颈椎椎弓根螺钉个体化置钉技术的研究

目的 颈椎椎弓根螺钉的个体化置钉的研究.方法 进行128枚椎弓根螺钉的置入,采用椎弓根螺钉的体化置入技术.手术前对患者颈椎的正侧位x线片进行研究,通过椎弓根纵轴在颈椎侧位像上的投射,确定椎弓根螺钉进钉点的横向进钉线(X线),通过对CT的研究,确定椎弓根纵轴在颈椎侧块上投射的点位,确定椎弓根螺钉进钉点的纵向定位线(Y线),在手术中通过两线的交点确定椎弓根螺钉的进钉点(O点),通过术前的X线确定椎弓根螺钉的头倾角和尾倾角,通过CT确定椎弓根螺钉的内倾角,最终确定椎弓根螺钉的进钉方向,结合手术中一定的操作技术,完成椎弓根螺钉的个体化置钉.结果 本组正确置入118枚,螺钉穿透椎弓根但基本在椎弓根内的6枚,4枚穿出经调整后准确置入.结论 颈椎椎弓根置钉应个体化.     

颈椎椎弓根钉内固定研制及置钉准确性研究

目的设计一种具有纵向撑开和压缩功能的颈椎椎弓根钉内固定,并行颈椎椎弓根钉置钉训练,研究其进钉准确性.方法(1)收集颈椎新鲜标本7具,先采用CT扫描椎弓根,测量椎弓根内外径的高度和宽度;(2)设计合适的椎弓根钉内固定系统;(3)在收集的7具颈椎新鲜标本70个椎弓根上行置钉操作训练,评价其置钉准确性.结果颈椎椎弓根直径一般>4.5mm,其高度大于宽度,可适于椎弓根钉内固定使用,颈椎椎弓根钉置钉的准确性高.但颈椎椎弓根存在个体差异,宜行个体化进钉.结论颈椎椎弓根解剖学上可以满足椎弓根钉内固定的使用.     

颈椎椎弓根钉置钉技术的研究进展

由于创伤、结核、肿瘤、畸形矫正等原因造成脊柱不稳定,需要重建脊柱的稳定性,虽然有众多学者对此做了大量深入的研究,但目前治疗颈椎不稳定方法的选择仍然困扰着临床医生。考虑到更好的稳定性和安全性因素,越来越多的临床工作者选择椎弓根螺钉置入法治疗脊柱不稳。通过对国内外颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉技术进行总结,现将颈椎椎弓根钉常用置钉方法及最新技术作一综述。     

颈椎椎弓根钉置钉方法的研究现状

颈椎由于创伤、肿瘤切除、畸形矫正等原因造成颈椎不稳定,需要重建颈椎的稳定性.既往使用侧块螺钉固定、钢丝脊突间固定、钩型钢板固定等固定技术,以上方法均固定颈椎的前柱加中柱或后柱,术后需要加用外固定才能保持其稳定性.     

颈椎弓根螺钉置钉技术研究进展

随着目前颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的发展,颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的力学优越性已被广泛接受;近年来,有关颈椎后路椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的文献报道日益增多,手术方法也不断改进,从传统的手法置钉到利用最新科技的计算机辅助置钉,每种方法均有各自优缺点,本文将对颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的进展作一综述.     

导航系统辅助下颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉准确性的实验研究

目的：评价导航系统辅助下颈椎（C3～C7）椎弓根螺钉内固定置钉的准确性.方法：将32具成人尸体颈椎标本随机分为4组,分别采用盲法、透视法、透视导航法和CT导航法进行下颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入.术后采用标本大体解剖观察的方法评价置钉准确性.分优（螺钉完全在椎弓根内）、可（仅有螺纹穿出,对周围组织无损伤）和差（螺钉明显穿出）进行统计.结果：共置入螺钉318枚.盲法80枚,平均手术时间27min,优29枚（36 3%）、可21枚（26.3%）、差30枚（37.5%）;透视法78枚（有1例C4、C5右侧椎弓根均细小,不能容纳3.5mm螺钉）,平均手术时间112min,优35枚（44.9%）、可29枚（37.2%）、差14枚（17.9%）;透视导航法80枚,平均手术时间69min,优34枚（42.5%）,可36枚（45%）,差10枚（12.5%）;CT导航法80枚,平均手术时间98min,优70枚（87.5%）、可10枚（12.5%）.各组间手术时间均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,透视法与透视导航法的置钉准确率间无显著性差异,其余各组间均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）.结论：单纯根据术前影像结果盲法行下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定不安全.透视法和透视导航法可提高置钉准确性,但手术风险仍较大,透视导航法比透视法置钉的手术时间缩短.CT导航法并未比透视法增加手术时间,但置钉准确性显著提高.     

手持式颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉瞄准器的研制及意义

目的:研制能三维调节角度的手持式置钉瞄准器,为颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉提供帮助。方法:制作以杠杆百分表显示偏摆角度的瞄准器,利用图形矢量化软件快速处理术前轴位CT图和45°斜位X线片,精确确定进钉点、置入角度、螺钉直径与长度,推导出椎弓根术前影像学数据与瞄准器钻套调整角的关系公式,采用正弦规校验瞄准器钻套调整角。以瞄准器为钻模在9具新鲜成人标本颈椎椎弓根上进行钻孔,并进行个体化置钉。结果:共置入椎弓根螺钉46枚,42枚位置正确,正确率为91%。结论:手持式颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉瞄准器可提高置钉的准确性和安全性,有临床应用前景。     

下颈椎椎弓根钉内固定系统治疗进展

目的综合分析下颈椎椎弓根的解剖学、下颈椎椎弓根钉的置钉方法、生物力学稳定性、适用范围及并发症等方面的基础和临床应用研究。方法广泛查阅近年来有关文献，分析总结椎弓根钉内固定的应用解剖学基础、生物力学、临床操作技能、适应证及并发症等。结果下颈椎椎弓根的解剖学特点可满足下颈椎椎弓根钉内固定的使用，下颈椎椎弓根钉内固定生物力学稳定性好，应用范围广，并发症可有效控制。结论椎弓根钉内固定为下颈椎不稳定的治疗提供了一种有效的内固定方法。     

颈椎椎弓根三种置钉法的实验研究

目的: 评价 3种颈椎椎弓根置钉方法。方法: 3组尸体各 9具, 行颈椎CT影像测量后分别用 3种方法进行椎弓根置钉, 其结果由CT验证。结果: 颈椎椎弓根三维定位器法置钉 90枚, 椎弓根内占 90%, 其中神经根损伤 2枚, 椎动脉损伤 1枚; Abumi法置钉 90枚, 椎弓根内占 55. 56%, 其中神经根损伤 19枚, 椎动脉损伤 4枚; Ebraheim法置钉 72枚, 椎弓根内占 29. 17%, 其中神经根损伤 24枚, 椎动脉损伤 29枚, 3种方法均无脊髓损伤。结论: 在术中不探查椎弓根、无影像设备导向条件下, 颈椎椎弓根三维定位器置钉准确率较Abumi手法置钉高, 而Ebraheim法不适用于国人。     

骨科手术机器人系统辅助置入颈椎椎弓根螺钉的安全性研究

目的:评估骨科手术机器人辅助置入颈椎椎弓根螺钉的准确性与安全性。方法:回顾性分析2019年3月至2021年2月经颈椎后路在骨科手术机器人辅助下采用椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗的33例患者资料,男19例、女14例;年龄26~75岁,平均50.5岁。上颈椎骨折脱位14例（其中骨折不愈合2例）、上颈椎及下颈椎同时骨折脱位1例、颈椎...     

下颈椎椎弓根螺钉技术的临床应用

目的评估下颈椎椎弓根螺钉技术应用于颈椎不稳定的临床意义,并总结其手术技巧和适应征。方法回顾性分析2004年7月-2006年8月,采用颈。椎弓根螺钉技术治疗的各类颈椎疾患28例146枚钉。创伤患者18例,Frankel分级评价神经损伤情况。包括3例陈旧性下颈椎脱位,均后路一期复位,双侧椎弓根钉钢板固定;非创伤患者10例,予椎管减压,后路钉棒、板系统矫形或重建稳定性。结果术后CT提示椎弓根壁损伤5枚（3．42％）,无1例血管神经损伤表现。随访时间平均9．8（3-24）月。创伤患者Frankel分级无加重,除3例A级患者无恢复外,均有1-3级的脊髓功能恢复,伴发神经根激惹症状减轻或消失;非创伤患者脊髓功能JOA评分由术前6．8分提高至12．5分。结论下颈椎椎弓根螺钉技术是相对安全的操作,可适用于几乎所有需要从后路固定的颈椎病例。重要的是在术前详细分析影像资料,熟悉局部解剖特点,掌握合理的置钉技术,以减少和避免并发症。     

Management of fracture-dislocation of the lower cervical spine with the cervical pedicle screw system

INTRODUCTION

Usually, cervical pedicle screw fixation has been considered too risky for neurovascular structures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the method and efficacy of the cervical pedicle screw system for fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine because of its rigid fixation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective study was conducted involving 48 patients with cervical spine fracture-dislocation who underwent cervical pedicle screw fixation surgery between January 2003 and January 2007. All patients had various degrees of cord injury, and they were classified according to the American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale: 18 cases were grade A, 15 grade B, 10 grade C, and 5 grade D.

RESULTS

Six months after the operation, all patients had achieved solid bony fusion and stable fixation of the related segments. Thirty patients with incomplete spinal cord injury improved their ASIA Impairment Scale classification by 1 to 2 grades after the operation. Eighteen patients with complete spinal cord injury had no improvement in neural function. However, nerve root symptoms such as pain and numbness were alleviated to some extent.

CONCLUSIONS

The cervical pedicle screw system is an effective and reliable method for the restoration of cervical stability. Sufficient pre-operative imaging studies of the pedicles and strict screw insertion technique should be emphasised.     

颈椎弓根螺钉内固定在下颈椎骨折中的应用

经椎弓根螺钉固定系统因其具有三柱固定的稳定性、固定节段少、影响脊柱活动度小等优点，已被广泛应用于胸腰椎疾患。但由于颈椎椎弓根解剖和毗邻结构特殊，故颈椎椎弓根固定技术的难度和风险较大，目前仍无法广泛应用于临床。我科自2004年1月-2006年8月采用后路经椎弓根螺钉系统个体化置钉手术内固定治疗下颈椎骨折，其中18例获得随访，疗效满意。[第一段]     

Lateral radiological evaluation of transarticular screw placement in the lower cervical spine

This study assessed the ideal district of lateral radiograph in evaluation of transarticular screw placement in the lower cervical spine. To assess the ideal zone of lateral radiographs in determining the safe or hazardous locations of the screw tips during transarticular screw implantation in the lower cervical spine. Transarticular screw in the lower cervical spine had been used as an alternative technique to achieve posterior cervical spine stability. Injury to the spinal nerves caused by transarticular screws which are too long must be identified quickly to minimize the neurologic complication. No previous radiological study regarding evaluation of the transarticular screw placement using lateral radiographs has been reported. Twelve cervical spines were removed from embalmed cadavers. Four transarticular screw placements with Dalcanto’s technique under direct visualization, including placement of the screw tip staying the ventral cortex, 2, 4 and 6 mm over-penetration of the ventral cortex, were performed on each specimen. Following each placement, a lateral radiograph was taken. Each vertebral body was divided vertically into four equal zones, and another equal zone posterior to the posterior border of the vertebral body was defined as Zone pre-1. The numbers of screw tips seen in each zone were quantified for each placement. Partitions of χ ² method was used to evaluate the ideal zone on lateral radiograph for transarticular screw insertion. At C34 and C45, no significant difference was found between Zone pre-1 and Zone 1 (χ ² = 0.18, P > 0.50), while there was significant difference between Zones 1 and 2 (χ ² = 73.6, P < 0.005), as well as Zones 2 and 3 (χ ² = 13.2, P < 0.005). At C56 and C67, No significant difference was found between Zones 2 and 3 (χ ² = 0.25, P > 0.50), while there was significant difference between Zone pre-1 and Zone 1 (χ ² = 66.2, P < 0.005), as well as Zones 1 and 2 (χ ² = 10.5, P < 0.005). Ideal screw tip positions on lateral radiograph for transarticular screw by Dalcanto’s technique should be in Zone 1 at C34 and C45, in Zone pre-1 at C56 and C67. If the screw tip was in Zones 3 and 4, the safe rate will be decreased significantly and it might be too deep and be dangerous.     

颈椎椎弓根钉固定的临床应用

目的 评价颈椎椎弓根钉系统固定的临床价值与个体化综合置钉方法。方法 运用个体化综合置钉法行颈椎弓根固定治疗颈椎不稳14例，其中陈旧性寰枢椎不稳7例，颈椎管狭窄1例，骨折脱位6例。结果 术中未出现并发症，术后神经症状明显改善。拍片与CT检查提示，置钉位置正确，无螺钉松动与断钉现象。结论 颈椎椎弓根钉内固定提供了三柱的稳定和最坚强的后方固定。为了防止并发症的发生采用了个体化综合置钉，并采用刮匙旋转打孔更为安全。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗上颈椎损伤

目的总结枕骨、枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统或寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统固定用于治疗上颈椎损伤的效果。方法对16例上颈椎损伤患者术前常规行颅骨牵引复位。术中寰枢椎椎弓根的进钉点选择在寰椎后结节中点旁开18~20 mm、后弓上缘下4 mm交点处。矢状面上螺钉向头侧倾斜约5°。冠状面垂直。枢椎进钉点为枢椎关节突根部中点,钉道与矢状面夹角为20°~25°,与横断面夹角30°~35°。椎弓根螺钉φ3.5 mm,寰椎、枢椎椎弓根螺钉长24~28 mm,术中遇阻力大时随时调整方向。结果平均手术时间110 min。术前Frankel分级C级1例,D级4例,术后均恢复至E级。随访6~38个月,16例全部植骨融合,内固定无松动。结论枕骨、寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合治疗上颈椎损伤是一种新技术,具有固定牢固、固定节段短和三维固定的优点。     

Anterior pedicle screw fixation for multilevel cervical corpectomy and spinal fusion

Summary   Background. Prevention of graft dislodgement in multilevel cervical corpectomy and fusion has been an unresolved problem. Anterior plate fixation has a significant failure rate. External support with a halo-vest is uncomfortable for patients. In the present study, we report a new surgical technique of anterior pedicle screw (APS) fixation for multilevel cervical corpectomy and spinal fusion, and describe the safety and utility of the system. Method. After cervical corpectomy, the pedicles on the right side were visualised under oblique fluoroscopy. Guide wires were inserted into the pedicles from the inner wall of the excavated vertebral body until they were hidden in the pedicles. After a fibula autograft was placed, the graft was penetrated in the reverse direction by the guide wires. After drilling and tapping, cannulated screws were inserted into the pedicles through the grafted fibula along the guide wires. Findings. In 9 patients with cervical myelopathy, the surgery was accomplished with a fibula autograft using APS fixation. A total of 22 APSs were inserted, and 21 screws were placed precisely in the pedicles. There were no neurovascular complications. Patients were allowed to ambulate without a halo-vest on the second day after the surgery. Post-operatively, no dislodgement of the grated fibula occurred, and all patients improved neurologically. Conclusions. The insertion of APSs is feasible and safe. APS fixation enables us to obtain rigid fixation anteriorly, and we propose that APS fixation is an attractive option for multilevel cervical corpectomy and fusion. Correspondence: Masashi Yamazaki, MD, PhD, Spine Section, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan.     

Morphometric analysis of the seventh cervical vertebra for pedicle screw insertion

Background:Anatomy of the pedicles of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) at the cervicothoracic junction is different from other cervical vertebrae. Fixation of C7 is required during cervical vertebra and upper thoracic injuries in clinical practice. However, the typical pedicle screw insertion methods may have problems in clinical practice based on the anatomical features of C7. This study is to explore a new pedicle screw insertion technique for C7 and to provide anatomical and radiographic basis for clinical application.Results:Gross and imaging observations revealed that pedicle projection was on the line (line G) between point A (the intersection point of the superior margin of the lamina of C7 and the medial margin of the superior articular process) and point B (the intersection point of the lateral margin of the inferior articular process and the transverse process) and located at the middle 1/3 and outer 1/3 segments of the line (point L[also it is the screw entry points (Eps)]. No significant difference in the measurements on the left and right sides were observed (P > 0.05). No penetration of the 12 screws through pedicle was observed.Conclusion:The junction site of the middle 1/3 and outer 1/3 segments of line G are the projection points of C7 pedicles on the lateral mass. The junction site anatomical position was simply and easy to be controlled during surgery, simultaneously avoided uncertainty of other methods. This study provides a new method for determining an Ep for C7 pedicle screw insertion.     

Applied anatomy of the lower cervical pedicle screw insertion

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain an accurate approach to inserting the pedicle screw into C3-C7 segments of the cervical vertebra. METHODS: Anatomic morphology of lateral mass and pedicle, and their anatomic relationship with the adjacent tissue were observed on C3-C7 segments of 25 adult embalmed cadavers (50 sides). RESULTS: 1) The inferior edge of the base of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process and the inferior edge of the pedicle were connected with each other on 25 adult embalmed cadavers (50 sides). The transverse section which passed through the median point between the superior edge and the inferior edge of the base of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process, and the transverse section which passed through the central axis between the superior edge and the inferior edge of the pedicle, were in the same horizontal plane. The superior and inferior position of placing the pedicle screw was determined by this transverse section, which passed through the median point between the superior and the inferior edge of the base of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process. 2) There was a directed internal-downwards "triangular sulcule" between the base of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process and the anterolateral edge of the inferior articular process. The anterior wall of the triangular sulcule was the base of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process, the posterior wall was the anterolateral edge of the inferior articular process, and the bottom of the sulcule was connected with the interior edge of the pedicle. The vertical length between the top of triangle and the planes of inferior edge of the pedicle was (2.78+/-1.71) mm. The inferior edge of the cervical pedicle could be detected using a blunt probe along the "triangular sulcule" between the base of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process and the anterolateral edge of the inferior articular process in surgical operation. 3) The lateral fovea of the articular process was observed on all lateral masses (50 sides). The internal and external position of the entrance point could depend on anatomic landmarks: the lateral edge of the lateral fovea of the articular process. The horizontal length between the lateral fovea of the articular process and the entrance point was (3.14+/-1.45) mm. 4) The diameter of pedicle screw, about (2.78+/-1.71) mm, was the transverse diameter of the cancellous bone of the greatest narrow part of the cervical pedicle. CONCLUSIONS: The median point between the superior edge and the inferior edge of the base of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process, the lateral fovea of the articular process, and the triangular sulcule between the base of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process and the anterolateral edge of inferior articular process, are easy to be exposed and identified in surgical operation. The pedicle screw can be precisely inserted through this method.