保留肾脏的肾癌手术

根治性肾切除（ＲＮ）一直为肾癌的标准术式。但对双侧肾癌、对侧肾有病变或代偿功能不全等难予施行ＲＮ及偶发性小肿瘤,近些年有报道采用保留肾脏的手术,包括肾部分切除、肿瘤剜除术及离体肾手术。本文对保留肾手术的适应症、手术方式、术中及术后注意事项、疗效、术后并发症的处理及对保留肾手术的争议等作了综述报道     

保留肾脏的肾癌手术

根治性肾切除（ＲＮ）一直为肾癌的标准术式,但对双侧肾癌、对侧肾有病变或代偿功能不全等难予施行ＲＮ及偶发性小肿瘤,近些年来报道采用保留肾脏的手术,包括肾部分切除,肿瘤剜除术及离体肾手术。本文对保留肾手术的适应症,手术方式,术中及术后注意事项,疗效,术后并发症的处理及对保留肾手术的争议等作了综述报道。     

300例次肾移植围手术期处理

目的:总结肾脏移植围手术期处理经验。方法:回顾性分析300例次肾脏移植手术前后的临床资料。结果:由于重视术前准备、供受体配型、供肾保护、手术操作、免疫抑制剂合理应用等,300例肾脏移植获得了较满意结果。结论:围手术期处理恰当与否,直接影响移植肾脏近远期存活率。     

腹腔镜保留肾单位手术的现状及展望

随着对小肾癌认识的深入,其手术治疗已不再是单一的。肾脏根治性切除,保留。肾单位的肿瘤切除术的临床疗效与肾脏根治性切除术基本相同。腹腔镜手术作为现代高科技和临床医学结合的产物,具有创伤小、恢复快的优点,目前许多水平较高的医疗中心已将腹腔镜技术应用于保留肾单位手术。虽然腹腔镜保留肾单位手术的广泛应用还面临设备条件限制及操作技术要求高等困难,但其仍反映了小肾癌手术治疗的一个发展方向。     

泌尿外科同侧二次腹腔镜手术体会

目的 探讨泌尿外科同侧二次腹腔镜手术可行性,总结经验和体会. 方法行同侧二次腹腔镜手术患者13例.第一次手术路径:经腹膜后4例,经腹9例.第一次手术原因:肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻3例、输尿管结石3例、肾盂结石2例、肾上腺肿瘤2例、肾囊肿2例、多囊肾1例.第二次手术原因:患侧肾脏无功能4例、结石复发3例、肾囊肿复发1例、肾盂输尿管吻合处狭窄1例、同侧肾脏发生肾癌I例、多囊肾再次进展1例、肾上腺肿瘤残留和复发各1例.2次手术间隔6～72个月,平均30个月.第二次手术均取经腹入路,直视下进腹建立气腹,松解肠道粘连后打开侧腹膜及肾周筋膜,先从解剖清晰、粘连轻处按解剖层次,逐步暴露手术部位完成手术,未切除肾脏病例术后缝合肾周筋膜及侧腹膜,恢复解剖关系. 结果 第一次手术平均手术时间93 min,平均出血量70ml,平均术后住院时问4.8 d.第二次手术均顺利完成,平均手术时间97 min,平均出血量62 ml,平均术后住院时间5.0 d.第二次手术中均发现不同程度粘连和解剖位置变化,手术难度增加.二次手术后13例随访2～24个月,未发生严重并发症. 结论 选择合适病例,在熟练掌握相关技巧后,二次腹腔镜手术可以应用于有同侧泌尿外科腹腔镜手术史患者.     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾错构瘤的现状及进展

肾错构瘤（又名肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤）是肾脏常见的良性肿瘤。腹腔镜保留肾单位手术是一种创伤小、并发症少、且能最大限度保护肾功能的微创手术。随着切割止血技术的发展,此种术式日益安全可靠。本文就腹腔镜手术治疗肾错构瘤的现状及进展作一综述。     

3D腹腔镜技术在肾脏疾病手术中的应用

目的:探讨3D腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科肾脏疾病手术中的应用。方法:我院于2013年3~10月完成3D腹腔镜肾脏手术52例,其中肾癌根治性术20例,肾部分切除术16例,单纯肾切除术12例,肾输尿管全切术4例。所有患者术前均行B超、IVU、CT或MRI检查,检测对侧肾功能正常,肾脏良性病变提示患肾无功能,肾脏恶性病变选择T1~T2N0M0的患者,肿瘤局限于肾包膜内,肾门及周围淋巴结无肿大,观察手术时间、术中出血量及手术效果。结果:52例手术全部获得成功,手术时间50~130min,其中肾癌根治术70~110min;肾部分切除术65~100min;肾蒂阻断时间14~25min,平均16.2min;单纯肾切除术50~90min;肾输尿管全切术60~130min;术中估计出血量为60~350ml,术中术后均未输血,术后住院5~9d,平均6d。术后病理提示肾母细胞瘤1例,乳头状肾细胞癌1例,肾错构瘤6例,肾透明细胞癌28例,输尿管尿路上皮癌4例,肾结核2例,肾萎缩样改变10例。以上所有患者切缘均为阴性,未见转移灶。术后随访1~7个月,无肿瘤复发及切口种植转移。结论:3D腹腔镜技术是传统腹腔镜技术的一大进步,降低了手术难度,缩短了手术时间。该系统具备腹腔镜与开放手术共同的优势,手术解剖更加精确,缝合操作相对容易,值得临床推广。     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗偶发性肾脏小肿瘤

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术的方法及对肾脏小肿瘤的临床应用价值.方法采用腹腔镜对25例<4 cm的肾脏肿瘤患者施行保留肾单位的肾脏肿瘤切除术. 结果 25例手术均取得成功,无中转开放.手术时间55～150 min,平均87 min;热缺血时间15～35 min,平均24 min;出血量50～350 ml,平均230 ml;术后住院时间7～10 d,平均9 d;术后无肾脏继发出血、漏尿等需要再次手术的并发症.术后随访1～30个月,均无局部肿瘤复发及远处转移. 结论 腹腔镜下保留肾单位的肾脏肿瘤切除术安全可行、疗效肯定,对分期为T1a期的肿瘤具有较好的临床应用价值,但长期的肿瘤控制效果需要进一步证实.     

腹腔镜肾脏手术需中转为手助腹腔镜或开放手术的风险因素分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜肾脏手术需中转为手助腹腔镜或开放手术的风险因素。材料与方法:回顾性分析了1996年6月至2009年2月之间笔者医院中的759例标准腹腔镜和833例手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术、单纯肾切除术、肾移植术、肾部分切除术、肾盂成形术及肾输尿管切除术患者的临床资料。以明确腹腔镜中转     

孤立肾巨大肿瘤保留肾单位的手术治疗

目的：探讨孤立。肾巨大肿瘤的诊治方法。方法：对2例孤立肾肾肿瘤直径≥8．0cm的患者,先行腹腔镜手术游离肾脏血管,再行开放手术将。肾肿瘤剜除。结果：2例手术均获成功,1例术后发生肾功能不全,1例完全康复,术后随访12个月,肿瘤均无复发或转移。结论：对于孤立。肾巨大肿瘤,术前行肾动脉血管检查、肾肿瘤超选择性栓塞,术中运用腹腔镜游离肾血管、开放手术冷缺血阻断肾动脉,使肿瘤与正常肾组织分界清楚、减少出血、加快手术操作、有助于保护患者肾功能,提高患者生活质量。     

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic nephrectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic nephrectomy. METHODS: From June 1994 to November 1999, 10 patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy at Osaka University Medical Hospital and Osaka Rosai Hospital. Laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed either via transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach under general anesthesia. These 10 cases were reviewed in respect of primary disease of the kidney, operative time, complications and postoperative convalescence. RESULTS: Of the 10 patients, five were preoperatively diagnosed as having a non-functioning kidney with hydronephrosis, two patients were diagnosed as having an atrophic kidney, two had renal cell carcinoma and one had renal pelvic tumor. The average operative time was 374 min (range 270-675 min). The mean blood loss was 330 mL (range 60-800 mL). One patient required transfusion due to postoperative oozing. The average hospital stay after operation was 7 days. No major postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic nephrectomy is an option in surgically managing renal disorders, including malignancies, although it has a longer operative time compared to conventional open surgery.     

Modified endoscopic live donor nephrectomy: Retroperitoneoscopy followed by hand-assistance

We have developed a novel modification of previous approaches to donor nephrectomy and herein review our original operative procedure. First, the posterior aspect of the kidney was dissected retroperitoneoscopically and dissection of the renal artery, ureter and gonadal vein was almost completed. Second, the anterior aspect of the kidney was dissected with transperitoneal hand-assistance, and dissection of the renal pedicle from the anterior surface was accomplished easily and safely. This operative procedure was successfully performed for two donors with no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Our modified endoscopic donor nephrectomy is feasible as a minimally invasive procedure because of its safety, and its ability to preserve renal function and establish an excellent operative field for both posterior and anterior aspects of the kidney.     

Technique, indications and outcomes of pure laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for living renal transplantation has emerged as the gold standard. Nevertheless, experience with this technique for procuring right kidneys is limited. We report our single institution results of pure laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy was initiated at the our institution in November 1999. Patient selection was initially limited to the left kidney but right surgery was started 2 years later after 97 operations had been performed. We prospectively acquired data on the donor and recipient, and specifically analyzed outcomes of the right kidneys. RESULTS: In a 40-month period 300 laparoscopic donor operations were performed. Overall 44 procedures (15%) were on the right side with the fraction greater (22%) after removing exclusion of the right kidney from laparoscopic selection criteria. In this cohort mean operative time was 170 minutes, significantly less than the 190 minutes for 50 contemporaneous left kidneys (p = 0.001). No case of right donor nephrectomy required open conversion and vessels were of adequate length. Donor and recipient complications were similar in the 2 groups without technical graft loss in the entire series. CONCLUSIONS: Our method of laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy yields excellent graft quality with adequate vascular length and without the need for elaborate modifications or hand assistance. Moreover, the right operation is technically easier and it achieved comparable donor morbidity and recipient renal function. With sufficient experience the right kidney should be procured laparoscopically when indicated.     

后腹腔镜肾切除术临床体会

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾切除术的技术要点及临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析30例后腹腔镜肾切除术临床资料,其中肾结石重度肾积水16例,肾萎缩8例,肾癌4例,肾盂癌2例。结果:手术成功率100%,无中转开放手术,平均手术时间90m in,平均出血量60m l,未发生严重并发症。结论:后腹腔镜肾切除术具有创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快等优点,可逐步替代传统的肾切除术。     

多层螺旋CT在活体肾移植供肾评估及取肾手术方式选择中的应用

目的 评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在活体肾移植供肾及取肾手术方式选择中的应用价值.方法 90例活体肾移植供者接受了MSCT平扫及动脉期、静脉期和排泄期的扫描.采用最大密度投影和容积再现技术进行血管成像,所有MSCT图像均由2位影像医师盲法下独立进行分析和评价.根据重建的CT图像,影像医师与肾移植医师进行讨论,选择左肾还是右肾作为供肾,并确定采用腹腔镜下取肾手术或是开放式取肾手术.结果 90例供者中,78例接受了左肾切取术,其中71例左侧供肾无明显变异者接受了常规腹腔镜下取肾手术,7例两侧肾脏均存在如副肾动脉、多支肾静脉,或者肾静脉位于腹主动脉后方等较明显变异,接受了左肾开放式取肾手术;12例因左肾存在明显变异,接受了右肾切取术,均行手辅助腹腔镜下取肾手术.所有术中记录的肾血管及集尿系统的解剖结构与术前MSCT评价一致,其准确率为100％.2位影像医师在评价肾动脉、肾静脉和集尿系统中显示了很好的一致性.90例取肾手术全部成功,移植术后受者未发生肾静脉血栓形成等血管并发症.结论 MSCT作为活体肾移植供者术前评价“一站式”检查方法,可以为供肾和取肾手术方式的选择提供准确、有价值的信息.     

Retroperitoneoscopic hand-assisted live-donor nephrectomy according to the basic principle of transplantation in donor kidney selection

PURPOSE: We assessed the feasibility of retroperitoneoscopic hand-assisted live-donor nephrectomy according to the basic principle of transplantation in kidney selection, namely, leaving the better-functioning kidney in the donor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty consecutive live-donor nephrectomies, including 10 right-sided and 20 left-sided procedures, were evaluated. The surgery was started endoscopically using three ports, followed by hand assistance for dissecting the renal pedicles through the extended inner-port incision. A vascular Endostapler and polymer clips were used to transect the renal vessels. RESULTS: Two right-sided cases required open conversion because of multiple renal vessels and uncontrollable bleeding. The median operative time, warm ischemia time (WIT), blood loss, and renal vein length were 244 minutes (upper and lower quartile 215 and 274 minutes), 186 seconds (134, 239 seconds), 175 mL (45, 305 mL), and 22 mm (19, 26 mm), respectively. The operative time and WIT were longer, and the renal vein was shorter, in the right-sided than in the left-sided procedures (P < 0.05), but no difference was found in the other perioperative data for the two sides. No delayed graft function was observed, and the kidney function 1 month postoperatively was acceptable in all donors and all recipients. CONCLUSION: Our technical devices, such as the site and timing of hand assistance and control of the renal vessels, seem feasible. Although we could not draw a conclusion about the safety of the right-sided procedure, this alternative procedure should be applicable for laparoscopic donor nephrectomy uninfluenced by the side of the donor kidney provided the surgical team has sufficient expertise.     

Partial nephrectomy for centrally located tumors

Introduction. Interest in nephron-sparing surgery has been spurred by the good long-term results of patients treated with partial nephrectomy. Partial nephrectomy entails the complete resection of renal tumor while leaving behind clear surgical margins and maximum functional renal parenchyma.Technical Considerations. We prefer to access the renal tumor by a flank incision. Intraoperative sonography is used to define the operative lesion and to search for multicentric tumors. A vascular clamp is placed on the renal hilum for vascular control. Regional hypothermia protects the kidney during renal ischemia. The perinephric fat is excised in situ with the renal tumor. Tumor base biopsies ensure negative margins. Meticulous dissection and tying of vessels improves hemostasis. Diluted methylene blue is directly injected into the renal pelvis to inspect for any intrarenal leakage. The argon beam coagulator is used routinely, and collagen (Avitene) is placed into the renal defect for hemostasis. The renal parenchyma and Gerota’s fascia are reapproximated anatomically. A small drain is left in place, and the wound is closed in the usual manner.Conclusions. Recent studies continue to report that conservative surgery is as effective as radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma, but the judgments in patient selection and operative management are paramount in determining its success.     

Feasibility and safety of laparoscopic nephrectomy for nonfunctioning kidney in patients with previous renal surgery

Abstract Purpose: Performing laparoscopic nephrectomy in the setting of previous renal surgery may be challenging and associated with a higher complication rate. We conducted this study to assess the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic nephrectomy among patients with a history of ipsilateral renal surgery. Patients and Methods: We reviewed the chart of 193 patients who underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for nonfunctioning kidney between April 2007 and March 2011. The study population was divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised 37 patients with a history of ipsilateral renal surgery, and Group 2 consisted of 156 patients with no history of previous renal surgery. Results: Baseline characteristics and preoperative variables were similar in both groups. Mean operative time, complication rate, and hospital stay were comparable between the two groups. A nonstatistically significant trend toward a higher transfusion rate was noted in Group 1 patients. The operation was converted to open nephrectomy in 1 (2.7%) and 3 (1.9%) patients of Groups 1 and 2, respectively (P=.765). Conclusions: Laparoscopic nephrectomy of the nonfunctioning kidney is a feasible and safe procedure in the setting of previous renal surgery and is not associated with a significant increase in operative time and complication rate compared with patients with no prior ipsilateral renal surgery.     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术23例报告

目的 探索后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术的应用范围和经验。方法 2001年12月至2005年10月，对23例患者施行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术，其中肾细胞癌14例、错构瘤5例、重复肾4例，孤立肾1例。结果22例手术顺利完成，1例肾肿瘤因仅阻断肾动脉前支时出血而行腹腔镜肾切除．手术时间60～240min，平均121min。肾动脉阻断时间20～55min，平均32min。术中出血量100～300ml，均未输血。病理报告肾细胞癌14例，切缘均阴性；错构瘤5例。1例重复肾因切除不彻底，术后发现肾上极囊性肿块而再次开放手术行肾部分切除。结论 后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术对选择性的肾脏病变是一种有效和微创的治疗方法，远期效果有待进一步观察。     

A laparoscopic approach to allograft nephrectomy and bilateral native nephrectomy: a case report

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic surgery is rapidly emerging as the standard of care for a variety of urological conditions, even among patients who have undergone prior renal transplantation. We describe the technique of bilateral native nephrectomy and allograft nephrectomy by laparoscopy. CASE REPORT: A 32-year-old man with end-stage renal disease who had undergone a cadaveric renal transplant presented with chronic graft dysfunction. He had received a living donor kidney transplant with a postoperative course complicated by persistent proteinuria and refractory hypertension. Our nephrology service indicated the need for bilateral native nephrectomy and allograft nephrectomy for better blood pressure control following a second transplant. Bilateral native nephrectomy was performed following the previous reported techniques for pure laparoscopic nephrectomy. Allograft nephrectomy started by dissection of the iliac vessels to identify the vascular anastomosis. The hilum of the transplanted kidney was accessed. The renal vessels were clipped and transected. The ureter was identified and clipped. All three kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity through a 3-cm skin incision. RESULTS: The left nephrectomy took 25 minutes and the right nephrectomy, 40 minutes. The estimated blood loss was 300 mL and the total operative time was 210 minutes. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged on the third postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the feasibility of laparoscopic allograft nephrectomy and bilateral native nephrectomy in a transplant recipient.