preoperative distances between the center of the MH and the optic disc (MH-OD), center of the MH and the bifurcation or crossing of retinal vessels (MH-RV) were measured in the OCT images. In addition, the postoperative distance between the center of the fovea and optic disc (F-OD) and the center of the fovea and the same bifurcation or crossing of retinal vessels (F-RV) were measured in the OCT images.

Results

The F-OD was 2.67±0.33 disc diameters (DD), which was significantly shorter than that of the MH-OD of 2.77±0.33 DD (P<0.001). The F-RV was also significantly shorter than the MH-RV on the inner nasal area (from 0.85±0.16DD to 0.79±0.15DD; P<0.001), the inner temporal area (from 0.82±0.15DD to 0.77±0.14DD; P<0.001), and outer nasal area (from 1.70±0.31DD to 1.65±0.32DD; P<0.001), but it was significantly longer than the MH-RV in the outer temporal area (from 1.65±0.29DD to 1.68±0.29DD; P<0.001).

Conclusion

Our results showed that successful closure of a MH by vitrectomy with ILM peeling and gas tamponade leads to a displacement of the center of the macula toward the optic disc.     

Bilateral macular colobomata: Temporal dragging of optic disc

A 13-year-old male presented with decreased vision and squint from childhood. He had bilateral large colobomata at the macula in each eye, the one on the right being larger than the left. The disc was dragged temporally with straightening of the temporal retinal vessels. This is a case report of bilateral large macular coloboma and serves to report its association with a temporally dragged disc and straightened temporal retinal vessels. A dragged disc if present with a colobomatous defect at the macula may strengthen the case for diagnosis of macular coloboma and help exclude other differentials.     

Asymmetry of focal macular photopic negative responses (PhNRs) in monkeys

The photopic negative response (PhNR) is a slow, negative-going wave of the photopic electroretinogram (ERG) that appears after the b-wave. Recent studies have shown that the PhNR originates from the spiking activities of inner retinal neurons including the ganglion cells and their axons. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is any asymmetry in the amplitude of the PhNR elicited from the upper and lower macular areas, and between the nasal and temporal macular areas in rhesus monkeys. To accomplish this, we recorded focal macular PhNRs that were elicited by red hemi-circular stimuli presented on a blue background. We show that the PhNR from the upper macular area was significantly larger than that of the lower macular area, and the PhNR of the nasal macula was significantly larger than that of the temporal macula. These asymmetries were present in the focal PhNR elicited by both brief and long duration stimuli, and the asymmetries were completely eliminated by an intravitreal injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX). These results suggest that the upper-lower and nasal-temporal asymmetries of PhNR in the primate retina are mainly caused by TTX-sensitive spiking activities of inner retinal neurons.     

Displacement of the retina after idiopathic macular hole surgery with different internal limiting membrane peeling patterns

AIM: To explore retinal displacement after surgical treatment for idiopathic macular hole (IMH) with different internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling patterns. METHODS: Totally 22 eyes from 20 patients with IMH were randomly allocated into two groups, N-T group (11 eyes) and T-N group (11 eyes). For patients in N-T group, ILM was peeled off from nasal to temporal retina. For patients in T-N group, ILM was peeled off from temporal to nasal retina. Preoperative, postoperative 1, 3, and 6mo, autofluorescence fundus images were collected for manual measurement of distances of fixed nasal (N), temporal (T), superior (S), and inferior (I) retinal points (bifurcation or crossing of retinal vessels) around the macula to the optic disc (OD). These were respectively defined as N-OD, T-OD, S-OD, and I-OD. The retinal displacement, macular hole closure rate, and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were compared between the two groups after surgery. RESULTS: At postoperative 1, 3, and 6mo, the macula slipped toward the OD, manifested by the decreased T-OD, N-OD, S-OD, and I-OD (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the T-OD, N-OD, S-OD, and I-OD between N-T group and T-N group. IMH closure rate was 100% both in N-T group and T-N group. There was no significant difference in BCVA between two groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The macula slips toward the OD after successful macular hole surgery. The two different ILM peeling pattern show similar visual outcome and retinal displacement, which means ILM peeling directions are not the influencing factor of postoperative retinal displacement.     

Focal cone electroretinograms: Aging and macular disease

Focal cone electroretinograms were obtained with a 3-degree flickering stimulus from 100 normal eyes and 134 eyes with known macular disease. Responses were obtained during direct visualization of the fundus with a hand-held stimulator-ophthalmoscope. Mean foveal cone amplitude for 100 normal eyes was 0.31 V, with 95% of all amplitudes greater than 0.18 V. There was a significant inverse correlation between amplitude and age for responses obtained from the fovea (r = -0.91; p < 0.001) but not for responses obtained from the parafovea (midway between fovea and disk, r = -0.53; not significant). In eyes with known maculopathy, mean foveal cone amplitude was correlated with Snellen acuity. Even after correcting for normal decreases in amplitude with age, responses were significantly reduced in 88/94 (94%) of all eyes with 20/40 or poorer acuity, suggesting that the focal electroretinogram is a sensitive test for detecting macular disease.     

OCT观察视网膜色素变性患者黄斑中心凹厚度变化及黄斑部图像特点

目的:通过光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)观察视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)患者黄斑中心凹的厚薄改变及黄斑部图片特点.方法:选取2014-09/2016-09在本院门诊确诊的RP患者74例148眼,同时选取50例100眼正常人作为对照.对两组进行OCT检测和眼底拍照,观察患者视网膜黄斑部位的图像特征,并对患者眼底拍照的结果进行对比,测量黄斑中心凹颞侧面4mm位置、乳头黄斑束中点及黄斑中心凹厚度.结果:对两组研究对象测量视网膜厚度显示,RP患者黄斑中心凹视网膜和中心凹颞侧部4mm厚度与正常人相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);RP患者乳头黄斑束中点厚度变薄,与正常人对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RP患者黄斑区OCT检测图像表征有5种类型:视网膜黄斑区域水肿者19例38眼;视网膜色素脉络膜毛细血管层和上皮层变薄者18例36眼;视网膜色素上皮层发生萎缩者12例24眼;黄斑部视网膜厚度正常者12例24眼;色素上皮层厚薄表现不一者13例26眼.结论:OCT能在前期及时地发现RP患者黄斑部位的病变,帮助患者深入了解病情发展,为患者早期诊疗提供了临床依据.     

Retinal thickness variation in the diabetic patient measured by the retinal thickness analyser

AIM—To evaluate the potential of the retinal thickness analyser (RTA) as an objective tool for assessment and follow up of diabetic macular oedema.
METHODS—A prototype of the RTA that operates on the principle of laser slit biomicroscopy was used. Retinal thickness was obtained in 41 eyes of 41 diabetic patients. The clinical diagnosis was cystoid macular oedema (CMO) in 10 eyes, clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO) without retinal cysts in 21 eyes, and "dry" macula following grid pattern laser treatment in 10 eyes. The control group consisted of 46 eyes of age matched healthy volunteers.
RESULTS—In normal eyes (46 eyes), the foveal thickness measured was 178 (SD 44) µm and the macular thickness around the fovea was 311 (51) µm. The eyes with CMO displayed the largest foveal thickening, 875 (287) µm (390% increase compared with normal values). The average thickness of the fovea in the non-cystoid CSMO group was 427 (175) µm (144% increase compared with normal fovea). The average thickness of the foveal centre in eyes judged as having "dry" macula after laser treatment was 315 (71) µm (77% increase compared with normal value and a 26% decrease in thickness compared with the CSMO eyes). Statistically significant differences were found in central thickness between these four groups (p = 0.0001). The average thickness at 500 µm surrounding the fovea was 566 (202) µm in the CSMO eyes compared with 311 (51) µm in normal eyes (80% increase). The "dry" macula group (after undergoing laser treatments) had an average thickness of 414 (94) µm (27% decrease compared with CSMO eyes and a 33% increase compared with eyes of healthy controls).
CONCLUSIONS—RTA is a system for quantifying macular thickness and imaging of macular pathology. The system can be a useful tool for diagnosis of macular diseases and for evaluation of the effect of treatment modalities.

Keywords: diabetic retinopathy; retinal thickness; macular oedema; retinal imaging