严重继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床分析

目的调查血液透析患者全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、血清钙和血清磷的水平,了解严重的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（SHPT）的发病情况。方法选择血液透析治疗超过1年,行3次以上iPTH、Ca和P检查的患者,以血iPTH〉800ng／ml为界定点,分析严重的SHPT发病率与年龄、性别、透析龄、原发病（糖尿病或非糖尿病）、血清钙和血清磷的关系。结果139例患者中有27例是严重的SHPT患者,发病率为19．4％（27／139）,它们拥有较长的透析龄（P〈0．05）;其糖尿病的发生率明显低于非糖尿病（P〈0．05）,而且存在明显的高磷血症和高钙磷乘积（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、高钙磷乘积是严重的SHPT的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。结论严重的SHPT的发病率与年龄、高钙磷乘积有关。因此,临床上必须早治疗,严格控制高磷血症。     

甲状旁腺切除术对血液透析患者合并继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进骨代谢及骨密度的影响

目的 观察甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)的维持性血液透析患者骨代谢及骨密度(BMD)的影响.方法 26例SHPT患者行PTX.术前及术后1、3、6、12、18、24个月时常规检测血钙、血磷、血清碱性磷酸酶,化学发光法检测血清全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid,iPTH)、骨钙素(OC)、Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端前肽(PINP)、β胶原蛋白(β-C TX),术前及术后24个月时双能X线法测定腰椎、股骨颈、骨盆各部位骨密度,观察患者甲状旁腺切除术前、术后骨代谢指标及骨密度变化.结果 (1)与术前比较,血清OC水平[(104.49±25.42) μg/L比(695.46±355.62) μg/L,P＜ 0.01]、PINP水平[(248.36±159.38) μg/L比(809.28±283.50) μg/L,P＜0.01]于手术3个月后明显降低,β-CTX水平于手术1个月后明显降低[(1.60±0.64) μg/L比(3.37±1.34) μg/L,P＜0.01].(2)与术前比较,术后24个月时腰椎BMD[(0.88±0.23) g/cm2比(0.78±0.23) g/cm2,P＜0.01]、股骨颈BMD[(0.96±0.19) g/cm2比(0.84±0.24) g/cm2,P＜ 0.01]及腰椎Z评分[(-1.24±0.55)比(-1.66±0.24),P＜0.01]、股骨颈Z评分[(-1.51±0.72)比(-1.93±0.40),P＜0.01]均升高.(3)相关分析显示,术前血清iPTH水平与⊿腰椎Z评分(r=0.584,P=0.002)、⊿股骨颈Z评分(r=0.400,P=0.043)呈正相关,术前血清OC水平与⊿腰椎Z评分(r=0.651,P＜0.001)、⊿股骨颈Z评分(r=0.509,P=0.008)呈正相关.结论 PTX术可以降低患者升高的iPTH、OC、PINP及β-CTX水平,增加骨密度,同时改善多项生化指标,提高患者生活质量.     

维持性血液透析继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者甲状旁腺切除术后低钙血症的危险因素分析

目的:探讨继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT）维持性血液透析患者接受甲状旁腺切除术（parathyroidectomy,PTX）后补钙量与临床指标的相关性、术后发生低钙血症的危险因素以及PTX术后补钙量对患者远期预后的影响。方法:本研究为单中心回顾性研究,入选2...     

血液透析患者甲状旁腺全切除加上臂移植术后低钙血症的防治

目的 观察因继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT）进行甲状旁腺全切除加上臂移植术（total parathyroidectomy with upper arm autograft,TPTX＋AT）的血液透析患者,术后使用不同钙离子浓度的透析液行透析治疗低钙血症的效果,探讨如何更有效防治术后低钙血症.方法 选择2011年3月至2013年6月在我院接受TPTX＋AT的血液透析患者29例,按照手术时间的先后顺序进行编号,随机将偶数分在A组14例,奇数分在B组15例.术前B组补钙及骨化三醇;术后2组均予补钙及骨化三醇.A组使用钙浓度1.50 mmol/L透析液,B组使用钙浓度1.75 mmol/L高钙透析液.观察术后8 h、24 h、48 h、1周、2周及4周的血钙、血磷及甲状旁腺素（intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH）的变化,记录低钙血症的临床症状,术后达到治疗目标所需要的时间及静脉补钙量.结果 术后血钙、血磷、iPTH均明显下降.术后低钙血症主要表现四肢末端发麻,全身无力,焦虑、烦躁;少数患者表现为心悸、多汗、肌肉痉挛、四肢抽搐,血压低、腹痛或腹泻.A组低钙血症发生率为 85.7%（12/14）、B组为 73.3%（11/15）.术后1周B组血钙水平[（1.95±0.18）mmol/L]明显高于A组[（1.76±0.21）mmol/L].B组术后达到治疗目标所需要的时间为[（7.56±2.25）d],少于A组[（10.54±3.12）d];而B组所需静脉补钙量[（6.86±2.13）g]少于A组[（9.28±2.81）g],差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 并发SHPT的血液透析患者在TPTX＋AT术后常会出现低钙血症,术前、术后足量补充钙剂和骨化三醇,术后使用高钙透析液透析能更加有效防治低钙血症.     

相关免疫组化指标在继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症中的研究进展及意义

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症是慢性肾脏病常见的并发症之一,我们将对甲状旁腺切除术后甲状旁腺组织的病理特点和相关免疫组化指标的研究进展及意义进行综述.     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的治疗进展

CKD早期就会出现钙、磷、维生素D和PTH代谢失衡,并引起继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT),随着肾功能下降,SHPT也愈加明显。SHPT的治疗相当棘手,标准的治疗方法包括补钙、限制磷摄入、磷结合剂及维生素D制剂的应用。但这些治疗通常会影响血钙、磷浓度,从而加重疾病并增加骨骼外并发症的发病率和死亡率。本文就SHPT的治疗方面作一综述。     

甲状旁腺全切＋自体移植术治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症疗效分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺全切＋自体移植术(tPTX＋AT)治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的有效性、安全性以及术后低钙的危险因素。 方法纳入我院2013年1月至2016年11月因SHPT行tPTX＋AT手术的维持性血液透析患者93例,收集术前术后症状、血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、病理类型、并发症等临床资料。依据术后24 h血钙水平分为正常血钙组(Ca≥2.11 mmol/L)及低钙血症组(Ca<2.11 mmol/L),应用单因素分析及逐步Logistic回归分析术后早期低钙血症的危险因素。 结果手术成功率92.5%。切除360枚甲状旁腺腺体,异位甲状旁腺10枚。病理结果多为腺瘤样增生(96.4%)。同术前相比,术后血清iPTH、磷、ALP明显下降(P<0.05)。低钙血症是术后最常见并发症,发生率82.8%,血钙水平与术前血钙、年龄正相关(r＝0.300, P<0.01;r＝0.265, P<0.01),与术前iPTH、ALP水平负相关(r＝－0.461, P<0.01;r＝－0.477, P<0.01)。术前低血钙(OR＝0.113, P＝0.045)、高ALP水平(OR＝1.050, P<0.001)、高iPTH水平(OR＝1.002, P＝0.004)是术后早期低钙血症发生的独立危险因素。 结论tPTX＋AT可以安全、有效、快速的降低维持性血液透析患者血清iPTH水平,改善机体的钙磷代谢紊乱,但需重视并积极纠正术后低钙血症。针对存在术前低血钙、高iPTH及高ALP水平等高危因素的患者,术前积极纠正低钙血症可能是预防术后低钙的有效干预方式。     

Comparison of Two Parathyroid Hormone Assays in Hemodialysis Patients

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) determination is essential for the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy, but differences between the laboratory assays can lead to different therapies. This study compared the new Tosoh ST AIA‐Pack Intact PTH assay (Tosoh Bioscience, San Francisco, CA, USA) with the Elecsys Intact PTH Roche assay (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), currently considered the gold standard. Nineteen chronic stable hemodialysis patients were enrolled to check PTH levels with the two assays. Median age was 71 years (range 26–84), M/F = 10/9. Blood samples were taken before the start of the same midweek dialysis session. Two blood vacuettes were collected and immediately transported to the central laboratory. The median PTH value was 268 (range 35–901 pg/dL) with the AIA‐Pack versus 184 (range 39–552 pg/dL) with Elecsys. The Wilcoxon test showed a significant difference between the two methods (P < 0.0001). AIA‐Pack showed a delta value of +38% in comparison with Elecsys and a median bias of 27.4%. For PTH values <150 pg/dL, nine patients were detected with AIA‐Pack (47.4%) versus nine patients detected with Elecsys (47.4%). For PTH values between 150 and 300 pg/dL, six patients were detected with AIA‐Pack (31.6%) versus four patients with Elecsys (21.0%). For PTH values >300 pg/dL four patients were detected with AIA‐Pack (21.0%) versus six patients with Elecsys (31.6%). The two assays showed no differences for each of the three PTH ranges considered. The two PTH assays tested are different and the attending physician should be aware of the differences when patients change their dialysis facility.     

Parathyroid Hormone and Bone Marker Levels in Patients with Morbid Obesity Before and After Biliopancreatic Diversion

Background Scopinaro biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) is associated with malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D, which manifests as a secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) and may lead to osteopenia. Methods 96 morbidly obese patients were studied (age 19–60 years, 23 men and 73 women, with mean initial BMI 53) following intervention by Scopinaro BPD. The change in iPTH levels, urine DPD, Pyrilinks-D of DPC and serum CTx were studied at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after surgery. Postoperatively, they were given supplements of calcium and vitamin D3. The control group consisted of 67 non-obese women and 10 men. Results The iPTH levels gradually increased after BPD, with a substantial difference compared to presurgery levels at month 6. In spite of the calcium and vitamin D supplements, 77% of the patients with presurgery SHP did maintain high levels of iPTH after 2 years.The percentage of SHP among the patients with normal pre-surgery iPTH was 58%. The basal figures of DPD/cre were significantly higher than in the control group, 9.06 (4.6–13.5) nM/mMcre vs 3.9 (2.8–5.6) in men and 6.75 (5.4–7.9) vs 7.67 (3.3–11.6) in women, but not CTx, 0.24 (0.02–0.89) vs 0.22 (0.07–0.55). After the operation, there was a noticeable increase which persisted at 2 years. There was a lack of correlation between the levels of iPTH and the bone resorption markers, i.e. the first ones decreased from month 6 in men and from month 12 in women, while the levels of iPTH continued to increase. Conclusion In obese patients, we found no correlation between iPTH levels and BMI. Supplements of calcium and vitamin D did not prevent the appearance of SHP following BPD. The patients with high pre-surgery iPTH levels have a higher risk of malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D. Following malabsorptive bariatric surgery, there is an increase in bone resorption, which results in DPD and CTx increase. Those markers do not correlate with iPTH, and this may suggest that there is a phenomenon of bone reshaping parallel to the loss of weight.     

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Prevalence and Race

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of renal failure. The exact prevalence in chronic hemodialysis patients in not known. We evaluated 122 patients who were receiving maintenance hemodialysis for at least 12 months in 2 dialysis centers in mid Michigan. Seventy-eight percent of the patients had iPTH above 200 pg/mL (mean 481 pg/mL), 19% had iPTH within the accepted normal range (mean 155 pg/mL), while 3% had level below 100 (mean 53 pg/mL). Phosphate, calcium, calcium phosphate product, age and time on dialysis are the important factors correlating with elevated iPTH. There was no significant difference in iPTH between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with mean iPTH of 403 pg/mL and 407 pg/mL respectively. Black patients had a statistically significant elevated iPTH compared with white patients with a mean iPTH of 438 pg/mL and 283 pg/mL respectively (p ≤ 0.004). Factors that predict the response to vitamin D therapy need to be evaluated to help reduce the high prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The patterns of bone disease in black patients need to be evaluated to further define the accepted normal iPTH range for this population.     

The Relation Between Variability of Intact Parathyroid Hormone,Calcium, and Cardiac Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients

Chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐BMD) is a condition known to be associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The relation between calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) variability in HD patients and cardiac mortality is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between variability in these parameters and cardiac mortality. Baseline demographic and biochemical parameters of 218 HD patients together with Ca values corrected with albumin and P values measured on a monthly basis and iPTH levels measured at 3‐monthly intervals were recorded over 2 years. Standard deviation (SD) and smoothness index (SI) for each parameter were calculated to assess Ca, P, and iPTH variability. The relations between all parameters and cardiac mortality were then analyzed. Cardiac mortality was observed in 38 patients in the 2‐year study period. Nonsurviving patients' ages, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (HsCRP) levels, mean iPTH, and SD iPTH were significantly higher than those of surviving patients, while albumin levels, SI iPTH and SI Ca were significantly lower. Age, low albumin, high DBP, SI iPTH, and SI Ca were identified as independent predictors of cardiac mortality at multivariate analysis. Our study shows that Ca and iPTH variability affect cardiac mortality independently of mean and baseline values. When supported by further studies, the relation between Ca and iPTH variability and cardiac mortality in HD patients can lead to a new perspective in terms of prognosis and treatment planning.     

The Relationship between Apelin and Parathyroid Hormone in Hemodialysis Patients

Both apelin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are endogenous ligands for G-protein-coupled receptors. Apelin acts as a mitogenic agent for osteoblasts, and metabolic bone abnormalities are frequently seen in hemodialysis (HD) patients because of hyperparathyroidism. The aim of this study was to analyze plasma apelin levels in HD patients and to determine whether they are related to PTH concentrations. A total of 23 HD patients [15 men and 8 women, with a mean (SD) age of 54.2 (4.4) years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 (4.1) kg/m(2)] were studied and compared with 15 healthy subjects [6 men and 9 women, with a mean (SD) age of 51.3 (13.6) years and a BMI of 27.0 (4.3) kg/m(2)]. Plasma apelin-36 was measured using an enzyme immunometric assay method and PTH was measured by ELISA. There was no significant difference in apelin levels between the patients [0.80 (0.6) ng/mL] and the healthy subjects [0.83 (0.23) ng/mL]. There was a positive correlation between apelin and PTH (r = 0.66, p = 0.0001). The patients with PTH >300 pg/mL had significantly higher plasma apelin levels [1.17 (0.7) ng/mL] compared with the patients with PTH <300 pg/mL [0.50 (0.15) ng/mL] (p = 0.003). In conclusion, HD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism have high plasma apelin levels, which suggest that apelin may protect bone in HD patients by acting as an osteoblastic factor.     

The Relationship between Apelin and Parathyroid Hormone in Hemodialysis Patients

Both apelin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are endogenous ligands for G-protein-coupled receptors. Apelin acts as a mitogenic agent for osteoblasts, and metabolic bone abnormalities are frequently seen in hemodialysis (HD) patients because of hyperparathyroidism. The aim of this study was to analyze plasma apelin levels in HD patients and to determine whether they are related to PTH concentrations. A total of 23 HD patients [15 men and 8 women, with a mean (SD) age of 54.2 (4.4) years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 (4.1) kg/m²] were studied and compared with 15 healthy subjects [6 men and 9 women, with a mean (SD) age of 51.3 (13.6) years and a BMI of 27.0 (4.3) kg/m²]. Plasma apelin-36 was measured using an enzyme immunometric assay method and PTH was measured by ELISA. There was no significant difference in apelin levels between the patients [0.80 (0.6) ng/mL] and the healthy subjects [0.83 (0.23) ng/mL]. There was a positive correlation between apelin and PTH (r = 0.66, p = 0.0001). The patients with PTH >300 pg/mL had significantly higher plasma apelin levels [1.17 (0.7) ng/mL] compared with the patients with PTH <300 pg/mL [0.50 (0.15) ng/mL] (p = 0.003). In conclusion, HD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism have high plasma apelin levels, which suggest that apelin may protect bone in HD patients by acting as an osteoblastic factor.     

高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者中医证候的影响

目的：观察高通量透析（HFHD）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者中医证候以及营养不良和微炎症状态的影响。方法：采用随机对照,A组应用高通量透析,B组应用普通透析,比较治疗前及治疗后中医证候积分（TCM syndromes cores）,及治疗后血红蛋白（Hb、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、前白蛋白（PAB）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、肱三头肌皮皱厚度（TSF）、上臂中段肌肉周径（MAMC）等指标变化。结果：（1）治疗4周、8周后,A组中医实证积分、虚证积分、总积分与治疗前相比有降低趋势,但差异尚无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。12周后与治疗前比较,A组中医证候积分均明显下降（P〈0.05）,B组证候积分与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗12周A组临床疗效优于B组（P〈0.01）。（2）治疗12周时,A组Hb、Alb、PAB明显上升（P〈0.05）,hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平与治疗前相比明显下降（P〈0.01）,TSF升高（P〈0.01）,MAMC有升高趋势,但差异尚无统计学意义。B组患者Hb、Alb、PAB、hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组治疗12周后,A组IL-6水平低于B组患者（P〈0.05）。结论：HFHD可减少MHD患者中医证候临床积分,改善患者营养不良及微炎症状态。     

Concentrations of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid and Homovanillic Acid in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Chronic Therapy-Resistant Schizophrenics Before and After Hemodialysis Therapy

The concentrations of the monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) have been determined by high-performance liquid chromatography in samples of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid from chronic therapy-resistant schizophrenics, both before and after either inactive or active hemodialysis for 10 weeks. A reasonable test-retest reliability was found for 5-HIAA during the inactive dialysis, but this was not found during active dialysis.     

前列腺癌去势术前后雄性激素变化的研究

目的 :观察前列腺癌去势术前后雄性激素的变化。　方法 :16例前列腺癌病人在手术前后分别采集血清样本 ,用放射免疫法测定睾酮 (T)、游离睾酮 (FT)、双氢睾酮 (DHT)的含量 ,进行对比分析。　结果 :手术前后 ,血清中T、FT、DHT浓度有非常明显的差异 ,手术后分别下降 92 .2 7%、92 .2 6%、5 8.3 6% ,以T、FT下降为主。根据 2次测定的结果采用配对t检验方法 ,P <0 .0 0 1。　结论 :去势术后 ,去除了血清中绝大部分T、FT ,而DHT仅下降5 8.3 6% ,应当继续使用雄性激素受体竞争剂 ,阻止残存的雄性激素作用