6～18岁双生子BMI遗传度及与青春期关系

目的 分析山东省6～18岁双生子BMI的遗传度及青春期影响。方法 于2021年11月通过山东省3县区453对6～18岁同性别双生子构建结构方程模型计算BMI遗传度，探究青春期对BMI遗传度的影响及性别差异。结果 调整性别、年龄后6～18岁儿童青少年BMI的遗传度为0.84(95%CI=0.80～0.88)，青春期前期BMI的遗传度为0.81(95%CI=0.74～0.86)，青春期后期BMI的遗传度为0.88(95%CI=0.81～0.93)；男生和女生青春期前期BMI遗传度分别为0.77(95%CI=0.67～0.85)和0.85(95%CI=0.77～0.91)，青春期后期分别为0.92(95%CI=0.82～0.97)和0.86(95%CI=0.76～0.92)。结论 遗传因素对青春期前后BMI变异具有重要影响，BMI的遗传度在青春期后期增加，且在男生中更为明显。     

3～6岁双生子体型遗传分析

目的 分析3～6岁幼儿体型各因子的遗传度,探讨遗传与环境因素对其体型发育的影响.方法 采用Heath-Carter体型法对72对3～6岁同性别双生子[同卵双生子(MZ)42对,异卵双生子(DZ)30对]的体型进行分析,用Holzinger公式估算体型各因子遗传度.结果 二维空间的体型离散距离(SDD)和三维空间体型位置距离(SAD)显示,MZ的体型较DZ更为接近;体型各因子对间方差在2类双生子间均无明显差异,中因子和外因子的对内方差DZ均明显大于MZ、组内相关系数MZ均明显大于DZ;内、中、外3个因子的遗传度分别为0.38、0.67、0.73.结论 遗传与环境因素对3～6岁幼儿体型发育均有一定影响,内因子主要受环境影响,中、外因子受遗传因素影响较大.     

儿童d2注意力测验中抑制参数的性别差异

目的对7～10岁儿童d2注意力测验中注意抑制参数进行性别差异性分析。方法应用d2注意力测验获得违规错误和错误率参数,将每行违规错误的字符数量分为0—2个、3～5个和〉5个范围进行逐行分类计数和性别差异性分析。结果（1）男生违规错误字符数量为（29．063±35．972）,错误率为（7,064±8．918）％;女生违规错误字符数量为（22．881±31．297）,错误率为（5．596±7．737）％。男女生违规错误和错误率比较无统计学意义（t=1．322、1．267,P〉0．05）。（2）93．88％女生每行的违规错误字符数在0～2个范围,男生者为73．19％,女生人数明显多于男生（χ^2=15．765,P〈0．01）。（3）违规错误字符数在3—5个范围者男生多于女生（χ^2=5．965,P〈0．05）。（4）违规错误符数〉5个范围者男生明显多于女生（χ^2=8．855,P〈0．01）。结论女生的违规错误字符数比较少,提示女生注意抑制能力好。     

某民族学院大学生需求与心理健康相关性研究

目的：了解民族学院学生需求与心理健康的关系。方法：采取分层整群抽样的方法，用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和大学生需求调查问卷（UNI）调查分析。结果：民族学院大学生SCL-90各因子分均值高于常模（t=9．52。P〈0．01）；土家族男生在躯体化和敌对、精神病性因子分高于汉族男生（t=4．88、t=5．14、t=4．97，P均〈0．01）；女生每组各因子均值差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：民族地区大学生需要加强心理健康教育，重点应放在心理问题较多的低年级组。     

青岛市成人双生子吸烟饮酒遗传度分析

目的分析遗传因素对双生子吸烟、饮酒的影响。方法以青岛地区自愿参加本研究的年龄≥24周岁的双生子为对象，在卵型鉴定的基础上。采用Holzinger方法分析其吸烟、饮酒的遗传度。结果估计吸烟的遗传度为（66．5±5．53）％，重度吸烟的遗传度为（43．0±5．75）％。男性同卵双生子在吸烟行为上Kappa一致性检验K=0．453，P〈0．001。异卵双生于K=0．307，P=0．005；饮酒的遗传度为（60．8±7．79）％，大量饮酒的遗传度为（22．2±9．80）％。男性同卵双生于在饮酒行为上Kappa一致性检验K=0．518。P〈0．001，异卵双生子K=0．160，P=0．224。结论吸烟、饮酒受遗传因素影响较大；重度吸烟、大量饮酒受遗传因素影响较小。男性同卵双生子在吸烟、饮酒行为上呈现中度一致性．男性异卵双生子、女性双生子一致性差异无统计学意义。     

军校大学生的社会支持特点调查

目的 了解军校大学生的社会支持的特点及其影响因素。方法 采用社会支持评定量表对13102名军校大学生进行测试,进行差异性检验。结果 军校大学生的社会支持的特点是,男生的主观支持因子分高于女生、支持利用度因子分低于女生（P〈0．01）;独生子女学生的客观支持和支持利用度因子分均高于非独生子女学生,而总分和主观支持因子分均低于非独生子女学生,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;一年级学生总分和主客观支持分都较高,四年级学生的客观支持因子分较低而主观支持因子分较高;入学前是军官或文职干部学生的总分、主观支持和支持利用度因子分均高于入学前是战士、高中生的学生（P〈0．01）;党员学生的总分、主观支持因子分、支持利用度因子分均高于团员学生和群众学生（P〈0．01）,而团员学生的客观支持因子分高于群众学生（P〈0．01）。结论 军校大学生的社会支持特点受性别、年级、是否独生子女、入学前身份、政治面貌等方面的影响。     

莒南县中小学生营养状况调查

目的了解茸南县城乡中、小学生的营养现状。方法 抽查该县2所小学及2所中学共7316名学生的身高、体重，并用身高标准体重法作出营养评价。结果 中、小学生营养不良率城镇低于乡村（X^2=80．07，P〈0．01），超重率及肥胖率高于乡村（X^2=50．32，P〈0．01；X^2=158．08，P〈0．01）；中学生营养不良率高于小学生（X^2=34．46，P〈0．01）。女生营养不良率高于男生（X^2=99．21，P〈0．01）；而中学生的超重、肥胖发生率显著低于小学生（X^2=33．50，P〈O．01；X^2=184．23，P〈0．01），男生超重率与女生无明显差异（X^2=1．92，P〉0．05），但肥胖率显著高于女生（X^2=34．58，P〈0．01）。结论 莒南县中小学生的营养状况不容乐观，应引起有关方面注意。     

遗传与环境因素对双生姊妹性激素影响

目的探讨女性青春期发育前后血清雌二醇（E2）和睾酮（T）的变化趋势．评价遗传与环境因素相对效应。方法以学校登记为基础募集6～18岁女性双生子180对，其中同卵双生子（MZ）132对，异卵双生子（DZ）48对，按Tanner标准进行青春发育分期，放免法测定空腹血清雌二醇（E2）和睾酮（T）浓度。结果血清E2和T浓度随青春期进程而增高，Tanner Ⅳ期达高峰．Tanner Ⅴ期略有下降；遗传效应分析显示。双生子血清E2和T偶内平均差、偶内方差为MZ〈DZ（P〈0．05）．组内相关系数为MZ〉DZ；表型方差中归因于加性遗传因素的部分分别为40％（E2）和47％（T）；分期估计遗传度显示E2和T均为已来潮组遗传度高于乳房未发育组和未来潮组。结论青春期女性血清E2和T同时受遗传和环境因素的影响。月经来潮后遗传因素的作用显著。     

家庭缺失学生人格、行为、心理健康的调查

目的了解家庭缺失学生的人格特征、行为问题、心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法采用艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、Rutter儿童行为教师问卷、症状自评量表（SCL-90）和家庭功能评定量表（FAD），对舟山市千荷实验学校学生进行调查。结果238名学生完成了测试，其中行为问题的检出率为14．29％，其中男生行为问题检出率为22．40％，女生行为问题检出率为5．31％，男生行为问题明显高于女生（P〈0．01），男生A行为检出率（20．00％）高于女生（2．65％）；内向性格者占38．24％，情绪不稳定的占51．26％；SCL-90量表中的焦虑因子分高于中学生综合样本（t=2．42，P〈0．05），女生在SCL-90的人际、抑郁、恐怖三个因子上的得分[（2．00±0．68），（1．85±0．72），（1．67±0．59）]高于男生[（1．74±0．62），（1．70±0．64），（1．44±0．54），t=-2．44，-2．16，-2．43，P〈0．05]；行为总分与FAD总的功能呈正相关（P〈0．05），EPQ各量表分及SCL-90各因子分与FAD中的家庭成员的沟通、成员的角色、情感反应、情感介入及总的家庭功能因子分呈显著相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论家庭缺失儿童具有孤僻、偏内向、情绪不稳定的个性特点，他们的心理健康状况较差，与其家庭功能有着较为密切的关系，需要引起全社会的重视。     

2007年太原市城区部分中小学生血压水平调查

[目的]了解太原市城区中小学生血压水平及血压偏高情况,为早期预防高血压提供科学依据。[方法]2007年9～11月,对太原市城区3所中学、3所小学的10～18岁学生6924名进行血压、身高、体重、胸围、心率检查。[结果]调查男生3453人、女生3472人,男女生的收缩压、舒张压水平均随年龄增长逐渐增高。各年龄组收缩压水平男生均高于女生（P〈0．01）;舒张压水平除13岁组外（P〉0．05）,其余各年龄组男生均高于女生（P〈0．01）。血压偏高（收缩压或舒张压≥第95百分位以上）率,男生为5．65％,女生为1．56％（P〈0．01）,除10～12岁组外（P〉0．05）,其他2组男生大于女生（P〈0．01）。血压偏高率男生随年龄增长而增高（P〈0．01）;女生13～15岁组最高。不同年龄组的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。3个年龄组的收缩压、舒张压均与身高、体重、胸围呈正相关（P〈0．01）,与心率无相关（P〉0．05）。[结论]太原市城区中小学生的血压偏高率较低。     

Somatotype, nutrition, and obesity

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the somatotype characteristics of the studied group and search for a relation between somatotype, obesity, and particular features of nutrition. METHODS: Somatotype after Health & Carter (1990), nutritional status according to Body mass index (BMI), and nutrition determined by food-frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: Over 94% of the subjects in this study were distributed into five somatotype categories: 51.6% endomorphic mesomorphs, 17.1% mesomorph-endomorphs, 16.7% mesomorphic endomorphs, 6.1% balanced mesomorphs, and 3.0% ectomorphic mesomorphs, with a pronounced sexual dimorphism. Males were distributed into five categories: over 65% were endomorphic mesomorphs, and above 40 years of age the mesomorphy increased. Females were distributed into three somatotype categories: up to and above 40 years of age over 44% were mesomorphic endomorphs. In the most common somatotype categories, 1 of 5 subjects (from 21.4% to 19.9%) had normal body mass (< 25 kg/m2), 4 of 5 subjects (from 34.2% to 52.6%) were overweight (> 25 kg/m2) or obese (> 30 kg/m2) kg/m2 (from 44.4% to 27.5%). In the remaining eight categories, all subjects had normal body mass. Hyperenergetic, sodium- and fat-excess nutrition had an especially unfavorable influence.     

Masculine somatotype and hirsuteness as determinants of sexual attractiveness to women

Five questionnaire studies asked women to rate the attractiveness of outline drawings of male figures that varied in somatotype, body proportions, symmetry, and in distribution of trunk hair. In Study 1, back-posed figures of mesomorphic (muscular) somatotypes were rated as most attractive, followed by average, ectomorphic (slim), and endomorphic (heavily built) figures by both British and Sri Lankan women. In Study 2, computer morphing of somatotypes to produce an intergraded series resulted in a graded response in terms of perceived attractiveness which mirrored the findings of Study 1. In Study 3, back-posed figures were manipulated in order to change waist-to-hip ratios (WHR) and waist-to-shoulder ratios (WSR). A WHR of 0.8–0.9 and a WSR of 0.6 were rated as most attractive and these effects were more pronounced when modeling mesomorphic figures. In Study 4, symmetric figures of a mesomorphic somatotype were rated as less attractive than a normal (asymmetric) version of the same man. Study 5 showed that presence of trunk hair had a marked, positive effect upon women's ratings of attractiveness for both mesomorphic and endomorphic male figures. Women also judged figures with trunk hair as being older and they consistently rated endomorphic figures as being older than mesomorphs. These results are consistent with effects of sexual selection upon visual signals that advertise health, physical prowess, age, and underlying endocrine condition in the human male.     

安徽农村青少年体型的Heath-Carter人体测量法研究

目的 :　了解安徽农村青少年的体型发育状况。方法 :　采用 Heath- Carter人体测量法对繁昌县农村 1 678名 (男 91 4 ,女 764) 7～ 1 8岁汉族青少年进行体型分析。结果 :　女性内因子大于男性 ,中因子和外因子小于男性。随着年龄的增长 ,男女体型都在发生变化。男性逐渐由中胚型过渡到外胚型 ;女性由三胚中间型经偏内胚型的外胚型演变为内胚型。经检验 ,同龄男女间差异显著。通过与蒙古族和国外其他群体相比较 ,表明在不同民族和人种间的体型有一定差异。结论 :　 Heath- Carter体型法在人类营养学和体质人类学领域有广阔的应用前景。青春期是形成体型的关键时期。     

辽西汉族青少年体型的研究

[目的]为探讨我国辽西地区汉族青少年体型发育的特点与规律,为体质人类学补充必要的资料.[方法]采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对辽西地区城乡青少年的体型进行了调研.[结果]城女在内因子,城男在中、外因子及乡男在外因子方面各占优势;男生的平均体型属三胚中间型,女生的平均体型属偏外胚层的内胚层体型;与国内外群体比较,男生体型与日本人较接近,女生体型与芬兰人较接近.[结论]辽西地区汉族青少年脂肪发育和身体线性度居中等水平,骨骼肌肉发育居中下等.     

Somatotype, physical growth, and sexual maturation in young male smokers.

One thousand school boys aged 8 to 16 were examined for their somatotype, physical growth, sexual maturation, and smoking habits. Fifty-two boys were found to be smokers, of whom 30 were regularly smoking between two and 20 bidis or cigarettes a day for a mean duration of 2.5 years. The mean height and weight of the smokers was significantly lower than that of the non-smokers at all ages, more so in regular than occasional smokers. Sixty-nine per cent of the smokers had mesomorphic type of body build; about 65% of the non-smokers had ectomorphic somatotype (P less than 0.001). Onset of puberty occurred significantly earlier among smokers compared with non-smokers, as was evident from the early appearance of genital stage 2, and an early and rapid increase in testicular size. Genital stage 2 appeared at a mean age of 11 years in smokers and 11.6 years in non-smokers. However, the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair was delayed. The possible significance of this is discussed.     

Somatotypic characteristic of schizophrenic patients

AIM: Introduction of quantitative metric methods of somatotype assessment in schizophrenic patients to make clinical diagnosis more objective, the diagnosis being otherwise based exclusively on the clinical interview and assessment of the mental status of patients and thus involving certain subjectivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 67 schizophrenic inpatients (38 men, 29 women) consecutively admitted to the Clinic of Psychiatry in Plovdiv. Their mean age was 31.47 years (SD = 9.43, range 16-56), mean duration of illness 6.86 (SD = 6.09, range 1-27), mean number of hospitalizations 4.22 (SD = 4.08, range 1-19). The patients satisfied DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The control group comprised 69 subjects (36 men, 33 women) with a mean age 39.24 years (SD = 10.18, range 22-68) and socioeconomic background matching that of the patients. RESULTS: The data showed statistically significant differences in the three somatotype component and in almost all somatotypological variables between male schizophrenic patients and control subjects. The somatotype categories were more extensively presented in the schizophrenic patients. There was a tendency to higher frequency of the ectomorphic categories (ectomorphic mesomorph, mesomorphic ectomorph and endomorph-ectomorph). No statistically significant differences were found in the somatotype components and somatotypological variables between the female schizophrenic patients and control subjects. CONCLUSION: The data of the examination of the somatotype of schizophrenic patients and control subjects evince a definite sexually related body constitution characteristic that differentiates the groups. Schizophrenic patients and control subjects are clearly determined somatotypically only in the group of males.     

Somatotype and disease prevalence in adults

We examined the association between the somatotype and its main components (endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy), and the prevalence of several chronic diseases. The data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey designed to assess somatotype and morbidity with special reference to most often diagnosed diseases. The study population comprised 524 men and 250 women. The subjects underwent laboratory tests and clinical and anthropometric examinations. Of all examined workers, 94.8% fell into the five somatotype categories; of these, 394 were endomorphic mesomorphs. The most common somatotype was endomorphic mesomorph for men and mesomorph-endomorph for women. In five disease groups, prevalence was significantly related to a somatotype. Mesomorphic endomorphs most frequently suffered from digestive system diseases (40.6%, p < 0.05), neuroses (30.1%, p < 0.05), and radiculitis lumbosacralis (15.4%). The prevalence of arterial hypertension in mesomorph-endomorphs (37.1%), endomorphic mesomorphs (35.5%), and mesomorphic endomorphs (34.3%) was equal. In both genders, those with the highest endomorphy and mesomorphy and the lowest ectomorphy, grouped by cluster analysis, were those who suffered most frequently from arterial hypertension and liver disease. The authors conclude that the somatotype having a dominant mesomorphy and marked endomorphy constitutes a risk factor as a particular predisposition toward certain diseases and requires body weight control.     

Adolescent sex differences in adiponectin are conditional on pubertal development and adiposity

OBJECTIVE: Adiponectin is an adipose tissue protein with important insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties but is paradoxically lower in obese individuals. Sex differences in adiponectin have been reported in adults and adolescents but not in prepubertal children. In this study, we hypothesized that sex differences in adiponectin would develop during puberty and would be influenced by level of adiposity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Adiponectin levels were measured in 1196 white and African-American adolescents. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model (HOMA-IR). Demographic, developmental, and metabolic variables, including interactions with adiposity measurements, were evaluated for independent relationships with adiponectin levels. RESULTS: Overall, adiponectin levels varied significantly by sex, race, adiposity, and puberty stage. Significant sex differences in adiponectin developed after the onset of puberty, particularly in lean adolescents. Adolescent boys had lower adiponectin levels in post-puberty compared with pre-puberty (p = 0.01) and had lower levels than girls in both puberty and post-puberty (both p < 0.001), after adjusting for race, BMI z-score, and natural logarithm-(HOMA-IR). Sex differences were also conditional on adiposity level, with significant sex differences among lean (p < 0.001) but not among non-lean (p = 0.16) adolescents. Adiponectin levels in girls decreased more with increasing adiposity than in boys (p = 0.004), but only marginally so after standardizing for girls' higher mean adiponectin level (p = 0.11). DISCUSSION: Sex differences in adiponectin are dependent on both puberty stage and adiposity in adolescents, such that by post-puberty, non-lean boys exhibit the lowest levels of adiponectin.     

儿童青少年双生子瘦素遗传度估计及影响因素分析

目的 分析影响儿童青少年瘦素的遗传因素和环境因素,探讨性别、年龄和体质量指数(BMI)的作用,为儿童肥胖早期预防提供依据.方法 选择6～18岁同性别双生子337对,平均年龄(12.3±3.5)岁,其中同卵双生子257对,异卵双生子80对.采用DNA微卫星多态性鉴定卵性.应用Mx结构方程模型分别计算年龄和BMI调整前后瘦素的遗传度,并检验性别、年龄和BMI对于模型的作用.结果 不同性别间身高、体重和瘦素水平差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).相关分析显示,瘦素水平与性别、年龄和BMI相关(P值均＜0.0l).遗传分析发现,调整前年龄方差在女生中影响较大,而男生则受共同环境方差影响较大.调整后男生特异性性别方差降低,最适模型为ACE(scale)模型.男、女生瘦素遗传模型一致,遗传度为20％.结论 儿童青少年人群中瘦素水平与性别、年龄和BMI相关.瘦素受遗传和环境因素共同影响.调整年龄及BMI后,瘦素遗传度不受性别影响.