内镜翼突入路治疗中颅底良性占位性病变

目的 探讨鼻内镜下翼突入路切除中颅底病变的适应证和手术方法。方法 回顾分析深圳市人民医院耳鼻咽喉科2011年5月至2014年12月收治的9例经鼻内镜翼突入路手术切除中颅底良性病变的临床资料, 其中神经鞘瘤3例, 蝶旁囊肿2例, 肉芽肿性血管炎1例, 炎性假瘤1例, 纤维血管瘤1例, 骨纤维异常增殖综合征1例。随访4~36个月。结果 9例均成功手术切除, 随访期内无复发。5例术后上颌神经分布区域出现麻木感, 3例出现鼻腔干燥症状, 随后逐渐减轻。患者术后均无脑脊液鼻漏、脑膜炎等症状。结论 经鼻内镜翼突入路手术切除颅底占位性病变能够达到微创手术切除良性肿瘤的要求。     

腭鞘管、翼管与岩骨段颈内动脉的内镜手术应用解剖与进展

近年来,国外内镜下围绕着翼腭窝及颈内动脉区病变的内镜手术逐渐开展,对翼腭窝及其通道腭鞘管、翼管区的解剖研究亦不断深入。国内相关学者内镜下经鼻入路岩尖、颈内动脉区、斜坡及颅颈交界区解剖和临床应用解剖研究极少报道,究其原因,主要还是因为该区域重要解剖结构复杂而多变异,缺乏可以信赖的恒定的解剖标记,导致内镜颅底手术进展缓慢。内镜手术中,定向、定位障碍是耳鼻喉科医生和神经外科医生面临的最大风险^[1]。     

鼻内镜下经鼻径路解剖翼腭窝区临床观察

目的 研究鼻内镜下经鼻径路观察翼腭窝区的临床解剖特点, 以期为手术提供参考。方法 5例(10侧)成人尸头标本经乳胶灌注后, 在0°鼻内镜下分别经蝶腭孔和上颌窦后壁两种手术径路显露翼腭窝, 再开放蝶窦, 充分暴露视神经、颈内动脉及蝶窦外侧壁相关结构, 观察各解剖结构的三维立体关系。结果 不同手术径路显露翼腭窝的范围不同, 祛除上颌窦内侧壁后能最大程度显露翼腭窝内所有解剖结构, 开放蝶窦后能观察翼腭窝与蝶窦区域相关结构的解剖关系。结论 只要熟悉鼻内镜下翼腭窝及邻近区域的解剖结构及关系, 选择合适的病例, 鼻内镜下经鼻行翼腭窝区手术是安全可行的。     

不同内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度比较及其临床应用价值探讨

目的应用不同的内镜手术入路解剖翼腭窝及颞下窝,比较内镜下各手术入路的显露范围,为恰当选择内镜手术入路处理翼腭窝及颞下窝病变提供解剖学方面的依据。方法 4具8侧成人尸头标本,0°内镜引导下分别采取上颌窦后壁入路、扩大上颌窦后壁入路、鼻腔外侧壁入路、揭翻经上颌窦入路进行解剖学研究,观测各手术入路的有效显露范围。结果上颌窦后壁入路能显露翼腭窝上部和颞下窝内侧区深部;扩大上颌窦后壁入路在以上手术入路的基础上进一步显露翼腭窝下部;鼻腔外侧壁入路再进一步显露整个上颌窦和上颌窦底壁平面以上的颞下窝内外侧区;揭翻经上颌窦入路则能更进一步显露整个颞下窝。结论不同的内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度各不相同,以此为基础选择相应的手术入路处理不同范围的翼腭窝及颞下窝病变将有利于充分显露和有效切除病变,并尽可能避免不必要的手术损伤和并发症。     

侵犯翼腭窝肿瘤的诊断和手术治疗

目的分析肿瘤主体位于翼腭窝的临床表现,探讨其手术方法及其疗效。方法回顾分析7例以翼腭窝为主要病变区域的肿瘤性疾病的诊治经过,其中原发性肿瘤3例,分别为纤维组织细胞瘤、神经纤维瘤和胆脂瘤,继发性肿瘤4例,其中上皮肌上皮癌、腺样囊性癌各1例,鼻内翻性乳头状瘤和恶性组织细胞瘤外院术后复发各1例。神经纤维瘤和胆脂瘤患者分别行内镜辅助下鼻腔上颌窦或口腔上颌窦径路,纤维组织细胞瘤患者及4例继发性肿瘤者采用鼻侧切开径路。结果腺样囊性癌患者术后4个月局部复发,激光扩大切除后随访3年无复发或转移,其余6例患者术后1个月～3个月术腔上皮化,随访2～4年无复发或转移。主要并发症为鼻口腔瘘2例,愈合时间分别为术后9个月和11个月,鼻咽反流和下眼睑水肿各1例,分别于术后1个月和3个月消失。结论CT或MRI是诊断翼腭窝肿瘤的主要方法,经鼻腔上颌窦、口腔上颌窦或鼻侧切开径路可有效切除该处肿瘤。     

Endonasal endoscopic approach to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae

The pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa are spaces located under the skull base, housing important neurovascular structures. Surgical access to these spaces is challenging because of their deep location and complex anatomy. Their surgical access has been classically carried out through multiple craniofacial approaches until the advent of endoscopic endonasal surgery at the end of the XX^th century. Our goal is to describe the transmaxillary-transsphenoidal-transpterygoid approach to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae through endonasal endoscopic surgery based on anatomo-surgical dissection and an illustrative clinical case. We conclude that after careful radiologic evaluation of the feasibility of this technique, the endonasal endoscopic access to these spaces for tumor resection is efficient with reduced surgical morbidities. The endonasal approach is versatile and can be fashioned according to the nature and extent of the lesion.     

Epidermoids of the paranasal sinuses and beyond: endoscopic management

BACKGROUND: Epidermoid tumors of the craniofacial skeleton are uncommon, with the exception of acquired cholesteatoma of the temporal bone. These lesions may be primary embryologic in origin or, less frequently, may be iatrogenic or posttraumatic. METHODS: We report three cases of unusually encountered epidermoids, all of which were managed by endoscopic marsupialization via paranasal sinus approaches. We also review the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of these rare entities. RESULTS: The first patient is a 60-year-old man with a congenital epidermoid of the petrous apex removed via an endoscopic transsphenoid approach assisted by image-guided surgical navigation with CT/MRA merge. The second case is a 48-year-old woman with a history of trauma found to have a mass in the pterygopalatine space. An endoscopic transmaxillary approach was used to ligate the internal maxillary artery and marsupialize the cyst into the maxillary sinus. The third patient is a 22-year-old woman with a supraorbital ethmoid epidermoid tumor discovered intraoperatively during surgery for a presumed mucocele. This patient also had a known history of trauma. The cyst was marsupialized into the adjacent frontal sinus. Image-guided surgical navigation using CT was performed in the latter two cases. All patients are free of recurrence with follow-up ranging from 14 to 26 months. CONCLUSION: With advancements in endoscopic techniques, including the use of image guidance, many of these relatively uncommon lesions can be managed by minimally invasive approaches via the paranasal sinuses.     

鼻内镜下经鼻翼突径路旁中线颅底手术

内镜颅底手术中选取合适的手术径路至关重要,视野暴露良好、避免重要血管神经损伤是两大原则,相对固定的解剖参考标志也是十分必要的。在内镜下经鼻腔入路旁中线颅底手术中,翼突根部、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、咽鼓管圆枕等解剖结构相对固定,可以互相作为参考。内镜经鼻翼突径路可以处理翼腭窝、颞下窝、海绵窦、Meckle腔、斜坡旁至海绵窦段颈内动脉、岩斜坡区域、岩尖区、咽鼓管区域、咽旁间隙上部。加强以翼突为解剖标志的内镜颅底手术,可以增加术中辨别的标志,并能以此为中心,向内、外扩展,充分利用其空间定位,增加术者在操作中的空间立体感,有助于内镜颅底手术的扩展。     

翼腭窝鼻内镜临床解剖学研究

目的研究翼腭窝鼻内镜下临床解剖,为内镜下翼腭窝手术提供解剖学依据。方法10例(20侧)中国成人干性颅骨,用0°、25°Wolfe鼻内镜,在监视器下,分别从翼上颌裂、鼻腔以及底部不同角度观察翼腭窝结构。结果翼腭窝是一狭窄裂隙,由蝶骨体、蝶骨翼突和腭骨垂直板、上颌窦后壁共同围成,大小为(21.4±0.8)mm×(5.2±0.3)mm×(3.2±0.3)mm,从上面观察似三棱锥体型,上宽下窄。鼻内镜从翼上颌裂置入翼腭窝,可以观察到翼腭窝顶部眶下裂与位于其外侧3mm的圆孔,向下可见翼腭窝底部腭大孔与腭小孔。将鼻内镜置入鼻腔观察,咬除上颌窦骨性开口后方腭骨垂直部骨质并咬除上颌窦后内侧骨壁,0°鼻内镜可以窥及整个翼腭窝以及后壁全貌,后壁呈上宽下窄的梯形,见其内下方之翼管开口以及外上角之圆孔,二者之间有一明显的纵形骨嵴分隔。结论经鼻内镜下去除上颌窦口后部骨质以及部分上颌窦后内侧壁,可以完整显露整个翼腭窝的结构,表明翼腭窝范围的疾病可以采用鼻内镜处理。     

翼腭窝和颞下窝三维影像学与经鼻内镜解剖学对照研究

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(multislice spiral computed tomography,MSCT)测量翼腭窝和颞下窝解剖相关标志的方法及可行性.方法 对11具尸头行MSCT扫描,利用工作站确立解剖标志空间坐标,并计算解剖学数据.同时对11具尸头经鼻内镜解剖翼腭窝和颞下窝,并测量相关解剖学数据,对照影像学与鼻内镜下的共同解剖标志的形态,比较影像学和鼻内镜下解剖测量数据结果.结果 影像学方法和解剖学方法测量得到鼻小柱根部到蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、棘孔、颈动脉管外口、破裂孔的距离((-x)±s,下同)分别为:(68.83±3.00)、(72.49±2.88)、(75.26±3.14)、(88.55±5.00)、(95.19±4.31)、(106.76±3.77)、(88.16±2.87)mm和(68.90±3.04)、(72.73±3.08)、(75.44±3.07)、(89.75±4.13)、(96.22±3.37)、(106.68±3.75)、(88.47±2.64)mm,两组数据差异无统计学意义(t值分别为-0.856、-1.134、-0.920、-1.923、-1.903、2.820、1.209,P值均>0.05).蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、颈动脉管外口、破裂孔是鼻内镜解剖和影像学共同的解剖标志,可作为判断翼腭窝和颞下窝内神经、血管以及重要毗邻结构空间关系的解剖标志.结论 MSCT扫描三维重建测量翼腭窝和颞下窝相关标志解剖学数据可靠,可为临床个体化手术提供依据.     

Anatomical landmarks for transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery

Resection of midline skull base lesions involve approaches needing extensive neurovascular manipulation. Transnasal endoscopic approach (TEA) is minimally invasive and ideal for certain selected lesions of the anterior skull base. A thorough knowledge of endonasal endoscopic anatomy is essential to be well versed with its surgical applications and this is possible only by dedicated cadaveric dissections. The goal in this study was to understand endoscopic anatomy of the orbital apex, petrous apex and the pterygopalatine fossa. Six cadaveric heads (3 injected and 3 non injected) and 12 sides, were dissected using a TEA outlining systematically, the steps of surgical dissection and the landmarks encountered. Dissection done by the “2 nostril, 4 hands” technique, allows better transnasal instrumentation with two surgeons working in unison with each other. The main surgical landmarks for the orbital apex are the carotid artery protuberance in the lateral sphenoid wall, optic nerve canal, lateral optico-carotid recess, optic strut and the V2 nerve. Orbital apex includes structures passing through the superior and inferior orbital fissure and the optic nerve canal. Vidian nerve canal and the V2 are important landmarks for the petrous apex. Identification of the sphenopalatine artery, V2 and foramen rotundum are important during dissection of the pterygopalatine fossa. In conclusion, the major potential advantage of TEA to the skull base is that it provides a direct anatomical route to the lesion without traversing any major neurovascular structures, as against the open transcranial approaches which involve more neurovascular manipulation and brain retraction. Obviously, these approaches require close cooperation and collaboration between otorhinolaryngologists and neurosurgeons.     

内镜下鼻腔泪前隐窝-上颌窦入路切除翼腭窝肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜经鼻腔泪前隐窝-上颌窦入路在翼腭窝病变手术中的应用.方法 回顾性分析2008年5月至2011年5月5例翼腭窝良性肿瘤患者的病例资料,5例患者均接受了内镜经鼻腔泪前隐窝-上颌窦入路的外科治疗.其中神经鞘瘤4例,神经纤维瘤1例.手术采用控制低血压全身麻醉,鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路切开鼻腔外侧壁进入上颌窦,切开上颌窦后壁进入翼腭窝切除肿瘤.结果 本组5例肿瘤均获得一次性完全切除,无任何并发症.均于术后5～12 d痊愈出院.术后随访5～28个月无复发和死亡.结论 内镜经鼻腔泪前隐窝-上颌窦入路可以安全而完整地切除翼腭窝的良性肿瘤.该术式保留了鼻泪管和下鼻甲,保留鼻腔结构和功能,从而更好地降低复发率和缩短恢复时间.     

Combined endoscopic transmaxillary-transnasal approach to the pterygoid region, lateral sphenoid sinus, and retrobulbar orbit

OBJECTIVES: The sublabial transmaxillary approach to the pterygoid region was a popular one during the Caldwell-Luc, pre-endoscopic era. It was the procedure of choice for management of lesions of the pterygopalatine space, for internal maxillary artery ligation, and for vidian neurectomy. With the introduction of endoscopic instrumentation and techniques, the Caldwell-Luc procedure is rarely performed today. Also, because vidian neurectomy is performed less frequently, and because internal maxillary artery ligation for severe epistaxis has been replaced with transnasal endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation, the sublabial transmaxillary route is rarely used. We have found that combining the use of endoscopes via the sublabial approach and the transnasal endoscopic approach is very helpful for management of extreme lateral lesions of the sphenoid sinus, as well as the pterygoid region and the posterior orbit. METHODS: The records of patients who underwent a combined endoscopic transmaxillary-transnasal approach between 1994 and 2002 were reviewed. Indications for the procedure included extreme lateral sphenoid and pterygoid encephalocele (3 patients), pterygoid mucocele (2 patients), orbital apex lesion (2 patients), and pterygopalatine tumor (2 patients). RESULTS: Nine patients underwent the above-mentioned procedure. Wide and comfortable exposure of the involved region was achieved in all cases. Compared with the transnasal approach, the working distance, working comfort, and maneuverability of instruments were significantly enhanced. There were no major complications related to the approach. Because the maxillary wall opening is very small, infraorbital hypoesthesia is very limited and of short duration. CONCLUSIONS: Combining the transmaxillary and transnasal approaches for endoscopic management of pterygoid, lateral sphenoid, and retrobulbar orbit lesions provides excellent exposure and avoids the limited working angle and surgical struggle that may be associated with the use of the transnasal approach alone.     

鼻内镜手术颌内动脉翼腭段的应用解剖

目的：研究颌内动脉翼腭段的走行及分支规律,为经鼻内镜手术过程中合理处理颌内动脉提供解剖学依据。方法：10具去脑颅底骨正中裂开,显微镜下解剖蝶腭动脉,经鼻内镜上颌窦入路开放翼腭窝,暴露颌内动脉翼腭段所有分支,将上颌窦后、内壁交界的凹陷定义为A点,通过眶下孔的水平线与上颌窦前壁、后外侧壁交线相交于B点,上颌窦前壁、后外侧壁和底壁的交点为D点,BD连线的中点为C点,颌内动脉翼腭段发出的第一分支点为C′点,观察其分支及走行规律。结果：蝶窦口下缘到鼻后中隔上动脉的距离为（5．88±2．21）mm;C′点位于AC上13侧,占65%（13／20）;位于AB上5侧,占25％（5／20）;位于AD上1侧,占5％（1／20）;高于AB1侧,占5％（1／20）。结论：熟悉颌内动脉的分支及走行对于治疗顽固性鼻出血和翼腭窝手术有重要意义;本实验中利用A、B、C、D点为参照点确定颌内动脉走行的方法,有助于内镜经鼻（上颌窦）手术中颌内动脉的定位及结扎处理。     

鼻内镜下上颌窦入路鼻-颅底区域的解剖学分析

目的创建内镜下经上颌窦入路翼腭窝及颞下窝解剖模型,寻找内镜下咽旁间隙段颈内动脉的定位方法。方法 对100例成人行鼻、颅底CT扫描并用Mimics软件进行三维重建;在重建模型上分别测量犁骨后缘中点至颈内动脉相关解剖标志的角度和距离。同时对6具尸头于鼻内镜下经上颌窦联合入路解剖翼腭窝和颞下窝,以咽鼓管为中心向外、向后逐步暴露并定位咽旁间隙段颈内动脉。结果犁骨后缘中点至破裂孔、颈动脉管外孔、颈静脉孔的角度平均值分别为72.0°、57.6°、54.1°,犁骨后缘中点至以上各孔的距离平均值分别为13.65、31.81、32.5 mm,蝶骨角棘与颈动脉管外口前界平均距离为5.92 mm。结论鼻内镜下经鼻联合上颌窦开窗入路能充分的暴露翼腭窝和颞下窝结构。犁骨后根、蝶骨翼突、蝶骨角棘、卵圆孔和茎突是颈内动脉相关颅底解剖的重要标志;蝶骨角棘、骨性咽鼓管口为颈动脉管外口前界的重要骨性标志,术中不超越该界限有助于减少损伤咽旁间隙段颈内动脉。     

Combined approach for extensive maxillectomy: technique and cadaveric dissection

Background

Currently described endoscopic techniques for subtotal resections of the maxilla include endoscopic medial maxillectomy and extended endoscopic medial maxillectomy; however, a complete resection of the maxilla is sometimes warranted. We describe a combined transoral and endoscopic technique for total and subtotal maxillectomy in an attempt to decrease the morbidity of traditional approaches.

Methods

Technical note, Feasibility, Human cadaveric dissection.

Results

Ten total and subtotal maxillectomies were performed in human specimens without the need of facial incisions or transfixion of the nasal septum. The pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossas were accessed and dissected in all cases.

Conclusions

A combined transoral and endoscopic approach is feasible and can be used in selected patients when other minimally endoscopic techniques are not indicated. The benefits of no facial incisions and/or transfixion of the nasal septum, potential improvement in hemostasis, and visual magnification may help to decrease the morbidity of traditional open approaches.     

累及翼腭窝肿瘤的鼻内镜下治疗

翼腭窝毗邻结构复杂,累及此处肿瘤的治疗方式包括传统入路和鼻内镜入路。就翼腭窝的解剖、翼腭窝肿瘤的种类以及鼻内镜手术治疗方式进行阐述。     

腭鞘管后部的浅沟:定位腭鞘管的解剖标记

目的 探讨腭鞘管后部的浅沟(以下简称后沟)在翼腭窝入路内镜手术及翼腭窝区域横断面CT中定位腭鞘管的解剖标记作用。方法 选取20例颅骨标本,将探针置入腭鞘管以明确该管。在多层螺旋CT(MSCT)上观测腭鞘管及后沟并测量数据,并与传统方法定位腭鞘管的正确率比较。内镜下解剖颅骨和尸头的腭鞘管及后沟,进一步显示后沟的解剖标记作用。结果 颅骨后沟的出现率为100%(40/40),腭鞘管后口附近为半管状,较浅者26侧,较深者14侧;前后外观呈细管状24侧,长椭圆形凹陷状16侧。影像学上腭鞘管与硬腭的夹角为(53.14±5.48)°,后沟与硬腭的夹角为(20.93±6.28)°,差异有统计学意义。后沟法对腭鞘管的定位准确率高于传统法,差异有统计学意义。结论 内镜解剖、颅骨CT图像、CT横断面上两种定位腭鞘管方法对比显示了腭鞘管与后沟的解剖关系,提示后沟在经鼻翼腭窝入路内镜手术及翼腭窝区域横断面CT中帮助定位腭鞘管的优越性和解剖标记作用。     

鼻内镜下经鼻腔入路翼腭窝解剖学研究

目的：通过鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝的解剖学研究,为临床内镜下翼腭窝手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：10具新鲜尸头采用内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝进行解剖,观测手术径路中重要标志及穿经血管神经结构,并观测翼腭窝内结构及其与周围结构的关系。结果：①翼腭窝及其周围结构解剖关系复杂,颌内动脉及其分支变异较大;②蝶腭孔、眶下管、圆孔和翼管是翼腭窝重要骨性标志,同时翼腭窝可作为进入颞下窝和蝶窦的通路。结论：①熟知翼腭窝及其周围恒定的解剖标志可保持方向感,提高手术安全性;②鼻内镜下经鼻腔外侧壁入路可充分暴露翼腭窝,视野清晰,术中对重要神经血管控制较好,可根据病变范围变通手术径路;③经鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路可进入翼腭窝临近区域,处理临近区域病变。     

内镜下经鼻腔上颌窦入路翼腭窝手术的临床应用解剖学研究

目的：为鼻内镜翼腭窝手术提供翼腭窝解剖学资料。方法：10％甲醛固定的15具成人头颅湿标本,从正中锯开,切除下、中鼻甲,前、后组筛房,上颌窦口后面腭骨垂直部骨质及上颌窦后外壁,暴露翼腭窝内的结构,逐层进行解剖,记录所涉及到的组织结构,探查其毗邻关系。结果：经鼻腔上颌窦入路可充分显露翼腭窝,翼腭窝内主要结构是上颌动脉、上颌神经及其分支,所有动脉分支直径都〈3mm。结论：鼻内镜翼腭窝手术在理论上较安全可行。