重特大疾病医疗救助因病致贫对象界定的理论与方法探析

重特大疾病医疗救助对象界定关乎医疗救助的公平性和精准性,然而我国重特大疾病因病致贫对象界定仍缺乏理论和方法依据。重特大疾病相对费用理论考虑了家庭支付能力,同时灾难性和致贫性卫生支出测量方法不仅反映了家庭疾病经济负担和贫困状态,而且能够反映救助对象的因病致贫广度和深度。因此,基于重特大疾病相对费用理论及其测量方法的因病致贫对象界定思路能够支持我国重特大疾病因病致贫对象的界定。     

重特大疾病医疗救助不同模式下“健康扶贫”效果研究

目的:比较湖北省A地重特大疾病医疗救助按病种和按费用救助模式下政策实施效果,为进一步完善重特大疾病救助制度提供政策建议。方法:分别于2013和2016年在湖北省A地进行机构调查和现场问卷调查,收集大病患者住院补偿、救助信息和家庭收入情况,综合运用描述性统计方法和卡方检验分析重特大疾病医疗救助实施效果。结果:转为按费用救助模式后,2016年大病救助受益率(13.2%)较2013年(12.2%)并未有效扩大,实际救助力度较低。因病致贫对象政策范围内救助比例和封顶线经调整后均有所下降,使得因病致贫对象救助水平进一步降低。结论:重特大疾病医疗救助对象范围扩大后,因病致贫对象疾病经济负担仍然较重。应综合考虑疾病经济负担和家庭经济水平,提升重特大疾病救助针对性,适当提高重特大疾病医疗救助水平。     

建档立卡贫困人口医疗保障政策效果研究——基于改善灾难性卫生支出的视角

[目的]基于改善灾难性卫生支出的视角,对建档立卡贫困人口的医疗保障政策效果进行分析。[方法]利用焦作市2018年"建档立卡贫困人口托底救助数据",设置医疗保障政策的保障水平和医疗保障政策对灾难性卫生支出发生率的降低程度两项评估指标,评估医疗保障政策对建档立卡贫困人口的实施效果。[结果]在40%的阈值下,基本医保保障水平为51.56%,基本医保补偿使灾难性卫生支出发生率下降了7.8‰,下降幅度为63.93%;托底救助使保障水平提升了30.87%,托底救助使灾难性卫生支出发生率下降了1.2‰,下降幅度为48.58%。[结论]基本医保补偿降低了建档立卡贫困户的灾难性卫生支出发生率,尤其对于改善医疗费用较高家庭的灾难性卫生支出效果更好;托底救助使大多数家庭实现了避免发生灾难性卫生支出的目标。该政策对于因病致贫患者灾难性卫生支出改善的效果优于因残致贫,体现了托底救助政策的精准性。     

2015年上海市医疗救助情况及效果分析

目的：梳理上海市基本医疗保障制度、救助政策的制度,救助对象的实际医疗费用负担以及救助实施效果。方法：利用上海市民政局救助数据分析救助对象医疗费用负担、医疗救助效果和救助前后灾难性卫生支出发生情况。结果：2015年,上海市医疗救助对象的人均医疗费用17344元,自负费用占总医疗费用的27.4%。救助对象人均救助金额为2276元,救助占自负费用比例为48.0%,救助后自负费用占比14.3%,救助后自负费用降低了13.1个百分点。救助前发生灾难性卫生支出人数占总人数比例为27.1%,救助后发生灾难性卫生支出人数比例降为17.2%。结论：上海市医疗救助对降低自负费用作用、减少灾难性卫生支出较为明显,不同人群的救助水平有所差异。建议要实现救助对象的基本医保全覆盖,完善与基本医疗保险制度的衔接,进一步提高救助水平。     

湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出及其影响因素

目的了解湖北省农村地区家庭灾难性卫生支出状况及其相关影响因素,为政策制定提供依据。方法利用世界卫生组织推荐的算法计算灾难性卫生支出,运用卡方检验分析不同特征家庭灾难性卫生支出情况,采用二元logistic回归分析灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结果湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为9.71%,多因素分析显示家里有慢性病人(OR=2.06,95%CI:1.35~3.15)、经济状况较差(OR=1.38,95%CI:1.15~1.66)是灾难性卫生支出的危险因素。发生灾难性卫生支出的家庭因病致贫率较高(28.80%),但接受医疗卫生救助的比例较低(8.21%)。结论湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率较高,政府应加强慢性病预防与控制、提高收入公平性、加强灾难性卫生支出家庭的医疗卫生救助。     

湖北红安:四位一体 就医全兜底

<正>湖北省红安县是国家级贫困县,人口总数为66万,贫困人口约5.6万。通过精准识别、精准分析,该县发现因病致贫返贫人口占贫困人口总数的61%,其中因疾病丧失劳动能力致贫的占43%,因灾难性医疗支出或大额医疗费用致贫的占18%。该县制订了健康扶贫方案,兜底贫困群众医疗费用支出。该县既注重减轻救助对象的就医经济负担,又注重加强救助对象的全程健康管理,让健康扶贫更规范。一是健康全管理,对健康扶贫     

贫困农村地区高血压及其合并症病人家庭灾难性卫生支出分析

目的对贫困农村地区高血压及其合并症患者家庭灾难性卫生支出进行分析,评价新型农村合作医疗(简称新农合)对降低家庭疾病经济风险所起到的作用,为政府控制这类慢性病的经济负担提供政策建议。方法采取面对面的问卷调查方式收集高血压及其合并症患者家庭的卫生支出和费用报销资料,计算灾难性卫生支出和家庭因病致贫情况。结果研究发现,高血压及其合并症具有很强的家庭致贫作用,因高血压及其合并症导致家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为22.2%,经过新农合制度的费用补偿,灾难性卫生支出发生率下降到19.2%。结论贫困农村高血压及其合并症患者家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率较高,但新农合对缓解这类疾病导致的家庭灾难性卫生支出作用有限,政府应该采取更加有效的措施降低该类疾病的经济负担。     

大病卫生支出及其影响

在讨论大病卫生支出界定标准的基础上,运用文献研究和实证分析方法,研究大病卫生支出及其对家庭经济的影响。表明发生大病支出的家庭易陷入因病致贫。卫生费用自付比例、家庭经济状况、卫生服务利用、健康及年龄因素等影响家庭大病卫生支出,低收入组更易于发生大病卫生支出;医疗保障制度对灾难性卫生支出发生率改善不明显,低收入组下降幅度相对小。低收入组应成为大病卫生筹资主要的保护对象,关注对他们的大病医疗保障问题,以减轻其大病医药负担。     

“灾难性卫生支出”能解释农村“因病致贫”吗?——中国式标准的提出

目的:将"因病致贫"从绝对概念推广至相对概念,立足于"灾难性卫生支出"指标,探索"灾难性卫生支出"指标与"因病致贫"最佳匹配模式,最终提出符合我国国情的"灾难性卫生支出"指标的计算方式和阈值。方法:运用统计模拟方法,基于国际卫生经济学使用的三种"灾难性卫生支出"计算指标,分别将其与"因病致贫"指标相匹配,寻找10%～80%阈值内的最佳匹配率。结果:以"可支付能力"作为分母的匹配效果最差,以"可支配支出"作为分母的效果次之,二者的匹配效果都低于50%;以收入作为分母的"灾难性卫生支出"指标匹配效果最好,在2011年和2013年样本中分别达65. 92%和72. 57%。结论:在中国的国情下,中国式"灾难性卫生支出"指标应以"收入作为分母,12%～17%左右作为阈值"为宜。     

医疗救助对象界定分类研究

医疗救助制度在我国建立将近20年,对于改善社会贫困状况,提高国民身体素质发挥了至关重要的作用。文章对我国各地常规医疗救助对象、重特大疾病医疗救助对象、因病致贫医疗救助对象的界定方法进行了评析,并提出了相关建议,为我国今后完善医疗救助制度,进一步缩小贫富差距提供理论借鉴。     

Health shock,catastrophic expenditure and its consequences on welfare of the household engaged in informal sector

Purpose

Despite significant contribution by India’s informal sector, tattered conditions have inflated the burden of health shocks in many ways. This study tries to examine the economic burden of health shocks and its associated consequences on households whose members are involved in informal sector. We primarily focus on three objectives for our analysis: (1) compute distribution and magnitude of health shocks and health expenditure between formal and informal workers; (2) evaluate the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and measure its impoverishment effect; (3) estimate the major determinants of CHE for informal sector households.

Methods

Underlying objectives have been estimated using standard catastrophic and impoverishment measures (poverty headcount and poverty gap) and Poisson, logit and Tobit multivariate regression models. For empirical analysis, data is exploited from the recent round of Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS-II), 2012.

Results

We find that around 27% of households engaged in the informal sector spends more than 5% threshold on their health payment. We also find that OOP health expenditure pushes 7.12% informal sector households in poverty. Moreover, we also find that the impoverishment effect mainly rests on outpatient health expenditure and poverty deepening for informal sector households.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that informal sector workers are highly vulnerable to health shocks and economic burden in terms of high treatment costs and low insurance coverage. Further, we also show that workers engaged in the informal sector witness greater probability of incurring CHE and impoverishment. Results from the Tobit model suggests that various factors such as insurance coverage, severity of illness and others are crucial predictor of catastrophic spending.

     

农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素研究——基于2018年CHARLS数据

灾难性卫生支出是衡量健康公平性的重要指标.本文基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS),采用Logit、Tobit模型分别对农村贫困家庭的灾难性卫生支出发生率、发生强度进行分析.研究结果表明:我国农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为28.20％,平均强度为0.076,因病致贫率为32.40％.家庭规模较小...     

医疗保险制度对降低我国居民灾难性卫生支出的效果分析

目的：2008年中国的医保制度已经覆盖87.9%的居民,接近全民医保覆盖的目标。然而,仍存在部分居民现金卫生支出比例过高的现象,导致家庭由于支付医疗卫生费用而陷入经济困境。本文通过计算中国灾难性卫生支出发生率和致贫率,来探究中国医疗保险制度的保障力度与水平。方法：本文利用第四次卫生服务调查的数据,通过世界卫生组织推荐的方法计算灾难性卫生支出和致贫率。结果：灾难性卫生支出发生率为13.0%,且发生率随着家庭经济水平的提高而降低;总体致贫率为7.5%;家庭中含有住院病人、慢性病人、肺结核病人及60岁以上老人,其发生灾难性卫生支出的风险高。结论与建议：通过分析脆弱人群发生灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素,为今后完善医疗保险制度设计提供具有可操作性的政策建议,增强其对居民抵御疾病经济风险的保障能力。     

基于Newton-Cotes算法的我国家庭灾难性卫生支出估算研究*

目的：从宏观数据出发构建估算我国家庭灾难性卫生支出的方法,并对其准确性进行检验。方法：以 New ton-Cotes算法为基础,充分考虑家庭在收入和医疗支出上的二维异质性,在模拟90000个异质性家庭医疗支出占其可支配收入之比的基础上,估算全社会的灾难性卫生支出发生率、因病致贫率、发生强度和集中指数等指标。结果：随着我国经济的发展和家庭收入的提高,灾难性卫生支出发生率和发生强度均不断降低,但低收入家庭的集中程度则不断提高。结论：此方法具有一定的准确性和稳定性,对现有估算方法具有补充和借鉴的作用。     

Catastrophic household expenditure for health care in a low-income society: a study from Nouna District, Burkina Faso

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the extent of catastrophic household health care expenditure and determine the factors responsible for it in Nouna District, Burkina Faso. METHODS: We used the Nouna Health District Household Survey to collect data on 800 households during 2000-01 for our analysis. The determinants of household catastrophic expenditure were identified by multivariate logistic regression method. FINDINGS: Even at very low levels of health care utilization and modest amount of health expenditure, 6-15% of total households in Nouna District incurred catastrophic health expenditure. The key determinants of catastrophic health expenditure were economic status, household health care utilization especially for modern medical care, illness episodes in an adult household member and presence of a member with chronic illness. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the poorest members of the community incurred catastrophic health expenses. Setting only one threshold/cut-off value to determine catastrophic health expenses may result in inaccurate estimation leading to misinterpretation of important factors. Our findings have important policy implications and can be used to ensure better access to health services and a higher degree of financial protection for low-income groups against the economic impact of illness.     

精准帮扶视域下灾难性卫生支出的脆弱群体分析

目的:识别脆弱群体,降低灾难性卫生支出发生风险。方法:采用2018年《中国健康与养老追踪调查》数据。用卡方检验比较不同组别之间灾难性卫生支出发生率,用logistic回归分析识别灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结果:2018年,家庭灾难性卫生支出总体的发生率为27.37%。logistic回归分析结果显示,已婚、自评健康差、家庭规模小、家庭经济情况差、有家庭成员利用门诊或住院卫生服务、家庭有慢性病患者、家庭有60岁以上成员的家庭为灾难性卫生支出的脆弱群体。结论:鉴于灾难性卫生支出发生率较高,需采用更加精准有效的策略来降低居民的灾难性卫生支出发生风险。     

Appraising financial protection in health: the case of Tunisia

Despite the remarkable progress in expanding the coverage of social protection mechanisms in health, the Tunisian healthcare system is still largely funded through direct out-of-pocket payments. This paper seeks to assess financial protection in health in the particular policy and epidemiological transition of Tunisia using nationally representative survey data on healthcare expenditure, utilization and morbidity. The extent to which the healthcare system protects people against the financial repercussions of ill-health is assessed using the catastrophic and impoverishing payment approaches. The characteristics associated with the likelihood of vulnerability to catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) are examined using multivariate logistic regression technique. Results revealed that non-negligible proportions of the Tunisian population (ranging from 4.5 % at the conservative 40 % threshold of discretionary nonfood expenditure to 12 % at the 10 % threshold of total expenditure) incurred CHE. In terms of impoverishment, results showed that health expenditure can be held responsible for about 18 % of the rise in the poverty gap. These results appeared to be relatively higher when compared with those obtained for other countries with similar level of development. Nonetheless, although households belonging to richer quintiles reported more illness episodes and received more treatment than the poor households, the latter households were more likely to incur CHE at any threshold. Amongst the correlates of CHE, health insurance coverage was significantly related to CHE regardless of the threshold used. Some implications and policy recommendations, which might also be useful for other similar countries, are advanced to enhance the financial protection capacity of the Tunisian healthcare system.     

Factors affecting catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses in China: policy implications of universal health insurance

Objective

To assess the degree to which the Chinese people are protected from catastrophic household expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses and to explore the health system and structural factors influencing the first of these outcomes.

Methods

Data were derived from the Fourth National Health Service Survey. An analysis of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses was undertaken with a sample of 55 556 households of different characteristics and located in rural and urban settings in different parts of the country. Logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure.

Findings

The rate of catastrophic health expenditure was 13.0%; that of impoverishment was 7.5%. Rates of catastrophic health expenditure were higher among households having members who were hospitalized, elderly, or chronically ill, as well as in households in rural or poorer regions. A combination of adverse factors increased the risk of catastrophic health expenditure. Families enrolled in the urban employee or resident insurance schemes had lower rates of catastrophic health expenditure than those enrolled in the new rural corporative scheme. The need for and use of health care, demographics, type of benefit package and type of provider payment method were the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure.

Conclusion

Although China has greatly expanded health insurance coverage, financial protection remains insufficient. Policy-makers should focus on designing improved insurance plans by expanding the benefit package, redesigning cost sharing arrangements and provider payment methods and developing more effective expenditure control strategies.