柴芩肾安方对IgA肾病大鼠肾组织TGF-β1和Smad 7的影响

目的：探讨柴芩肾安方对IgAN大鼠肾组织TGF-β1和Smad 7表达的影响。方法：采用灌服并定时静脉注射BSA复合感染SEB的方法制成大鼠IgAN模型,并用柴芩肾安方治疗,以氯沙坦为对照。第15周末,观察肾组织形态学变化和免疫复合物的沉积情况;采用免疫组化和RT—PCR的方法,分别检测肾组织TGF—β1和Smad 7蛋白及其mRNA的表达。结果：与正常组相比,模型组大鼠肾小球系膜细胞和系膜基质轻度增生,伴见弥漫的IgA和少量IgG沉积;TGF—β1和Smad 7蛋白及其mRNA表达均明显升高（P〈0．01）。柴芩肾安方治疗后上述指标均明显减轻（P〈0．01）,且作用效果与氯沙坦类似。结论：抑制肾组织TGF—β1和Smad 7蛋白及其mRNA的表达,可能是柴芩肾安方延缓IgAN肾脏病变进展的机制之一。     

糖肾平对糖尿病肾病大鼠足细胞nephrin与CD2AP蛋白及其mRNA表达的影响

目的：观察糖肾平对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠足细胞裂孔隔膜蛋白分子nephrin和CD2AP表达的影响,探讨其防治DN的作用机制.方法：雄性Wistar大鼠74只,按体重随机分组为正常组10只,造模组64只.造模组大鼠腹腔一次性注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）（45 mg/kg）,72 h后检测大鼠血糖和尿糖,以血糖≥16.7 mmol/L、尿糖（＋＋＋＋）者为DN大鼠造模成功.模型成功的大鼠按体重随机分为模型组、厄贝沙坦组、糖肾平小、大剂量组,各组分别干预14周.于第14周处死大鼠,无菌取肾,采用原位杂交和免疫组化技术观察肾组织足细胞裂孔隔膜蛋白nephrin和CD2AP蛋白及其mRNA的表达水平.结果：模型组与正常组相比,nephrin和CD2AP蛋白及mRNA表达水平明显下调（P〈0.01）;与模型组相比,厄贝沙坦、糖肾平干预后糖尿病大鼠肾小球足细胞nephrin和CD2AP蛋白及mRNA水平表达明显增加（P〈0.05）.结论：糖肾平可能通过维持足细胞裂孔隔膜蛋白nephrin和CD2AP的稳定性,从而发挥对DN肾脏的保护作用.     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对糖尿病肾病大鼠足细胞的保护作用

目的：探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠足细胞的保护作用。方法：制备DN大鼠模型,将动物随机分为正常对照组、DN组和NAC组。8周后观察尿蛋白排泄量,免疫荧光方法和Western blotting检测肾皮质nephrin和podocin蛋白表达,透射电镜检测足细胞超微结构变化。结果：（1）与正常对照组比较,DN组和NAC组尿白蛋白排泄率增多（P〈0.01）,nephrin和podocin蛋白表达减少（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）和肾脏病理病变明显;（2）与DN组比较,NAC组尿蛋白排泄减少（P〈0.01）,nephrin和podocin蛋白表达较高（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）和足细胞的病变较轻。结论：NAC对DN大鼠肾脏保护作用,其部分机制与上调nephrin和podocin蛋白表达及改善足细胞病变有关。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ灌注诱导nephrin表达改变与足细胞凋亡

目的 研究血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）灌注对大鼠足细胞裂隙膜分子nephrin表达及足细胞凋亡的影响，以及探讨AngⅡ引起蛋白尿及肾小球硬化的机制。方法 36只雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠分为AngⅡ灌注组(400 ng&#8226;kg-1&#8226;min-1)、生理盐水灌注组和正常对照组，测定28 d内大鼠血压及尿蛋白。分别于14、28 d处死动物取肾，观察组织学改变，并用免疫荧光、免疫电镜检测nephrin分布。RT-PCR及Western印迹法分别检测nephrin mRNA及蛋白表达。TUNEL法检测足细胞凋亡。结果 (1) AngⅡ灌注组大鼠血压升高，14 d达峰值并维持该水平至28 d；AngⅡ灌注7 d即出现蛋白尿，并持续增加。(2) AngⅡ灌注14 d时，足细胞裂隙膜变窄；灌注28 d时，足突增宽及节段性融合，部分足细胞有凋亡小体形成，少数肾小球出现节段性硬化。TUNEL法检测发现足细胞凋亡[（2.7±1.6）个/肾小球切面]，凋亡数与蛋白尿量呈正相关（r = 0.86，P < 0.01）。(3) AngⅡ灌注14 d时，肾皮质nephrin mRNA及蛋白表达上调（P < 0.05）。nephrin由正常的沿毛细血管袢线状分布向粗颗粒、团块状分布模式转变。AngⅡ灌注28 d时，肾皮质nephrin mRNA及蛋白表达下降（P < 0.05），且nephrin蛋白表达与足细胞凋亡数呈负相关（r = －0.63，P < 0.01）。 结论 AngⅡ灌注诱导的nephrin表达及分布改变可能导致了足细胞凋亡及肾小球硬化的发生与发展。     

糖肾平通过TGF-β1-Smad2/3-ILK信号通路干预高糖＋LPS诱导足细胞上皮间质转分化的分子机制研究

也页目的：探讨糖肾平对高糖环境下脂多糖（ lipopolysaccharide,LPS）刺激足细胞上皮间质转分化的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法：以体外培养大鼠肾小球足细胞为研究对象,以高糖（25 mmol/L）、LPS（1μg/mL）刺激足细胞建立模型,分为正常组、高糖组、高糖＋LPS组、厄贝沙坦组、抑制剂组、糖肾平小、中、大剂量组。采用Western blotting及RT-PCR方法检测足细胞中转化生长因子-β1（ transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1）、Smad2/3、整合素连接激酶（ integrin-linked kinase, ILK）、CD2相关蛋白（CD2AP）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-Smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）的表达水平。结果：与正常组比较,高糖组和高糖＋LPS组足细胞TGF-β1、ILK、α-SMA蛋白及其mRNA表达明显增加（P〈0.01）,P-Smad2/3蛋白及Smad2/3 mRNA表达明显增加（P〈0.01）,CD2AP蛋白及其mRNA表达明显减少（P〈0.01）;与高糖＋LPS组比较,厄贝沙坦组足细胞P-Smad2/3、α-SMA蛋白表达明显减少（P〈0.01）,TGF-β1蛋白表达减少（P〈0.05）,TGF-β1,Smad2/3,α-SMAmRNA表达明显减少（P〈0.01）,ILK mRNA表达减少（P〈0.05）,CD2AP蛋白及其mRNA表达明显增加（P〈0.01）;糖肾平大、中、小各剂量组足细胞TGF-β1蛋白表达明显减少（P〈0.01）,糖肾平大剂量组足细胞TGF-β1 mRNA表达减少（P〈0.05）,小、中剂量组表达明显减少（P〈0.01）;糖肾平小、中、大各剂量组足细胞P-Smad2/3蛋白及Smad2/3mRNA表达均明显减少（P〈0.01）;糖肾平小、大剂量组足细胞ILK mRNA表达减少（P〈0.05）,中剂量组表达明显减少（P〈0.01）;糖肾平大剂量组足细胞α-SMA蛋白及其mRNA表达减少（P〈0.05）;糖肾平小、中、大各剂量组足细胞CD2AP蛋白及其mRNA表达均明显增加（P〈0.01）。结论：糖肾平能够降低足细胞TGF-β1、ILK蛋白及mRNA表达,降低P-Smad2/3蛋白及Smad2/3 mRNA表达,升高足细胞标志物CD2AP蛋白及mRNA表达,降低间充质细胞标志物α-SMA蛋白及mRNA表达,通过抑制TGF-β1-Smad2/3-ILK信号通路的激活减少足细胞转分化,保护足细胞,可能是其防治糖尿病肾病的作用机制之一。     

雷公藤内酯醇对IgA肾病大鼠蛋白尿和nephrin、podocin蛋白及mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察雷公藤内酯醇(TP)对IgA肾病(IgAN)大鼠尿蛋白和足细胞nephrin、podocin蛋白及mRNA表达的影响。方法:采用牛血清白蛋白+四氯化碳+脂多糖的方法建立IgAN大鼠模型。将60只大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、洛丁新组、TP剂量组、TP中剂量组、TP高剂量组,每组10只。于0,10,14周收集血尿标本,并处死大鼠留取肾组织标本。检测24 h尿蛋白定量,血生化指标,分别采用实时定量PCR及ELISA法检测肾组织nephrin、podocin mRNA和蛋白表达。结果:(1)实验前各组大鼠尿蛋白差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),第10周末各造模组蛋白尿均明显高于正常组(P<0.01),第14周末TP各剂量组及洛丁新组蛋白尿均较模型组明显减少(P<0.01),TP高剂量组Alt值高于其余各组(P<0.05);(2)与正常组相比,模型组nephrin、podocin蛋白、mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.01);TP各剂量组及洛丁新组nephrin、podocin蛋白、mRNA表达均较模型组明显增高(P<0.05);TP中、高剂量组较洛丁新组nephrin、podocin蛋白浓度显著增高(P<0.05);TP各剂量组与洛丁新组及TP各剂量组间nephrin、podocin mRNA表达均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:TP能够明显减轻IgAN大鼠的蛋白尿,且能明显提高肾组织nephrin、podocin mRNA及蛋白的表达。提示TP能调节IgAN足细胞相关分子nephrin、podocin基因及蛋白的表达,减少足细胞损害,减少尿蛋白。     

IgA肾病患者血清aIgA1对足细胞增殖及nephrin分子表达的影响

目的：观察IgA肾病（IgA nephropathy,IgAN）患者与正常人的血清热聚合IgA1（aggregated IgA1,aIgA1）对足细胞增殖及nephrin分子表达的影响。方法：利用亲和层析联合分子筛层析法分离获得原发性IgAN患者与健康人血清单体IgA1（monomeric IgA1,mIgA1）,将mIgA1热聚合为aIgA1,分别刺激小鼠MPC5足细胞株,利用MTT法检测aIgA1对足细胞增殖的影响,用RT-PCR法检测aIgA1干预后足细胞nephrin分子基因表达水平的改变。结果：不同浓度aIgA1刺激组间足细胞MTT吸光度的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。RT-PCR实验发现正常人及患者的aIgA1刺激足细胞后,均可以时间依赖性及剂量依赖性的方式下调nephrin mRNA的表达,且患者的aIgA1下调nephrin表达的作用更明显（P〈0.01）。结论：IgAN患者与正常人的aIgA1均可以影响足细胞增殖,并下调足细胞nephrin mRNA的表达。患者aIgA1对足细胞nephrin mRNA表达的下调作用较正常人明显,在疾病过程中IgA1可能是加重足细胞损伤的原因之一。     

温阳活血利水方对阿霉素肾病大鼠肾小球足细胞podocin表达的影响

目的：观察温阳活血利水法治疗微小病变肾病综合征的疗效并探讨其作用机制。方法：SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机分为正常组、模型组、泼尼松组、中药组。正常组尾静脉一次性注射生理盐水1ml,其余各组均采用阿霉素5.5mg/kg一次性尾静脉注射。1周后开始药物干预,持续4周。观察实验大鼠的一般情况;检测大鼠24h尿蛋白定量;检测总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白的水平;采用RT-PCR和免疫荧光染色测定大鼠肾小球podocin的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;光学显微镜观察肾组织形态学变化;电镜下观察足细胞足突的变化。结果：模型组24h尿蛋白定量明显升高（P〈0.01）,血清总蛋白、白蛋白明显降低（P〈0.01）,血清脂质水平升高（P〈0.01）,podocin mRNA与蛋白表达明显减少,足突融合明显。两个治疗组均能降低24h尿蛋白定量,升高血清总蛋白、白蛋白水平（P〈0.01）。温阳活血利水方能降低血清脂质水平（P〈0.01）。两个治疗组均能改善肾组织中podocin mRNA与蛋白的表达的减少,改善其肾组织的病理改变。结论：温阳活血利水方能改善阿霉素肾病大鼠肾小球podocin的表达减少,减轻肾组织的病理改变,这可能是温阳活血利水方减少蛋白尿的重要作用机制。     

基于玄府理论的固本通络方对IgA肾病大鼠Nephrin和CD_2AP表达的影响

目的:观察固本通络方对IgA肾病大鼠肾小球足细胞Nephrin和CD_2AP表达的影响。方法:采用牛血清白蛋白(BSA)+四氯化碳(CCl4)+蓖麻油(CO)+脂多糖(LPS)的方法建立IgAN大鼠模型,分为正常组、模型组、中药组和氯沙坦钾组,治疗4周后,检测各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量,观察肾小球形态学变化,并采用免疫组化和实时定量PCR法检测肾小球足细胞Nephrin和CD_2AP的蛋白及mRNA表达。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量显著升高(P0.01),肾小球系膜增生,足突融合明显,足细胞Nephrin和CD_2AP的蛋白及mRNA表达均明显下调(P0.01);经固本通络方治疗后上述指标均明显改善,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:固本通络方能减轻IgAN大鼠蛋白尿及肾小球病变并具有一定的时效关系,其作用可能与调节肾小球足细胞Nephrin、CD_2AP的表达有关。     

百令胶囊对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾组织足细胞Nephrin表达的研究

目的：探讨百令胶囊对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾组织足细胞nephrin表达的影响。方法：制作DN实验模型,分为正常对照组、DN组、百令胶囊组及贝那普利组。百令胶囊组及贝那普利组按100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1分别给予百令胶囊及贝那普利灌胃,实验周期12周。12周后观察各组血糖（BS）、肾重/体重（KW/BW）、24 h尿蛋白定量、肌酐清除率（Ccr）等,同时还观察肾脏病理形态学变化。并采用免疫组化和RT-PCR观察肾组织nephrin蛋白及基因表达的变化。结果：与正常对照组相比,DN组大鼠BS、KW/BW、24 h尿蛋白定量、肾小球硬化指数和肾小管损伤指数均显著上升（P〈0.05）,Ccr显著下降（P〈0.05）,经过12周治疗后观察百令胶囊组上述指标除血糖外均明显改善。与正常对照组相比,DN组大鼠肾组织足细胞nephrin表达明显下调（P〈0.05）,百令胶囊治疗后观察nephrin表达明显增加,与DN组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：百令胶囊对DN大鼠具有一定的肾脏保护作用,其机制可能与恢复肾组织足细胞nephrin表达有关。     

Additive effect of PPAR-�� agonist and ARB in treatment of experimental IgA nephropathy

Our recent in vitro study demonstrated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR−γ) agonist potentiated the anti-inflammatory effect of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) in tubular epithelial cell under milieu mimicking IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Here we studied the therapeutic effect of combining a PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone (Ros), with an ARB, losartan (Los), in experimental IgAN induced in Lewis rats by oral and intravenous immunization with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG). The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, IgAN, IgAN with unilateral nephrectomy (IgAN/1K), and IgAN/1K receiving Ros, Los, or Ros + Los. Medication was given 1 week after nephrectomy until killing. Rats developing IgAN had hematuria, mesangial hypercellularity with IgA deposition, glomerular damage, and tubulointerstitial infiltration of CD25+ leukocytes accompanied by increased renal expression of TGF-β, AngII receptor subtype-1 (ATR1) and ICAM-1. The renal histopathology, albuminuria, and renal expression of TGF-β, ATR1 and ICAM-1 worsened with unilateral nephrectomy. Ros or Los reduced the renal expression of PCNA, TGF-β, ATR1, and ICAM-1 in IgAN rats with nephrectomy. Despite no difference between rats treated with monotherapy, combined therapy offered additive effect with decreased renal expression of TGF-β, ATR1 and ICAM-1 and attenuation of renal injury. Our animal study suggests combined PPAR-γ agonist and ARB holds promise for future therapy for IgAN.     

Advanced IgA nephropathy with impaired renal function benefits from losartan treatment in rats

Abstract

Background: Treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is successful in mitigating IgA nephropathy (IgAN), independent of blood pressure changes, but the therapeutic role of ARB in advanced IgAN with impaired renal function is to be ascertained. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of losartan on advanced IgAN induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) combined with 5/6 nephrectomy in rats. Methods: Fifty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into three group: Rats in the model group were treated with SEB plus 5/6 nephrectomy, and those in the losartan group were gavaged with losartan (33.3?mg?kg^?1?d^?1) besides the treatment with SEB plus 5/6 nephrectomy. The urine and blood biochemical changes of rats were tested. IgA, IgG, IgM and C3 depositions were studied dynamically with immunofluorescence. The renal tissue structures were observed under light microscopy. The expressions of TGF-β1, FN, alpha-SMA and FGF-1 in rat renal tissues were determined with immunohistochemical methods and real-time PCR. Results: At 12 weeks, rats with SEB treatment plus 5/6 nephrectomy showed gradually increased urinary red blood cell (URBC) with a gradual elevation of the 24?h urinary protein, serum BUN and Scr, but losartan treatment lowered the levels of 24?h urinary protein, serum BUN and Scr. A large number of IgA depositions in the mesangial area, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were found in the model group, and the losartan group showed relieved injury. The expressions of TGF-β1, FN, alpha-SMA and FGF-1 were significantly elevated in the model. Losartan lessened their expressions. Conclusion: Losartan treatment can delay the progression of advanced IgA nephropathy with impaired renal function.     

Iloprost pretreatment before unilateral nephrectomy: an experimental study in rats

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of iloprost administration before unilateral nephrectomy on postoperative interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), and oxidant/antioxidant status. METHODS: Malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase were measured in the blood and remnant kidney of Adult male Wistar albino rats to assess oxidant and antioxidant status. The rats were divided into three experimental groups: sham group (S) (n = 12); unilateral nephrectomized group (N) (n = 12); an hour before unilateral nephrectomy iloprost (1 ng/mL/kg, intraperitoneal) administered group (IN) (n = 12). RESULTS: Iloprost administration before unilateral nephrectomy lowered oxidant parameters and IL-6 levels significantly. NO levels were increased in both N and IN groups. CONCLUSION: Iloprost pretreatment before unilateral nephrectomy can reduce oxidative stress and IL-6, which increases due to anaesthesia and surgery and causes organ damage during surgery and in the short-term postoperative period.     

The Protective Effects of Ascorbic Acid against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Male Rats

There is increasing evidence to suggest that toxic oxygen radicals play an essential role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the kidney. This study was designed to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) in I/R-induced renal injury in rats. Thirty two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into four groups: group 1 (control; dissection of the right renal pedicle without nephrectomy), group 2 (sham operated; unilateral nephrectomy), group 3 (I/R; unilateral nephrectomy?+?I/R); and group 4 (AA+I/R; unilateral nephrectomy and I/R treated with ascorbic acid, 250mg kg^?1 i.p., for one hour prior to ischemia). On the 15th day following nephrectomy, groups 3 and 4 were subjected to 45 min of renal pedicle occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. At the end of the treatment period, kidney samples were taken for histological examination or determination of the renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured for the evaluation of renal function. I/R caused a significant decrease in GSH level, which was accompanied with a significant increase in MDA level of kidney tissues. Similarly, serum BUN and creatinine levels, as well as LDH, were elevated in the I/R group as compared to the control group. In group four, AA treatment reversed all the changes in these biochemical indices, as well as histopathological alterations normally induced by I/R. The findings imply that reactive oxygen species play a causal role in I/R-induced renal injury, and that AA exerts renoprotective effects, probably by radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.     

IgAN肾小球硬化大鼠模型血/尿胱抑素C水平与肾纤维化的相关性研究

目的：探讨IgAN肾小球硬化大鼠模型血/尿胱抑素C水平的变化情况及其与肾小球硬化和小管间质纤维化的相关性。方法：将16只SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组和复合感染合5/6肾切除组,采用ELISA法检测大鼠第0、4、8、12周的血清胱抑素C水平及第0、4、6、8、12周的尿胱抑素C水平的动态变化,免疫荧光观察肾小球IgA表达情况,Masson染色观察第12周大鼠IgAN肾小球硬化和肾小管间质纤维化的情况,并进行肾小球硬化积分和肾小管-间质纤维化积分,分析其与血/尿胱抑素C水平变化的相关性。结果：复合感染合5/6肾切除组血/尿胱抑素水平均明显高于假手术组,呈时间依赖性上升,并与肾小球硬化积分和肾小管间质纤维化积分呈正相关（R1=0.81,R2=0.66,P〈0.01和R3=0.70,R4=0.69,P〈0.01）。结论：血/尿胱抑素C水平可能是反映IgAN肾小球和肾小管间质纤维化程度的可靠指标。     

Divergent effects of unilateral and subtotal nephrectomy on insulin sensitivity in rats

OBJECTIVES: Insulin resistance is associated with chronic renal failure, which may amplify its cardiovascular pathologic manifestations. We previously showed the presence of insulin resistance in mild renal insufficiency due to chronic glomerulonephritis. These observations may be explained by a decrease in insulin sensitivity due to renal dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of unilateral and subtotal nephrectomy on insulin sensitivity. METHODS: Unilateral heminephrectomy and five-sixths nephrectomy (5/6Nx) were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats, measuring steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) during the insulin suppression test. RESULTS: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased significantly from sham-operated rats, to unilateral heminephrectomy group, to 5/6Nx rats. SSPG was unexpectedly lower in the unilateral heminephrectomy group than in controls, suggesting that unilateral heminephrectomy increased the sensitivity to insulin despite a mild decrease in renal function. However, when the analysis was limited to the 5/6Nx group, SSPG was inversely correlated with GFR (r = -0.65, p < 0.05). When renal failure caused by 5/6Nx had reached end stage, the rats became insulin resistant, despite a profound reduction in renal mass. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that unilateral heminephrectomy reduced GFR and increased the sensitivity to insulin. When rats became uremic, insulin sensitivity decreased, even, in 5/6Nx.     

2型糖尿病肾病大鼠模型的建立

目的：建立2型糖尿病肾病（DIN）大鼠模型。方法：雌性SD大鼠接受单侧肾切除手术2周后，给予高糖高脂饮食（常规饲料加20％蔗糖、10％猪油、2．5％胆固醇）喂养4周，再加用小剂量链脲佐菌素（蜘亿，30mg／kg）腹腔注射，分别检测1周、7周后各组大鼠血糖、胰岛素、血压、血脂、尿蛋白、肾功能等指标，并于7周后进行组织形态学观察。结果：单侧肾切除大鼠给予高糖高脂饮食和低剂量STZ观察7周后，模型成功动物具有高血糖、高血脂、高血压、胰岛素抵抗等特点，并出现DN相应的形态及功能改变。结论：通过单侧肾切除后，饮食加小剂量蜘亿的方法，可成功制备2型DN大鼠模型。     

Unilateral nephrectomy and glomerular solute transport in the dog

The influence of compensatory hyperfunction that occurs following unilateral nephrectomy on glomerular solute transport was determined in awake, unanesthetized dogs by renal clearance studies. Two groups of dogs were studied using different test solutes: group I (N = 5) using inulin, iothalamate, creatinine and sodium p-aminohippurate; and group II (N = 6) using creatinine, neutral dextran (3000 to 50,000 daltons) and sodium p-aminohippurate. Compensatory hyperfunction, as assessed by the increase in creatinine clearance per kidney, was 43 +/- 7% and 39 +/- 11% in the group I and II dogs, respectively. The inulin to creatinine and iothalamate to creatinine clearance ratios in the group I dogs were 0.93 +/- 0.07 and 1.00 +/- 0.04 before unilateral nephrectomy. The respective values after unilateral nephrectomy of 0.86 +/- 0.04 and 0.89 +/- 0.05 were lower but not statistically different. In the group II dogs, dextran to creatinine clearance ratios (dextran fractional clearance) over the molecular weight range studied also did not change significantly following unilateral nephrectomy. The magnitude of the change in dextran fractional clearance following unilateral nephrectomy was qualitatively consistent with that predicted by previous models of glomerular macromolecular transport based on membrane pore theory. A lack of quantitative agreement with these models, however, precluded a calculation of the changes in glomerular functional parameters following unilateral nephrectomy. Significant alterations in fractional clearance for neutral macromolecules do not occur following unilateral nephrectomy in the dog.