正常股骨骨髓MRI定量分析及图像观察

目的　利用SE/T1WI像的信号强度值 ,定量研究股骨红、黄骨髓的转变 ;描述不同年龄组股骨骨髓MRI表现。方法　选择无骨髓相关疾病者 14 2例 ,男 97例 ,女 45例 ,按年龄分为 11组。行股骨冠状SE/T1WI及FS/T2 WI扫描。在SE/T1WI像上测量股骨干、股骨颈、大转子及股骨头的MRI信号强度值。观察股骨不同部位红、黄骨髓转变方式。结果　不同性别股骨各部位MRI信号强度值无显著性差异 (Ρ >0 .0 5 ) ;上述各部位MRI信号强度在 2 5岁以前与年龄呈正相关 (r =0 .71～ 0 .91,Ρ <0 .0 0 0 1) ,其后则随年龄增长 ,MRI信号强度变化不显著 (r =0 .0 4～ 0 .2 4,Ρ >0 .0 5 ) ;股骨近端MRI表现分为四型 ,各型在不同年龄组所占比例不同 ;股骨干 5岁前MRI表现为红骨髓 ,10岁后为黄骨髓。股骨头及大转子骨化中心一旦出现即为黄骨髓信号。结论　MRI信号强度值的测定可用于观察股骨红、黄骨髓的转变 ,MRI能区分股骨红、黄骨髓及不同年龄的表现特点     

新疆汉族、维吾尔族正常男性人群定量CT骨密度的差异性

目的测量新疆汉族、维吾尔族正常男性人群定量CT(QCT)骨密度(BMD)值,研究新疆地区正常男性人群骨密度现状,比较两种民族男性骨密度随年龄变化的规律及差异。资料与方法对20～82岁以上的704名符合健康标准的乌鲁木齐及周边地区汉族、维吾尔族男性体检者进行腰椎骨密度QCT测量,按不同民族每5岁分为1个年龄组,比较两组各年龄段骨密度及骨质疏松症患病率。结果汉族、维吾尔族男性腰椎出现骨峰值的年龄段相同,维吾尔族男性骨峰值较汉族男性高(P<0.05)。随年龄增大,两民族男性骨密度均逐渐下降。65岁以后,汉族、维吾尔族男性骨量有加速下降的趋势,骨质疏松症患病率增加,65岁组及≥70岁组汉族男性骨质疏松症患病率分别为15.91%、27.59%,维吾尔族男性骨质疏松症患病率分别为21.43%、36.84%,≥70岁组两组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论汉族、维吾尔族男性腰椎骨密度变化规律相似,65岁以上男性是骨质疏松症的高发人群,维吾尔族老年男性更易罹患骨质疏松症。     

宝石CT能谱成像测定成人骨密度初步研究

目的 利用宝石CT能谱成像测定健康成人L3椎体骨钙含量,为能谱CT测定成人骨密度提供参考依据.方法 选取行腹部或腰椎宝石CT能谱扫描的235例患者为研究对象,其中男113例,女122例,除外有肿瘤史、外伤史、手术史及其他影响骨密度疾病的患者;年龄20～87岁,按每10岁为一年龄组,分为20～29岁、30～39岁、40～49岁、50～59岁、60～69岁、70～79岁、≥80岁组,共7个组.将扫描数据重建为层厚、间隔均为0.625 mm的Mono图像传至ADW4.4工作站,利用GSI处理器获得L3椎体水基和钙基物质图像,在椎体骨松质层面测量3个感兴趣区(ROI),取其均值.对年龄与椎体GSI钙-水密度值、水-钙密度值行Pearson相关性分析,男女各年龄组间差异行t检验.结果 男性20～29岁组椎体GSI钙-水密度值、水-钙密度值最高,女性30～39岁组椎体GSI钙-水密度值、水-钙密度值最高,男性和女性年龄与椎体GSI钙-水密度值、水-钙密度值均呈负相关(r=-0.681 5,r=-0.887 7;r=-0,796 1,r=-0.9065;P均＜0.01),女性≤39岁者随年龄增长椎体GSI钙水密度值、水-钙密度值呈轻度增高现象,但女性≤39岁者年龄与椎体GSI钙-水密度值、水-钙密度值间无明显相关性(r=0.190 1,P=0.373 5;r=-0.023 3,P=0.914 0),女性≥40岁者年龄与椎体GSI钙-水密度值、水-钙密度值呈负相关(r=-0.793 9,r=-0.867 5,P均＜0.01).男性和女性自50岁开始GSI钙-水密度值组间差异具有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).结论 宝石CT能谱成像是测量椎体骨密度的新方法,可用来测量椎体骨密度.     

汉族与哈族、维族52例食管癌内镜下分析

我院从1984年3月至1991年11月采用日本Olympus,GIF-K_2,GIF-P_3纤维胃镜检查病人5100例次,检出食管癌54例(检出率1.06%),其中汉族、维族、哈族占52例,其它少数民族2例.52例中发现早期食管相1例(占1.9%)后经手术病理证实.现就汉族与哈萨克族和维吾尔族食管癌内镜下发病情况及病因作以下分析.临床资料一、本组男44例,女8例,男女之比为5.5:1;其中汉族男性17例,女性4例;哈族男性18例,女性1例;维族男性9例,女性3例.52例中年龄29～76岁,平均52岁.汉族21例中年龄29～69岁,平均50岁;哈族19例中年龄31～76岁,平均56岁;维族12例中年龄30～68岁,平均54岁.二、临床表现;上腹部隐痛不适39例(75%),胸骨后痛28例(53.8%),进行性吞咽困难26例(50%),呕血及黑便20例(38.4%),消瘦19例(36.5%).     

中老年女性腰椎骨密度定量CT测量分析

目的　探讨定量CT测量中老年女性L1～L4椎体骨密度差异及其临床价值。方法　随机选取年龄 3 5～ 98岁健康女性 72 5例 ,按 5岁 1个年龄段分组 ,应用定量CT进行腰椎骨密度测量 ,采用方差分析和SPSS10 .0软件进行统计学处理 ,比较L1～L4椎体骨密度随年龄增长的变化及其差异。结果　L1～L4椎体骨密度随年龄增长而逐渐降低 ,5 0～ 5 4岁年龄段骨量下降明显加速 (Ρ <0 .0 1) ;其中L1椎体骨密度从 45～ 64岁各年龄段都有显著的降低 (Ρ <0 .0 5 )。结论　中老年女性L1～L4椎体骨密度随年龄增长而降低且其变化存在差异 ,以L1在年龄增长过程中骨密度降低变化为著 ,其在定量CT骨密度测量和骨质疏松诊断中有着重要作用     

北京地区380例学龄女孩骨密度的研究

目的　了解本地区学龄少女 (10～ 11岁 )骨密度 (BMD)变化情况。方法　采用双能X线骨密度仪 ,1年中先后 2次对 3 80例健康少女行全身扫描和左前臂扫描 ,按体重指数 (BMI)分组 ,超重组 (BMI >19.6)、正常组 (BMI =14 .2～ 19.6)、偏轻组 (BMI <14 .2 )。结果　BMD随年龄增长而增加 ,全身各部位BMD都是第二次高于第一次 (Ρ <0 .0 1～ 0 .0 0 1) ,其BMD的年均增长率为 5 .4%～11.3 %。超重组BMD最高 ,正常组次之 ,偏轻组BMD最低。身高、体重与全身总的BMD和前臂远端 1 10、1 3处BMD呈正相关 (r =0 .3 47～ 0 .787,Ρ <0 .0 0 1) ,全身总的BMD与前臂远端 1 10、1 3处BMD呈正相关 (r =0 .5 41～ 0 .665 ,Ρ <0 .0 0 1)。结论　该年龄段女孩BMD与身高、体重密切相关 ,评价青少年BMD时 ,应依据年龄、体重指数等因素来综合考虑。     

74例维吾尔族糖尿病临床分析

我院从1999年2月～2001年2月间共收治糖尿病患者353人,其中汉族271。维吾尔族82人。维族患者病历资料完整的有74人。现对其临床特点分析如下: 1 一般资料 74名维吾尔族患者中男33例,女41例;年龄19～77岁,其中<40岁的11例,40～60岁48例,>60岁15例,病程最短1月,最长15年。全部病例     

高原地区不同年龄成人骨密度和骨丢失率调查

目的了解大理地区和香格里拉地区不同年龄成人骨矿含量分布,研究确定峰值骨量的年龄段,寻找骨丢失规律,为不同海拔高原地区人群骨质疏松症诊断标准提供参考依据。方法应用韩国OSTEOSYS双能X线骨密度仪EXA-3000对2312位受检者测定右脚部跟骨骨密度值,其中来自香格里拉建塘镇（3280 m）的健康体检者947人（男523人,女424人）,年龄20～70岁,平均45.7岁;来自大理（海拔1970 m）的健康体检者1365人（男564人,女801人）,年龄21～70岁,平均42.6岁。按10岁为一个年龄段分组,共分男女各6个组,对检测结果数据进行统计分析。结果两个地区男女均于30～39岁达到骨量峰值,此后随年龄的增长,骨密度逐渐开始下降;两个地区男性的骨密度含量均高于女性;香格里拉男、女性骨密度含量均高于大理地区健康人群。结论香格里拉地区正常人群的骨密度明显高于大理地区,故根据不同地区正常人群骨密度分布,建立诊断标准,对诊断骨质疏松有重要意义。     

南京和北京地区健康人群QCT测量腰椎骨密度丢失率的对比分析

【摘要】目的：通过定量CT（QCT）对南京和北京地区健康人群腰椎骨密度值（BMD）进行测定,对两地区健康人群腰椎BMD及各年龄段骨丢失情况进行对比分析。方法：北京积水潭医院QCT测定腰椎骨密度健康检查人员721例,年龄21～79岁（平均46.0±13.0岁）;南京明基医院QCT测定腰椎骨密度健康检查人员960例,年龄21～80岁（平均47.61±10.18岁）。结果：北京地区腰椎BMD低于南京地区（F=16.845,P＜0.01）;两地区腰椎骨密度峰值出现在21～40岁年龄组,北京地区和南京地区男、女骨密度峰值分别为（164.21±22.86）mg/cm3、〖JP3〗（171.76±23.15）mg/cm3和（181.63±21.40）mg/cm3、（190.57±30.12）mg/cm3。南京地区女性腰椎骨密度峰值较北京地区高13.8%;南京地区男性腰椎骨密度峰值较北京地区高5.4%。50岁以后,女性腰椎BMD低于男性;60岁以后,女性腰椎BMD累计丢失率＞45%,男性腰椎BMD累计丢失率＞30%。成人BMD与年龄（r=-0.637,P＜0.01）、身高（r=0.056,P＜0.05）、体重（r=-0.068,P＜0.01）和BMI值（r=-0.088,P＜0.01）,相关但腰椎BMD与地区、年龄、身高、体重及BMI的多因素回归分析显示,地区与年龄是BMD的影响因素（r=0.663,P＜0.01）。结论：南京地区QCT测定腰椎BMD高于北京地区。虽然南京地区女性腰椎骨密度达峰时间稍晚,但两地区骨丢失曲线及累计骨丢失率基本相仿。     

骨密度随增龄变化及其测定影响因素的初步探讨

目的分析正常人骨密度随增龄变化的规律和检测中遇到的实际问题，以求提高对骨质疏松症诊断的可靠性。方法选取313例正常人，男性162例，女性151例，年龄范围20~84岁。采用法国SophosL-XRA骨密度仅测量前臂、股骨上端及腰椎正、侧位。每10岁为一个年龄组进行统计分析。结果男、女前臂和腰椎峰值骨量均为30~39岁，股骨颈、Ward区峰值骨量均为20~29岁。除男性60~69岁年龄组腰椎正位和股骨上端外，骨密度值随年龄增长而下降。结论腰椎侧位检测可避开某些因素对腰椎正位检测的影响。     

维吾尔族幼儿视网膜母细胞瘤的CT诊断(附16例报告)

视网膜母细胞瘤是幼儿常见的眼内恶性肿瘤。其诊断除依靠典型的临床病史、体征外,CT是首选的检查方法。对明确疾病的诊断、病变范围及向球外蔓延发展进程有独特优势。现将我们近年收集的经CT检查并手术病理证实的16例维吾尔族幼儿视网膜母细胞瘤的病例进行分析,着重评价CT对视网膜母细胞瘤的诊断价值。1　材料与方法本组16例中,女13例,男3例,年龄7月～6岁,平均3 .3岁。双眼患病3例,右眼8例,左眼5例。临床主要表现为视力减退、失明、眼球突出、眼疼、头痛、斜视、青光眼。多数患儿瞳孔内发现黄光或白光反射。10例采用日本东芝TCT -3 0 0S…     

MR imaging of the major nerves about the elbow: cadaveric study examining the effect of flexion and extension of the elbow and pronation and supination of the forearm

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides useful information in the evaluation of peripheral nerves. Recent advances in MR imaging allow for detailed depiction of the soft tissue structures of the elbow joint. Three major nerves are present about the elbow. Six cadaveric elbows were imaged to depict the normal anatomy of these nerves and to determine the best plane and position of the elbow for optimal visualization of each nerve. Axial images of the elbow in full extension with the forearm in supination allow identification of all major nerves. Axial images with the elbow in full flexion allow accurate assessment of the cubital tunnel and the ulner nerve. Axial images of the elbow in full extension with the forearm in pronation are helpful for assessment of the median and radial nerves in the forearm.     

Mistakes in the diagnosis and treatment of the complete dislocation and fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle

The analysis of the mistakes in the operative treatment of the sick with such a trauma was conducted. Two typical examples were given. The mistakes were stipulated non-diagnosis of the simultaneous break of the coracoclavicular ligament and not taking measures for its recovery. The radiodiagnosis based on N. Z. Shmidt's method is considered to be inevitable for this category of the sick. After the confirmation of the diagnosis the operation of choice can be the operation of Yotkins-Leochuk for the sick with the complete dislocation of the acromial end of the clavicle, and the operation of Yotkins for the sick with fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle with the break of the coracoclavicular ligament. By means of these methods 43 sick men with the dislocation and 7 sick men with fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle have been operated since 1973. No cases had complications, relapses or unsatisfactory results.     

On the Importance of the Level of Glutathione and the Activity of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Heat Sensitivity and Thermotolerance

Summary

Heating of Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells and mouse fibroblast LM cells to 43 or 44°C respectively, results in an increased level of reduced gluthathione (GSH). The maximum elevation in GSH was to 140 per cent for LM cells and to 120 per cent for EAT cells. No increase of GSH in EAT cells was observed after heating at 44°C. LM cells were treated with diethylmaleate (DEM) and the EAT cells with buthionine-sulphoximine (BSO) at non-toxic doses to deplete the levels of GSH. No effect on thermosensitivity or on the development of thermotolerance was observed when the DEM and BSO treatments were chosen such that the lowering of GSH was just down to the level of detection (about 5 per cent of control). When higher concentrations of DEM were used, thermal sensitization was observed. The activity of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) was also investigated because of its importance in supplying NADPH for the regeneration of GSH from GSSG and for the endogenous production of polyols. Hyperthermia was found to enhance markedly the flux of glucose through the PPP. While the DEM treatment inhibited glucose oxidation through the PPP, BSO addition to the cells resulted in a slightly increased activity of the PPP. The PPP activity of thermotolerant cells was lower (fibroblasts) or hardly affected (EAT cells) compared to control cells. The extent of PPP activation by hyperthermia was comparable for thermotolerant and control cells. For the two cell lines studied neither a high level of GSH nor an active PPP is a prerequisite for the development of thermotolerance.     

Quantitative evaluation of the echo intensity of the median nerve and flexor muscles of the forearm in the young and the elderly

Objectives

Musculoskeletal structures often appear brighter on imaging in the elderly, which makes it difficult to accurately delineate a peripheral nerve during ultrasound-guided regional anaesthetic procedures. The echo intensity of skeletal muscles is significantly increased in the elderly. However, there are no data comparing the echo intensity of peripheral nerves in the young and the elderly, which this study was designed to evaluate.

Methods

13 healthy, young volunteers (aged <30 years) and 11 elderly patients (aged >60 years) who were scheduled to undergo orthopaedic lower limb surgery were recruited. The settings of the ultrasound system were standardised and a high-frequency linear array transducer was used for the scan. A transverse scan of the median nerve (MN) and the flexor muscles (FMs) at the left mid-forearm was performed and three video loops of the ultrasound scan were recorded for each subject. Still images were captured from the video loops and normalised. Computer-assisted greyscale analysis was then performed on these images to determine the echo intensity of the MN and the FMs of the forearm.

Results

The echo intensity of the MN and FMs of the mid-forearm was significantly increased in the elderly (p<0.005). There was also a reduction in contrast between the MN and the adjoining FM in the elderly (p=0.04).

Conclusion

Under the conditions of this study, the MN and the FMs in the forearm appeared significantly brighter than those in the young, and there was a loss of contrast between these structures in sonograms of the elderly.Recently, there has been an increase in interest in the use of ultrasound to guide peripheral nerve blocks [1-3]. We have observed during such procedures that musculoskeletal structures often appear significantly brighter and that there is loss of contrast between the nerve and its adjoining muscles in the elderly, which often makes it difficult to accurately delineate a peripheral nerve using ultrasound in this age group. There are published data showing that the echo intensity (EI) of skeletal muscles is significantly increased in the elderly [4]. However, there are no data comparing the EI of a peripheral nerve in the young and the elderly, which this study was designed to evaluate.     

Sonography of the wrist and the hand

Sonographic examination of the hand requires high-frequency linear transducers. As the relevant structures are located very close to the surface, water stand-off pads are mandatory. Owing to the high sensitivity of sonography in the detection of fluid, exudative synovitis, tenosynovitis and ganglia can be easily diagnosed. Sonographic information on muscle atrophy and alterations of the shape and echogenicity of the median nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome may be useful in evaluating the extent of disease. Further indications for the sonographic examination of the hand include suspected tumors, foreign bodies and synovial proliferation. Osseous destruction can be visualized in patients with rheumatoid disease, but the precise extent is hard to determine.     

Study on the stability of the calibration and normalization in PET and the influence of drifts on the accuracy of quantification

With regard to the quality control of quantification in positron emission tomography some characteristics were examined, to develop a simple method for frequent monitoring. The stability and uniformity of the detector count rate was checked by plotting the RMS deviation of the non normalized count rate and the standard deviation of the normalized count rate, each normalized to its value after the calibration or normalization respectively. Switching off a single detector did not impair the image quality, but the normalized image pixel counts were reduced by 2%–3% when a detector block was switched off. Thus in case of need, a weak detector can still be used to perform a scan. A reduced count rate capability at specific activities above 5x10⁴ Bq/ml (1.5x10⁵ corrected true system counts/s or 1.5x10⁴/s for a plane) was found compared to the maximum usable activity of 8x10⁴Bq/ml obtained 1 year earlier, indicating a drift in the count loss corrections. A variation of the room temperature changes the temperature distribution inside the gantry by 5% per °C and the drift of the sensitivity (normalized image pixel counts) is 2% per °C.This article was presented at the 1st EEC workshop on accuracy determination in PET, January 19–20th. 1989 Pisa, Italy (COMAC-BME Concerted Project Characterization and Standardization of PET Instrumentation)     

Aspects of the venous drainage of the pons and the mesencephalon

Summary After a brief resumé of the morphology of the pontomesencephalic veins, the authors demonstrate the drainage dynamics of these veins in normal and pathlogical vertebral angio-seriograms. The repercussions of drainage impairment are illustrated.

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Untersuchungen über die Venen-Drainage von Pons und Mesencephalon

Zusammenfassung Nach kurzer Beschreibung der Morphologie der pontomesencephalen Venen wird die Drainagedynamik dieser Venen anhand normaler und pathologischer Vertebralisangiogramme demonstriert. Die unterschiedlichen Mechanismen einer Drainagebehinderung werden erläutert.

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A propos du drainage veineux du pont et du mésencéphale

Résumé Après un bref résumé de la morphologie des veines ponto-mésencéphalques, les auteurs décrivent les modalités de drainage de ces veines en sérioangiographie vertébrale normale et pathologique. Ils illustrent les répercussions de drainage défectueux.

     

高原彝汉成年人血红蛋白、红细胞值调查分析

目的了解高原地区彝汉成年人血红蛋白、红细胞及相关指标的基础水平，探讨其与国家参考值指标是否存在差异。方法选择健康成人规范采集静脉血，用美国COULTERAC·Tdiff2血球分析仪检测，对数据进行统计学处理。结果川西南高原彝汉成人的血红蛋白、红细胞水平及相关指标与国家参考值比较差异有非常显著的意义，P〈0．001；当地彝汉民族比较差异无显著意义，P〉0．05。结论有必要制定高原地区成人血红蛋白、红细胞及相关指标的正常参考值，为临床提供更科学实际的参考依据。