Improvement of vision after a combined midfacial and maxillary distraction with a rigid external distraction device.

We report a rare case of visual improvement in a 19-year-old patient with Apert syndrome after segmental distraction with a rigid external distraction device. We used the Rigid External Distraction Device II System (R.E.D. II, KLS Martin) after Le Fort I and III osteotomies.     

外置支架牵引成骨术治疗复杂面中部后缩畸形

目的 应用外支架牵引成骨治疗复杂面中部后缩畸形.方法 对1例继发性面中部凹陷畸形、2例Crouzon综合征和1例Parry Romberg综合征患者,采取Le Fort Ⅲ型截骨或同时行Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨,应用颅面外支架牵引装置对目标骨块进行牵引治疗.牵引开始于截骨后第7天,牵引速度为每天1 mm,牵引完成后,固定外支架牵引装置3个月.结果 所有病例按计划完成牵引,面中部前移10～14 mm,后缩畸形明显改善.结论 外支架牵引成骨技术是治疗各种复杂面中部后缩畸形的一种有效方法.     

Chondrocyte injection in distraction epiphysiolysis (rabbit model).

The purpose of this study was to determine if cultured chondrocytes could prevent premature closure of the physis after physeal distraction in a rabbit model. Epiphyseal distraction at the proximal tibial epiphysis was performed in 24 immature rabbits. Chondrocytes were harvested from the iliac apophysis. The animals were divided into three groups: A, epiphyseal distraction alone; B, injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) after epiphyseal distraction; and C, injection of cultured chondrocytes after epiphyseal distraction. After epiphyseal separation was noted radiographically, each animal was evaluated at routine intervals. At 2 to 4 weeks, significant tibial lengthening as compared to the contralateral tibia was noted in all three groups. At 10 weeks, lengthening was apparent only in group C; in groups A and B, the operated tibia was shorter than the unoperated one. Histologic examination at 4 weeks revealed partial bony bridge formation with cell clustering in the fibrocartilaginous matrix in groups A and B. In group C, the matrix showed a typical hyaline aspect with cells organized in columns at the injection site. The zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes was enlarged. It appears that the injected cells differentiated into hypertrophic chondrocytes and delayed premature physeal closure. At 10 weeks after distraction of the physis, the width of the physis was restored to 75% of normal, but disordered chondrocyte growth with cell clustering was present in the cell-injected group.     

严重小下颌畸形患者牵张成骨后软组织侧貌变化

目的 比较严重小下颌畸形患者下颌骨牵张成骨术前、后软组织面型及唇颏部变化,评价下颌骨牵张成骨术治疗下颌发育不全的效果.方法 对16例患者行颞颌关节成形术+颞肌筋膜瓣转移修复术,并于术后5 d开始行骨牵引延长,每日2次,每次0.4 mm.颌骨测量每例患者手术前、后头颅侧位定位片软组织面型、唇颏部结构各项指标,用配对t检验比较术前术后变化.结果 患者下颌骨牵引成骨术前、后面突角、软组织下面高、面下份凸度、下唇长度、唇间隙、唇颏比、上下唇至审美平面距、颏唇沟深度和颏软组织厚度变化,差异均有统计学意义,其中面突角从治疗前(35.488±6.510)°减小为治疗后(8.295±3.985)°,面下份凸度从治疗前(-40.281±7.558)mm变为治疗后(-14.506±3.359)mm,唇颏比从术前(78.375±12.340)%增加至术后(50.744±5.412)%.结论 下颌骨牵引成骨术治疗严重小下颌畸形可使患者面中下部软组织得到适应性改变.     

Patient characteristics as predictors of clinical outcome of distraction in treatment of severe ankle osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly progressive joint disease. Joint distraction can be a treatment of choice in case of severe OA. Prediction of failure will facilitate implementation of joint distraction in clinical practice. Patients with severe ankle OA, who underwent joint distraction were included. Survival analysis was performed over 12 years (n = 25 after 12 years). Regression analyses were used to predict failures and clinical benefit at 2 years after joint distraction (n = 111). Survival analysis showed that 44% of the patients failed, 17% within 2 years and 37% within 5 years after joint distraction (n = 48 after 5 years). Survival analysis in subgroups showed that the percentage failure was only different in women (30% after 2 years) versus men (after 11 years still no 30% failure). In the multivariate analyses female gender was predictive for failure 2 years after joint distraction. Gender and functional disability at baseline predicted more pain. Functional disability and pain at baseline were associated with more functional disability. Joint distraction shows a long‐term clinical beneficial outcome. However, failure rate is considerable over the years. Female patients have a higher chance of failure during follow‐up. Unfortunately, not all potential predictors could be investigated and other clinically significant predictors were not found. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:96–101, 2014.     

Bone lengthening by physial distraction

Summary Experimental physial distraction was carried out in the distal part of the femur in 45 two-month old lambs in order to study the basic mechanisms of lengthening as ell as the viability of the growth cartilage after using this method. The animals were divided into three groups (A, B and C), and each group into three subgroups (1, 2 and 3) according to the rate of distraction used (2 mm/day, 1 mm/day, 0.5 mm/day) and the time of sacrifice.The results obtained show that the basic lengthening mechanisms consists, firstly, in the production of a fracture between the metaphysis and the epiphysis and, secondly, that the lower the distraction speed employed, the greater is the short-term and long-term viability of the growth cartilage. Optimum viability was observed at a distraction rate of 0.5 mm/day.On this basis we conclude that in clinical practice physial distraction could be indicated for children at an early stage of skeletal growth and repeated later provided that the rate of distraction is kept within reasonable limits.

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Résumé Une étude expérimentale portant sur la distraction épiphysaire au niveau de l'extrémité distale du fémur a été réalisée chez 45 moutons âgés de 2 mois, dans le but d'étudier les mécanismes d'allongement ainsi que la vitalité du cartilage de croissance. Les animaux ont été divisés en trois groupes (A, B, C) et 9 sous-groupes (1, 2, 3) selon la vitesse de l'allongement (2 mm/jour, 1 mm, 0,5 mm) et la date à laquelle ils ont été sacrifiés.Les résultats obtenus montrent que le mécanisme de base consiste dans la création d'une fracture épiphysodiaphysaire et, d'autre part, que plus la vitesse d'élongation est lente, plus le cartilage de croissance est viable à court et à long terme. Les meilleurs résultats furent obtenus à la vitesse de 0,5 mm/jour. On peut donc conclure qu'en pratique la distraction épiphysaire peut être indiquée chez les enfants dont l'âge osseux est bas, et qu'elle peut être répétée ultérieurement, à condition de maintenir la vitesse d'allongement dans des limites raisonnables.

     

头颅外支架牵张矫治颅颌面畸形

目的：探讨运用头颅外支架牵张器治疗颅颌面畸形。方法：利用头颅外支架牵张器进行牵张治疗腭裂术后严重上颌骨发育不良7例,颅锁综合征2例,Crouzon综合征1例,上颌骨发育不良2例。结果：患者术创正常愈合,牵张过程顺利,达到预期牵张目的。结论：头颅外支架牵张器可有效地治疗颅颌面畸形及软组织量不足的患者。     

Gradual reduction of distal radial malunion using distraction osteogenesis

PURPOSE: To evaluate gradual distraction lengthening or distraction osteogenesis as a technique for treating malunions of the distal radius. METHODS: Twenty patients with clinical and radiographic evidence of distal radius malunion were treated with osteotomy of the distal radius using distraction osteogenesis. At the follow-up evaluation each patient was evaluated for healing rates, complications, resolution of pain, and radiographic alignment. Surgical treatment consisted of an application of a nonbridging external fixator that could be distracted to correct the deformity. A loosely set screw that connected the distal pins to the fixator served as a hinge and allowed the distal radius to rotate into a corrected position. Gradual distraction via distraction osteogenesis was initiated 1 week after surgery. RESULTS: Seventeen osteotomies healed uneventfully in an average of 9 weeks. Complications included 9 pin track infections. Two nonunions required bone grafting. One patient inadvertently compressed rather than distracted the fixator, leading to premature healing of the osteotomy. One patient ruptured the extensor pollicis longus. All complications resolved with additional intervention. Overall the patients showed radiographic and symptomatic improvement. CONCLUSIONS: An external fixator and distraction lengthening through distraction osteogenesis is a viable alternative to plate fixation and bone grafting. In 18 of 20 of our patients, the technique eliminated the need for bone grafting and the need for a second surgical procedure to remove a dorsal plate.     

The influence of callus distraction on the growth plate

Objectives This study was designed to investigate the morphology, thickness and cellularity of the growth plate during callus distraction performed in the immediate vicinity of the growth plate. Methods Lengthening of the right tibia by 25% was carried out on 24 beagle dogs by callus distraction. Distraction was started at the fifth postoperative day with a distraction rate of 0.5 mm twice a day. A control group of six dogs underwent tibial osteotomy and external fixation without distraction. Half of the dogs of both groups were sacrificed at the end of the distraction phase of 25 days (Group A) and the remaining 15 dogs after an additional consolidation period of 25 days (Group B). The tibia and femur was removed from the distracted right leg and from the left control side of each animal and longitudinal sections were cut and stained with Pentachrome. The thickness and cellularity of the regeneration zone, the proliferation zone and the hypertrophic zone were determined for the proximal tibial and the distal femoral epiphysis. Results During the distraction phase the thickness of the proximal tibial growth plate and its cellularity were reduced on the distraction side. During the consolidation phase there was a slight recovery in the proximal tibial growth plate. Conclusions Callus distraction leads to a temporary reduction in growth of the affected physis.     

牵引成骨术治疗新生儿Pierre Robin综合征呼吸阻塞

目的 探讨应用牵引成骨术治疗新生儿Pierre Robin综合征呼吸阻塞的可行性.方法 2007至2009年,用骨牵引技术治疗8例新生儿Pierre Robin综合征.行双侧下颌骨斜行截骨,安置下颌骨牵张器,术后第1天开始牵引,每天3次,每次0.4 mm,每天牵引1.2 mm,直至延长到所需长度.结果 8例患儿均按设计要求顺利完成牵引,无感染发生,无口角歪斜等面神经损伤症状.骨牵引达到预期的长度,约12～20 mm,平均15 mm.Pierre Robin综合征患儿的阵发性青紫、吸气性呼吸困难及哺乳困难等症状均消失.结论 牵引成骨术是治疗新生儿Pierre Robin综合征严重呼吸阻塞比较理想的手术方法,是可行和安全的.     

A mechanism of lateral flexion distraction injury of the spine

Flexion distraction fractures or Chance fractures are well described in the literature. We present an unusual pattern of injury of a pure lateral flexion distraction fracture of the T12 vertebra with no posterior element disruption following a blow to the right torso to a passenger in a road traffic accident. The diagnosis was made intra-operatively as the potential for this injury pattern following the described mechanism was not initially recognised. We suggest that this type of injury be suspected in any patient where a fulcrum has acted at any point around the torso.     

Frontofacial monobloc advancement using gradual bone distraction method

For children with craniosynostosis presenting intracranial hypertension and facial hypoplasia, different techniques have been used. Commonly, an initial frontoorbital advancement to expand a tight cranium volume was followed by Le Fort III osteotomy to repair midface abnormalities several months later. The 2-stage surgeries were unified into a 1-step procedure to optimize treatment. We here report results of frontofacial monobloc advancement, applying gradual distraction by a rigid external distraction device. Three patients were treated with excellent functional and cosmetic outcome with high rate of patient satisfaction. There was no remarkable complication.     

定向两次牵引成骨术在下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨定向两次牵引成骨术在下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损修复中的应用.方法 2002年1月至2006年12月,对6例因肿瘤术后致下颌骨缺损患者,先牵引下颌骨体部,再牵引下颌骨升支部.结果 手术过程顺利,外形恢复良好,局部成骨满意,无感染等并发症.下颌骨最大体部单侧牵引幅度为5.5 cm,平均5.2 cm,升支部最大4.2 cm,平均3.4 cm.咬合及张口度恢复良好.结论 定向两次牵引成骨术用于修复肿瘤术后下颌骨缺损,创伤小、手术时间短、操作简单,并可避免植骨及由此带来的供、受区并发症,效果稳定可靠;缺点是整个治疗时间长,需3次手术.     

电穿孔介导的基因治疗兔下颌骨牵引成骨模型的建立

目的 探讨电穿孔技术介导的重组质粒体内转染兔下颌骨牵引成骨的可行性.方法 以新西兰大白兔为实验动物模型,于术后3 d开始下颌骨牵引,每天0.8 mm,连续牵引7 d后,将实验动物分为3组:质粒+电穿孔组(A组),质粒组(B组),生理盐水组+电穿孔组(C组).各组动物分别于注射后3 h及1、3、7、14 d处死,切取牵引区组织0.4 cm×0.4 cm行冰冻切片检查,采用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)表达以检测外源基因的表达.检测兔血清肝功能指标丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和肾功能指标尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)和心、肝、肾组织学检查.结果 A组转染新西兰大白兔,3 h可观察到GFP的表达,1 d时GFP的表达增强,3 d时GFP的表达最强,其后开始逐渐下降,7 d后GFP的表达减少,14 d仍可观察到微弱GFP的表达.B组的GFP的表达时限与A组相同,但各时相点的GFP的表达强度明显弱于A组,C组在各时间段均未观察到GFP的表达.3组肝、肾功能指标两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 电穿孔技术介导的带有荧光标记的重组质粒体内转染,可在兔下颌骨牵引区组织内表达,电穿孔能明显提高重组质粒的体内转染效率,提示电穿孔技术介导的重组质粒体内转染兔下颌骨牵引成骨的动物模型是可行的,用于体内试验是安全的.     

电穿孔介导的基因治疗兔下颌骨牵引成骨模型的建立

目的 探讨电穿孔技术介导的重组质粒体内转染兔下颌骨牵引成骨的可行性.方法 以新西兰大白兔为实验动物模型,于术后3 d开始下颌骨牵引,每天0.8 mm,连续牵引7 d后,将实验动物分为3组:质粒+电穿孔组(A组),质粒组(B组),生理盐水组+电穿孔组(C组).各组动物分别于注射后3 h及1、3、7、14 d处死,切取牵引区组织0.4 cm×0.4 cm行冰冻切片检查,采用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)表达以检测外源基因的表达.检测兔血清肝功能指标丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和肾功能指标尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)和心、肝、肾组织学检查.结果 A组转染新西兰大白兔,3 h可观察到GFP的表达,1 d时GFP的表达增强,3 d时GFP的表达最强,其后开始逐渐下降,7 d后GFP的表达减少,14 d仍可观察到微弱GFP的表达.B组的GFP的表达时限与A组相同,但各时相点的GFP的表达强度明显弱于A组,C组在各时间段均未观察到GFP的表达.3组肝、肾功能指标两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 电穿孔技术介导的带有荧光标记的重组质粒体内转染,可在兔下颌骨牵引区组织内表达,电穿孔能明显提高重组质粒的体内转染效率,提示电穿孔技术介导的重组质粒体内转染兔下颌骨牵引成骨的动物模型是可行的,用于体内试验是安全的.     

火器伤牙槽突缺损的牵张成骨治疗

目的：探讨牵张成骨技术治疗火器伤牙槽突缺损的临床应用。方法：2例患者分别因火枪和炸药爆炸导致下颌骨牙槽突缺损,一期经清创处理,遗留严重牙槽突缺损,影响义齿修复,接受牵张成骨治疗,其中1例行垂直骨牵张,另1例接受水平骨牵张。结果：2例患者均顺利完成治疗,垂直骨牵张升高牙槽突约7mm,水平骨牵张牙槽突恢复长度约16mm,X线显示成骨良好。结论：牵张成骨技术可以有效地修复火器伤牙槽突缺损,并为最终重建咬合关系和实现功能性修复提供了基础,为火器伤的救治提供了一条新的修复方法,值得临床借鉴和推广。     

Metacarpal lengthening by distraction histiogenesis in adults

Background:

Metacarpal lengthening in the hand is a new application for distraction neo-histiogenesis. Metacarpal lengthening with distraction helps in improvement in pinch function. Thumb lengthening is technically easy in comparison to other metacarpals. We present the operative treatment and post-operative outcome in nine patients with amputations and congenital anomalies.

Materials and Methods:

Nine patients underwent distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of amputations of the hand and other congenital anomalies. The dominant right hand was operated in eight cases and the left hand in one case. There were six males and three females. Improvement of function was always the aim of surgery. Age range was between 18 and 23 years. Thumb lengthening was performed in five patients and that of the index finger in four patients. Distraction started on the fifth post-operative day at the rate of 0.25 mm/day. Sensory function and bone consolidation was assessed before fixator removal.

Results:

The mean duration of distraction was 51 days (range, 42–60 days) and the distractor was removed at a mean of 150 days (range, 140 and 160 days) and the bones were lengthened by a mean of 24 mm (range, 20–28 mm) There was improvement of function in all cases.

Conclusion:

The metacarpal lengthening by distraction histiogenesis in congenital and traumatic amputations is safe and simple method to improve pinch function of hand.     

电穿孔介导的基因治疗兔下颌骨牵引成骨模型的建立

目的 探讨电穿孔技术介导的重组质粒体内转染兔下颌骨牵引成骨的可行性.方法 以新西兰大白兔为实验动物模型,于术后3 d开始下颌骨牵引,每天0.8 mm,连续牵引7 d后,将实验动物分为3组:质粒+电穿孔组(A组),质粒组(B组),生理盐水组+电穿孔组(C组).各组动物分别于注射后3 h及1、3、7、14 d处死,切取牵引区组织0.4 cm×0.4 cm行冰冻切片检查,采用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)表达以检测外源基因的表达.检测兔血清肝功能指标丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和肾功能指标尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)和心、肝、肾组织学检查.结果 A组转染新西兰大白兔,3 h可观察到GFP的表达,1 d时GFP的表达增强,3 d时GFP的表达最强,其后开始逐渐下降,7 d后GFP的表达减少,14 d仍可观察到微弱GFP的表达.B组的GFP的表达时限与A组相同,但各时相点的GFP的表达强度明显弱于A组,C组在各时间段均未观察到GFP的表达.3组肝、肾功能指标两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 电穿孔技术介导的带有荧光标记的重组质粒体内转染,可在兔下颌骨牵引区组织内表达,电穿孔能明显提高重组质粒的体内转染效率,提示电穿孔技术介导的重组质粒体内转染兔下颌骨牵引成骨的动物模型是可行的,用于体内试验是安全的.     

电穿孔介导的基因治疗兔下颌骨牵引成骨模型的建立

目的 探讨电穿孔技术介导的重组质粒体内转染兔下颌骨牵引成骨的可行性.方法 以新西兰大白兔为实验动物模型,于术后3 d开始下颌骨牵引,每天0.8 mm,连续牵引7 d后,将实验动物分为3组:质粒+电穿孔组(A组),质粒组(B组),生理盐水组+电穿孔组(C组).各组动物分别于注射后3 h及1、3、7、14 d处死,切取牵引区组织0.4 cm×0.4 cm行冰冻切片检查,采用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)表达以检测外源基因的表达.检测兔血清肝功能指标丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和肾功能指标尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)和心、肝、肾组织学检查.结果 A组转染新西兰大白兔,3 h可观察到GFP的表达,1 d时GFP的表达增强,3 d时GFP的表达最强,其后开始逐渐下降,7 d后GFP的表达减少,14 d仍可观察到微弱GFP的表达.B组的GFP的表达时限与A组相同,但各时相点的GFP的表达强度明显弱于A组,C组在各时间段均未观察到GFP的表达.3组肝、肾功能指标两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 电穿孔技术介导的带有荧光标记的重组质粒体内转染,可在兔下颌骨牵引区组织内表达,电穿孔能明显提高重组质粒的体内转染效率,提示电穿孔技术介导的重组质粒体内转染兔下颌骨牵引成骨的动物模型是可行的,用于体内试验是安全的.     

Monitoring of bone formation during distraction osteogenesis via osteocalcin: a time sequence study in dogs

 The aim of the current study was to analyze the osteocalcin level and radiographic density during distraction osteogenesis in order to investigate the role of osteocalcin in monitoring bone formation during callus distraction. Lengthening of the right tibia by 25% was performed in 12 beagle dogs by callus distraction after osteotomy and application of a ring fixator. Distraction was started on the 5th postoperative day, with a distraction rate of 0.5 mm twice a day, and was ended after 25 days. Blood samples and x-rays of the callus distraction segment were obtained preoperatively and once a week until day 55 after operation. A digital radiograph analysis system was used to determine the bone density of the callus distraction segments. The serum parameters of osteocalcin were evaluated by radioimmunoassay. The radiographic bone densities during the distraction phase increased during the distraction period and markedly increased during the consolidation period. A similar trend was observed for osteocalcin, whereby the coefficient of correlation between these two parameters was, on average, 0.68 ± 0.11. However, the radiographic bone density measurements, as well as the osteocalcin levels, showed large variation between different animals. Therefore, our results suggest that valuable information about bone formation during distraction osteogenesis can be obtained via serum osteocalcin levels, even though it seems that time sequence monitoring is more favorable than the determination of absolute values. Received: January 16, 2002 / Accepted: April 10, 2002