80岁以上高龄急性心肌梗死患者研究进展

急性心肌梗死(AMI)是老年人病死率高的主要病因之一。药物溶栓和介入治疗是临床上常规使用的治疗手段,能显著降低患者的病死率,改善预后。然而,高龄心肌梗死患者在临床上常并发多种疾病,出血风险较高,不论是药物溶栓还是介入治疗都有一定的禁忌和风险。针对高龄AMI患者的再灌注治疗仍缺少广泛的大规模数据支持,使患者预后更有益的治疗手段存在争议。笔者回顾了80岁以上ST段抬高型心肌梗死以及非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的国内外研究现状,比较了介入治疗与药物溶栓的治疗方法,旨在为高龄AMI患者的临床选择提供参考依据。     

早期急性心肌梗塞静脉溶栓治疗的临床观察

目的观察静脉溶栓治疗早期急性心肌梗塞的临床疗效。方法随机选取我院48例心肌梗塞患者,采用尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗,对所有患者的临床治疗效率及相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果 48例急性心肌梗塞患者中,有37例患者达到再通标准,再通成功率为77.08%,11例未达到再通标准,发病后6h内进行静脉溶栓治疗的临床疗效要优于6-12h内行静脉溶栓治疗的临床疗效,两组再通成功率有差异性统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗早期急性心肌梗塞的临床疗效显著,同时治疗后并发症发生率较低,值得临床推广。     

急性心肌梗塞溶栓再通的临床标准与冠脉造影的对比研究

我院对四年来收入的７８例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者进行静脉溶栓治疗。作者以冠状动脉造影结果为标准，对ＡＭＩ溶栓治疗再通临床标准（参考方案）进行了验证。结果：参考方案的灵敏度为７０．２％，特异性６７．７％，阳性预测值７６．７％，阴性预测值６０．０％，临床准确度６９．２％。提示：参考方案与冠状动脉造影结果有较好的相关性，判定再通的准确性较高。     

Primary PTCA: Possibly the Best,Often the Only Choice for Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Primary PTCA is at least as effective as intravenous thrombolysis for the management of acute myocardial infarction. When the capability for primary PTCA exists, it is also a very cost-effective treatment, allowing earlier hospital discharge, reduced readmissions and reduced risks of recurrent ischemia and infarction. Finally, many patients with acute myocardial infarction either have contraindications to thrombolysis or fail to fulfill the clinical and ECG criteria for thrombolysis. In these patients, the only possible reperfusion therapy is primary PTCA: it is potentially applicable to all patients with ongoing acute myocardial infarction, without contraindications, which may lead to a substantial increase in the proportion of acute myocardial infarction patients receiving reperfusion therapy. Its use is limited by logistical problems: permanent availability of interventional cardiology facilities and staff, need for secondary transfer of patients from primary care centers. Currently, it appears reasonable to use pre-hospital medical systems as often as possible to triage patients excluded from thrombolysis as well as the most severe thrombolysis-eligible to centers able to perform primary PTCA round the clock, which exist in nearly every large urban center. When the patient is thrombolysis-eligible and is within a center in which interventional facilities and experienced teams are immediately available, both treatments are legitimate, although primary PTCA may be favored both in terms of outcome and cost. Conversely, when the patient has no contraindication to thrombolysis and cannot be treated rapidly in a center with interventional capabilities, thrombolytic therapy should remain the preferred treatment.     

心肌呈色分级评价急性心肌梗死溶栓疗法的疗效

目的以心肌呈色分级(MBG)评估急性心肌梗死溶栓后的心肌灌注状况.方法89例急性心肌梗死患者给予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂治疗.各例于给药后90分钟行冠状动脉造影,观察梗死相关动脉前向血流,评估心肌灌注情况,并记录6个月心脏事件发生率.结果溶栓后符合临床再通标准的为87.6%,未再通的为12.4%.冠状动脉造影结果显示,全组梗死相关动脉的再通率(TIMI 2或3级)为82%;心肌再灌注率(MBG 2或3级)为88.8%,完全再通(TIMI 3级)且完全心肌再灌注(MBG 3级)者为40.4%.6个月死亡率为10.1%.多因素分析结果表明,入院时Killip分级和MBG分级是急性心肌梗死死亡的主要独立预测因子(P=0.0001).结论成功的再灌注治疗应该是梗死相关动脉前向血流TIMI 3级且伴良好心肌灌注.     

Failure of Serial Electrocardiograms to Exclude a Large Anterior Myocardial Infarction and the Role of Transesophageal Echocardiogram in Acute Myocardial Infarction

When patients present with acute onset of chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia, immediate clinical decisions regarding thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or both are usually based on the history and abnormal electrocardiograms and confirmed by the presence of abnormally elevated cardiac enzymes. However, there are potential limitations of the electrocardiograms and initial cardiac enzymes in the diagnosis and confirmation of acute myocardial infarction. We describe the case of a patient who presented with an acute onset of chest pain and had a normal electrocardiogram and initial cardiac enzymes yet was found by transesophageal echocardiography to have a large myocardial infarction.     

及早应用阿托伐他汀与溶栓治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死的疗效研究

目的 探讨及早应用阿托伐他汀与溶栓治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）的疗效与安全性及对心血管事件的影响.方法 选取2008年11月-2009年9月住院治疗行急诊溶栓成功的72例患者.治疗组（37例）在常规治疗的基础上,24h内加服阿托伐他汀80mg,1次/晚,用药12个月;对照组（35例）按急性STEMI常规溶栓、抗栓、抗缺血等治疗.观察两组患者治疗4个月和随访1年的临床情况,包括血脂、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、心血管事件发生率、不良反应和并发症.结果 用药治疗4个月,治疗组血脂、hs-CRP变化明显优于对照组;随访 1 年间治疗组心血管事件发生率明显低于对照组,且无严重不良反应发生.结论 及早应用大剂量阿托伐他汀与溶栓治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死,能减少心血管事件发生率,改善临床预后;且用药较安全、不良反应少,未增加溶栓后的并发症.     

急性心肌梗死溶栓疗法临床分析

目的 分析溶栓疗法治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效.方法 选择发病在12h内的急性心肌梗死患者30例,在对症治疗的同时立即给予静脉滴注尿激酶100万U,分析患者的冠状动脉再通率情况.结果 30例患者中26例再通,再通率为86.67%,没有发生严重的不良反应.结论 心肌梗死后早期采用静滴尿激酶进行溶栓安全、有效,值得临床推广应用.     

急性心肌梗死心肌组织再灌注评价方法

急性心肌梗死后心肌组织再灌注程度与左心室功能和临床预后密切相关,因此,及时、准确的评估心肌梗死后心肌组织灌注水平对患者有着重要的意义.现就评价心肌组织再灌注的方法及应用做一综述.     

心肌缺血负荷值评价不同部位心肌梗死后心肌缺血的临床价值

目的：探讨用心肌缺血负荷值评价不同部位心肌梗死后心肌缺血的临床价值。方法：采用美国Marquete 24h三通道磁带记录盒连续动态心电监测,对368例心肌梗死后患进行ST段分析。结果：108例心肌梗死后Holter检出心肌缺血,检出率29．3％,108例中共1226次心肌缺血,其中无症状心肌缺血占98．85％,不同部位心肌梗死的心肌缺血负荷值无显差异,昼夜心肌缺血负荷值无显差异。结论：心肌缺血负荷值是分析比较ST段改变的一个准确的量化指标,能有效的检出不同部位心肌梗死后心肌缺血的程度,为临床对心肌硬死后心肌缺血的疗效观察提供有效的量化指标。     

Myocardial contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction: Pathophysiological background and clinical applications

Myocardial contrast echocardiography is a technique used inexperimental and clinical settings in order to visualize thepattern of intramyocardial perfusion. In the acute phase ofmyocardial infarction, regional absence of flow during myocardialcontrast echocardiography delineates the area at risk of necrosis,while the definitive non-perfused area expresses infarct size.Reopening the infarct-related artery, which may be achievedspontaneously by thrombolysis or percutaneous transluminal coronaryangioplasty, is not a reliable indicator of intramyocardialreperfusion. If myocardial ischaemia due to coronary occlusionhas been sufficiently prolonged and severe, not only myocyteviability, but also microvascular integrity is lost. Myocardialcontrast echocardiography, using intracoronary injection ofsonicated contrast medium, gives information about microvascularintegrity and the effective presence of intramyocardial reflow.Anatomical integrity of microvasculature does not necessarilyimply preserved function, and thus the microvessel vasodilatingreserve may also be impaired. Myocardial contrast echocardiographyhas the potential to assess alterations in microvascular function,showing, in the myocardial area with reduced coronary reserve,a relatively reduced increase in echocontrast signal intensitywhen an intravenous vasodilator agent is administered. (Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 344–353)     

女性急性心肌梗塞患者溶栓疗效观察

目的　观察女性急性心肌梗塞 (AMI)患者接受静脉溶栓治疗的临床效果。方法　回顾分析 3年内接受静脉溶栓 3 0 2例 (AMI)患者中的 83例女性AMI的临床疗效。结果　 ( 1 ) 83例女性AMI与 2 1 9例男性患者比较 ,溶栓后梗塞相关血管 (IRA)再通率明显为低 ( 57 8%比 73 5% ,P <0 0 1 ) ,尤其3 8例≥ 60岁的老年女性比 92例老年男性明显为低 ( 55 9%比 73 0 % ,P <0 0 2 5)。 ( 2 )经溶栓治疗的男性AMI患者比女性的 5周死亡率 ( 4 1 %比 1 4 5% ,P <0 0 1 )及中度以上心衰率 ( 1 4 2 %比 2 6 5% ,P<0 0 5)明显为低。结论　国人女性AMI患者接受溶栓治疗安全有效 ,但其临床疗效似乎低于男性患者。     

急性心肌梗死经皮冠脉介入治疗后无再流现象的研究进展

急性心肌梗死的急诊经皮冠脉介入治疗可并发无再流现象,是目前再灌注治疗时代的难点。已成为界内人士研究和关注的焦点。本文综述了无再流现象以下几个方面:(1)无再流的定义;(2)检测方法,其中介绍了心肌分级、心肌声学造影等;(3)临床相关因素,包括梗死面积、血脂、梗死前心绞痛的发生时间、血管斑块成分及血液的抗氧化因子;(4)可能的发生机制,主要是冠脉微循环在缺血时的变化和远端的栓塞;(5)最新的治疗方法。由此,我们对冠脉介入治疗中的无再流现象有一系统了解。     

急性心梗溶栓后再灌注性心律失常临床分析

目的分析急性心梗溶栓后再灌注性心律失常的发病机制和临床防治方法。方法选取我院2012年10月-2013年10月间收治的40名急性心梗患者作为研究对象,对患者实施尿激酶溶栓治疗,严密监测患者的心电图及心肌酶谱、心电图变化情况,同时对再次灌注心律失常发生的临床症状、类型以及发生时间进行记录和总结分析。结果本组40名患者中有35例患者溶栓后冠脉再通,占总数的87.5%,发生再灌注性心律失常的有31例,占总数的77.5%,大部分心律失常的患者为单纯室早,另外少部分患者心律失常的类型为房室传导阻滞、短阵室速以及室颤,再通的时间为(52.9±17.3)min。结论对急性心肌梗死患者实施冠脉再通以后可有效的缓解胸痛症状,但是该项治疗手术容易诱发心律失常,因此对心肌梗死患者实施再次灌注后应密切注意观察患者的心电图和血压变化情况。     

Heparin After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Heparin is commonly, but by no means universally, used after acute myocardial infarction. When used the dose, route of administration, and duration of therapy varies considerably. The role of heparin is reviewed with particular reference to its use in conjunction with other commonly used therapies, such as aspirin and thrombolytic agents. Intravenous heparin after thrombolytic therapy remains untested in patients treated with aspirin. When used, benefit is seen in a narrow aPTT range, and there have been unexpected increases in mortality in patients with the greatest heparin effect. The addition of delayed subcutaneous heparin to aspirin and thrombolytic therapy does not provide a mortality benefit. In patients not treated with thrombolysis, there is no clear evidence that heparin confers significant mortality benefit if patients are treated with aspirin. Heparin therapy may reduce the incidence of intraventricular thrombus after anterior wall infarction, but there is no clear evidence that it reduces the clinically important sequelae of cerebral embolism and stroke. Given concerns about increased hemorrhagic rates with heparin and unknown benefit, it is reasonable to conclude that its role in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction remains unclear.     

Classification of Myocardial Infarction: Frequency and Features of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction

Background

The classification of myocardial infarction into 5 types was introduced in 2007 as an important component of the universal definition. In contrast to the plaque rupture–related type 1 myocardial infarction, type 2 myocardial infarction is considered to be caused by an imbalance between demand and supply of oxygen in the myocardium. However, no specific criteria for type 2 myocardial infarction have been established.

Methods

We prospectively studied unselected hospital patients who had cardiac troponin I measured on clinical indication. The diagnosis and classification of myocardial infarction were established, and the frequency and features of type 2 myocardial infarction were investigated by use of novel developed criteria.

Results

From January 2010 to January 2011, a total of 7230 consecutive patients who had cardiac troponin I measured were evaluated, and 4499 patients qualified for inclusion. The diagnosis of myocardial infarction was established in 553 patients, of whom 386 (72%) had a type 1 myocardial infarction and 144 (26%) had a type 2 myocardial infarction. Patients in the group with type 2 myocardial infarction were older and more likely to be female, and had more comorbidities. The proportion of patients without significant coronary artery disease was higher in those with type 2 myocardial infarction (45%) than in those with type 1 myocardial infarction (12%) (P < .001). Tachyarrhythmias, anemia, and respiratory failure were the most prevalent mechanisms causing type 2 myocardial infarction.

Conclusions

In a cohort of patients with myocardial infarction who were admitted consecutively through 1 year, the category of type 2 myocardial infarction comprised one fourth when diagnosed by the use of newly developed criteria. Approximately half of patients with type 2 myocardial infarction had no significant coronary artery disease.     

Early and Late Coronary Angiographic Changes After Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarciton

Objective The coronaryanatomic feature and development after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied. Mehtods 100 patients with AMI received urokinase and strepokinase. Coronary angiography (CAG) was performed at 90 minuts and again at 3 to 4 weeks. Results Successful thrombolysis occurred in 60 cases, but failed in 40. The ratio of reperfusion was 60%. CAG showed there were residual thrombi in 84 patients (84% ) and complete coronary occlusion in 40(40% ). Angiography at 3 to 4 weeks after thrombolysis showed the stenosis worsened in 8 patients and improved in 10. Conclusion AMI is caused by sudden coronary thrombotic occlusion and can be reperfused by using thrombolytic agent or mechanical methods. Throm-bolytic agents usually can not resolve thrombi completely. So percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography (PTCA) is recommended as an important method to improve serious residual stenosis.     

胸部钝性外伤性急性心肌梗塞2例报告及文献复习

本文报告2例青年于胸部钝性外伤后出现心肌异常Q波和损伤性ST段抬高，其心电图和心肌酶学的演变与典型的急性心肌梗塞（AMI）相同。胸部钝性外伤致AMI的主要机理为冠状动脉内膜扯裂、内膜下出血、血栓形成以及粥样斑块扯裂而导致冠状动脉阻塞，受累最多的是左前降支。由于常伴体表、心脏或其它脏器的挫伤或损伤，全身抗凝或静脉溶栓治疗通常为禁忌。如病人条件允许，可施行冠脉搭桥、PTCA或冠状动脉内溶栓等治疗。     

Use of Thrombolysis for Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Diabetic Retinopathy in the UK,and Associated Ocular Haemorrhagic Complications

Diabetic retinopathy is still regarded as a relative contraindication to the use of thrombolysis for myocardial infarction because of a perceived risk of intraocular haemorrhage. However, this complication has rarely been reported and the risk may be too small to justify withholding thrombolysis. A questionnaire survey was therefore conducted of members of the Medical and Scientific Section of the British Diabetic Association (BDA), to ascertain the exclusion criteria applied to the use of thrombolysis in patients with diabetic retinopathy in the UK and to identify any related ocular haemorrhagic complications. Replies were received from 128 physicians in 107 centres. Exclusion criteria applied were: any retinopathy 7 (5 %), proliferative retinopathy and recent vitreous or pre-retinal haemorrhage 74 (58 %), recent vitreous haemorrhage only 25 (20 %), thrombolysis given regardless of retinopathy 22 (17 %). No cases of intraocular haemorrhage following thrombolysis in diabetic myocardial infarction patients were identified. The risks of this complication appear to be very small and probably do not justify withholding thrombolytic therapy from diabetic patients with most forms of retinopathy, including proliferative.     

Myocardial performance index in evaluation of acute right ventricular myocardial infarction

The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of Doppler time interval-derived myocardial performance index (MPI) in the setting of acute right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVMI). Inferior myocardial infarction is accompanied by RVMI in over a third of cases. We do not have easily applicable noninvasive tools for reliably quantifying the right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in RVMI and to serially follow alterations. Clinical and echocardiography data of all acute inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) admissions (n = 135) to our referral teaching institute were prospectively collected for the study. After exclusions, study group comprised of 36 patients with RVMI diagnosed by >/=1 mm ST segment elevation in V3R-V5R of right-sided ECG and 63 patients without RVMI constituted the control group. All patients underwent echocardiography within 24 hours of admission. Normal range of MPI for our laboratory was estimated from 50 age-matched healthy subjects. RV MPI was elevated to a mean of 0.53 +/- 0.22 in RVMI (Normal MPI 0.20 +/- 0.05, P-value < 0.001). IMI without RVMI did not elevate MPI significantly (0.21 +/- 0.17, P-value NS). Repeat MPI estimation in 11 RVMI (7 thrombolyzed) patients after 5 days showed dramatic reduction (0.23 +/- 0.12, P-value < 0.001). This reduction was noted irrespective of thrombolysis. RV MPI >/= 0.30 has high sensitivity (82%) and specificity (95%) for the diagnosis of RVMI in the presence of acute IMI. MPI can reliably diagnose RV infarction. It can be used to quantify right ventricular dysfunction and assess acute improvements in RV function.