黑曲霉生物转化黄酮类成分研究进展

黄酮类化合物具有多种药理活性,包括抗炎、抗氧化、抗血栓、抗菌、抗病毒、降血脂等,而黑曲霉作为世界公认的安全食用性的低等真核生物而广泛应用于微生物转化,并在黄酮类成分生物转化中发挥着重要的作用。该文综述近15年来国内外关于黑曲霉生物转化黄酮类物质及其衍生物的研究进展,以期为黑曲霉的进一步开发应用提供参考。结果表明以黑曲霉为菌种转化黄酮类化合物的主要类型包括黄酮类、黄酮苷类、二氢黄酮类、查尔酮类、多甲氧基黄酮类、异黄酮类等,主要发生羟基化、脱羟基、甲基化、脱甲基、羰基化、脱羰基、糖基化、去糖基化等反应,转化机制可能是在黑曲霉产生丰富广泛酶系的参与下,发生酶促反应后产生相应转化产物。通过黑曲霉生物转化黄酮类成分研究进展,对黑曲霉应用到黄酮类成分转化的实际生产中提供理论指导,也为微生物高效转化具有药理活性的化学成分奠定理论基础和参考。     

黄芪经侧耳菌发酵后黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的转化

目的：考察黄芪经侧耳菌发酵后黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的变化。方法：采用薄层色谱法进行定性鉴别,高效液相色谱法进行含量测定。结果：黄芪经侧耳菌发酵后黄芪甲苷的含量降低了91%,并有新的物质产生;毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷经过高温灭菌后,其含量显著降低,发酵后该成分消失。结论：黄芪在侧耳菌的作用下黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷均发生了生物转化,生成更利于人体吸收利用的物质。     

黄芩黄酮类成分纯化工艺的优化

目的优化黄芩黄酮类成分纯化工艺。方法以总黄酮、黄芩苷、千层纸素A苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、木蝴蝶素为评价指标,上样液含有量、上样量、水洗体积、洗脱剂(乙醇)体积分数、洗脱量为影响因素,采用静态吸附和动态吸附试验对4种大孔吸附树脂(AB-8、HPD300、NKA-9、SP825)进行筛选。结果 HPD300大孔吸附树脂的吸附分离性能最好,最佳条件为上样液含有量100 mg/mL,上样量3 BV,水洗体积7 BV,乙醇体积分数70%,洗脱量5 BV。结论该方法稳定可行,适合工业生产。     

黄芩中主要黄酮类成分的含量分析

目的：建立黄芩中主要黄酮类成分的高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD)含量测定方法,并研究产地、生长年限、采收期、栽培和加工方法等对主要黄酮类成分含量的影响。方法：采用Thermo ODS-2 Hypersil 色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水-四氢呋喃为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长274 nm,流速1.00 mL·min^-1,柱温26 ℃,进样量20 μL。结果：6个主要黄酮,黄芩苷(1)、千层纸素A苷(2)、汉黄芩苷(3)、黄芩素(4)、汉黄芩素(5)和千层纸素 A(6),分别在选定范围内线性关系良好(R²≥0.999 3),平均加样回收率介于96.6%～103.0%,RSD均小于5.0%(n=9)。结果：不同产区黄芩质量差异很大。传统道地和传统非道地黄芩药材中黄酮含量没有显著性差异(P=0.480～1.000),但现在道地与非道地、传统道地与现在道地黄芩药材之间化合物1,2以及6个黄酮含量之和存在较显著差异(P=0.005～0.013);生长年限对药材质量影响不是特别显著(P>0.148～0.966),但一、二年生药材中的黄酮含量稍高;春季采收比秋季采收的黄芩黄酮含量高;野生与栽培药材中的黄酮含量除化合物3(P=0.019)和6(P=0.038)外,其他没有显著性差异(P=0.185～0.635);与药材比较商品饮片中黄酮苷的含量较低,而黄酮苷元的含量则较高。结论：本法简便、准确、重现性好,可作为黄芩药材质量检测的方法。     

黄芩中主要黄酮类成分的含量分析

目的:建立黄芩中主要黄酮类成分的高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD)含量测定方法,并研究产地、生长年限、采收期、栽培和加工方法等对主要黄酮类成分含量的影响.方法:采用Thermo ODS-2 Hypersil色谱柱(4.6 min×250mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水一四氢呋喃为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长274 nm,流速1.00 mL·min~(-1),柱温26℃,进样量20μL.结果:6个主要黄酮,黄芩苷(1)、千层纸素A苷(2)、汉黄芩苷(3)、黄芩素(4)、汉黄芩素(5)和千层纸素A(6),分别在选定范围内线性关系良好(R~2≥0.999 3),平均加样回收率介于96.6%～103.0%,RSD均小于5.0%(n=9).结果:不同产区黄芩质量差异很大.传统道地和传统非道地黄芩药材中黄酮含量没有显著性差异,但现在道地与非道地、传统道地与现在道地黄芩药材之间化合物1,2以及6个黄酮含量之和存在较显著差异;生长年限对药材质量影响不是特别显著,但一、二年生药材中的黄酮含量稍高;春季采收比秋季采收的黄芩黄酮含量高;野生与栽培药材中的黄酮含量除化合物3,6外,其他没有显著性差异;与药材比较商品饮片中黄酮苷的含量较低,而黄酮苷元的含量则较高.结论:本法简便、准确、重现性好,可作为黄芩药材质量检测的方法.     

UPLC法比较黄芩不同炮制品中5种黄酮类成分

目的 建立UPLC法比较生黄芩、酒黄芩、黄芩炭中5种黄酮类成分的含量.方法 各样品溶液的分析采用Acquity UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm× 100 mm,1.8 μm);流动相乙腈-0.5％甲酸,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.3 mL/min;检测波长280 nm.结果 5种黄酮类成分在各自范围内线性关系良好...     

黄芩配伍知母后黄芩中主要黄酮类成分的含量变化

目的:考察黄芩与知母配伍后黄芩中主要黄酮类成分含量的变化。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm5,.0μm),流动相甲醇-乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速1 mL.min-1,检测波长276 nm,柱温30℃。结果:黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素分别在9.76～195.2(r=0.999 2),3.960～79.20(r=0.999 9),1.600～32.00(r=0.999 5),1.536～30.72 mg.L-1(r=0.999 9)与峰面积线性关系良好;平均加样回收率(n=9)均在96.8%～103.0%,RSD均小于1.7%。结论:黄芩与知母配伍后使黄芩水煎液中的4种黄酮类成分含量显著增加。     

黄芩根系中黄酮类成分测定与综合利用研究

目的:测定黄芩根系(根茎、主根、支根和毛根)中的黄酮类成分,了解在不同根系中的分布,为综合利用提出依据。方法:建立HPLC法同时测定黄芩中四种黄酮类成分的测定方法,甲醇和0.1%磷酸为流动相,进行梯度洗脱。结果:根茎、主根、支根和毛根中的黄芩苷含量分别4.26%~7.20%、12.19%~14.49%、11.12%~15.79%和8.71%~11.34%,汉黄芩苷和汉黄芩素主要分布在根茎和主根中,黄芩素各部位相近。结论:黄芩根系中含有多种黄酮类成分,应该分别加以利用。     

黄芩不同部位中15种黄酮类成分的含量测定及化学计量学研究

Objective: The aerial parts of Scutellaria baicalensis were used as Huangqin Tea for thousands of years and mainly contain flavonoids which contribute to its bioactivities. However, there is no appropriate quality evaluation method of Huangqin Tea, and three flavanones of isocarthamidin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide,carthamidin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, and isoscutellarein-8-O-β-D-glucuronide with high contents in the aerial parts have never been defined quantitatively. Here, an HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids and systematically compared their contents and distribution in the roots,stems, leaves, and flowers of S. baicalensis was established.Methods: Under the HPLC-DAD chromatographic conditions, 77 batches of samples of S. baicalensis were analyzed. Meanwhile, the chromatographic fingerprint of different parts of S. baicalensis was established.Subsequently, principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and clustering heat map were performed based on the contents of 15 flavonoids in different parts of S. baicalensis.Results: The results showed significant differences in the contents and distributions of 15 flavonoids among the different parts of S. baicalensis. The chemical composition of stems showed some similarities to leaves, and their contents were all lower than leaves. The contents of isocarthamidin-7-O-β–glucuronide [(106.66 66 ± 22.68) mg/g], carthamidin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide [(19.82 ± 11.17) mg/g],and isoscutellarein-8-O-β-D-glucuronide [(3.10 ± 1.73) mg/g] were the highest in leaves. The content of apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and chrysin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide were the highest in flowers. The contents of baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, alpinetin, and oroxylin A were higher in roots than in other parts.Conclusion: The method was fully validated and could be effectively used to characterize the contents and distributions of main flavonoids in the different parts of S. baicalensis. It may lay a foundation to establish the quality evaluation system for Huangqin Tea.     

格木内生真菌烟曲霉的代谢产物

采用GPY培养基对格木内生真菌烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus菌株进行培养发酵,发酵产物经冻融处理后分离得到菌液与菌丝体.菌丝体经乙醇提取后,分别用乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取,根据肿瘤细胞毒活性筛选结果,选择菌体的乙酸乙酯萃取物进行化学成分研究.运用硅胶色谱柱、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、反相柱色谱和制备HPLC等多种色谱技术,采用波谱学方法从中分离鉴定了5个二酮哌嗪化合物,其结构分别为cyclo-(R-Pro-R-Phe)(1),cyclo-( trans-4-OH-D-Pro-D-Phe)(2),cyclo-(R-Tyr-S-Ile)(3),cyclo- (R-Phe-S-Ile)(4),cyclo-(R-Val-S-Tyr) (5).     

HPLC测定牛膝和决津颗粒中β-蜕皮甾酮的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定牛膝和决津颗粒中β-蜕皮甾酮的方法.方法:分别采用回流法和超声法提取牛膝和决津颗粒中β-蜕皮甾酮,并对提取方法进行优化;采用HPLC测定β-蜕皮甾酮的含量,Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm ×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-水(17∶83)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长242 nm,柱温30℃.结果:牛膝的最佳提取条件为加入15倍量70％乙醇回流提取2次,每次1h,决津颗粒的最佳提取条件为以水为溶剂超声提取30 min;β-蜕皮甾酮的线性范围为10.37～103.7 mg·L-1,回归方程为Y=24 867X+1563(r =0.9995),牛膝和决津颗粒的平均回收率分别为98.5％,98.4％,RSD分别为1.6％,1.4％(n=9).结论:方法准确可行,重复性好,可为评价决牛膝和决津颗粒质量提供依据.     

紫草软膏处方筛选及其体外渗透性

目的:筛选紫草软膏处方。方法:建立体外经皮渗透试验方法,采用高效液相色谱法对紫草软膏样品的体外透皮速率进行考察,并以左旋紫草素累积透过量作体外透皮曲线,与Higuchi方程进行拟合。结果:透皮速率以O/W型软膏为最高,平均J值达到14.797μg.(h.cm2)-1,Higuchi方程线性较好。结论:最佳处方为O/W型软膏处方。     

五指莲重楼的黄酮和甾体类化学成分研究

目的:研究五指莲重楼根茎中的化学成分。方法:采用溶剂法提取,利用正相硅胶色谱、葡聚糖凝胶SephadexLH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过现代波谱技术进行结构鉴定。结果:从乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层中分离得到14个化合物,分别鉴定为胡萝卜苷(1),豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2),β-蜕皮激素(3),偏诺皂苷元-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4),薯蓣皂苷元-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→4)-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5),山柰酚(6),芦丁(7),杨梅素(8),4,2′,4′-trihydroxychalcone(9),异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10),异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷(11),异鼠李素-3-O-龙胆双糖苷(12),5,5′,7-三羟基-4′,4,7″-三甲氧基-[3′-8″]双黄酮(13),5,5′,7,4′,4,7″-六羟基-[3′-8″]双黄酮(14)。结论:化合物1~3,6~14为首次从该种植物中分离得到,其中化合物7~9,13和14为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

黑曲霉菌丝体抗菌活性及石油醚部分化学成分

目的:对黑曲霉Aspergillus niger xj抗菌活性及化学成分进行研究以筛选天然抗菌药物。方法:采用滤纸片扩散法对黑曲霉菌丝体石油醚、醋酸乙酯和水提取物进行抗菌活性测定,并对石油醚部位活性部位进行硅胶柱色谱,甲酯化,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其化学成分进行分析。结果:菌丝体石油醚部分具有一定抗菌活性,从中鉴定出10个化合物。结论:黑曲霉菌丝体的石油醚部分存在抗菌活性物质,其化学成分以脂肪酸占较大比例。     

Autotetraploidy induced in Nianmaohuangqin (Radix Scutellariae viscidulae) with colchicine in vitro

Objective

To establish and optimize the propagation of Nianmaohuangqin (Radix Scutellariae Viscidulae) and induce and characterize polyploidy of Nianmaohuangqin (Radix Scutellariae Viscidulae).

Methods

Buds from germinating seed-derived explants were induced by tissue culture. With an orthogonal test, different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (KT) were used to determine the optimal concentrations for the propagation of Nianmaohuangqin (Radix Scutellariae Viscidulae). The different concentrations of IAA and rooting powder (ABT) were used to induce rooting. A 0.3% w/v colchicine solution was used to induce polyploidy and the induced buds was identified by root-tip chromosome determination and stomatal apparatus observation.

Results

A large number of buds could be induced directly from epicotyl and hypocotyl explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium supplemented with 1.1–1.3 mg/L BAP and 0.2 mg/L IAA. Root induction and development could be observed within 20 days of inoculation on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L IAA and 0.1 mg/L ABT. Furthermore, 27 lines of autotetraploid individuals were obtained with a plantlet chromosome number of 2n=4x=36.

Conclusion

Autotetraploid lines could be obtained through induction with colchicine in vitro, proving that this method might be used for plant selection and breeding.     

远志黄曲霉毒素检测及其贮藏过程中黄曲霉菌变化研究

目的 研究不同产地远志中黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、G₁、G₂（AFB₁、AFB₂、AFG₁、AFG₂）的污染情况及贮藏过程中黄曲霉菌的变化。方法 收集12批不同产地的远志药材,采用性状、显微及DNA分子鉴定方法对其表面的黄曲霉菌进行鉴定;利用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）测定其黄曲霉毒素含量;通过稀释平板法观察远志在北京贮藏6个月以来其表面黄曲霉菌的变化情况。结果 12批远志药材表面均分离鉴定出了黄曲霉菌,且全部检出黄曲霉毒素,其中33.3%的样品超过《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版中远志项下黄曲霉毒素B₁、黄曲霉毒素总量的限定标准。结合北京的气候条件分析,在温度、湿度较高的夏季,远志表面的黄曲霉菌数量最多,在温、湿度较低的秋冬季节,远志表面的黄曲霉菌数量较低。结论 远志表面黄曲霉毒素污染问题十分严重,贮藏条件的温度、湿度变化对远志表面的黄曲霉菌数量有很大影响,可作为优化远志贮藏条件的参考依据。     

Immunopotentiation of Pleurotus eryngii (DC. ex Fr.) Quel

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Pleurotus eryngii (DC. ex Fr.) Quel has been collected from the wild, cultivated and used in traditional medicines to treat various disorders and diseases since antiquity. In traditional Chinese medicine, the powdered fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eryngii were used for immunostimulation, skin-care, wound-healing, cancer and lumbago treatment. In the current study, we investigated the antiproliferative activity of Pleurotus eryngii powder on A549, BGC-823, HepG2 and HGC-27 cancer cells and its immunomodulating activity on macrophage, RAW 264.7 cells based on its active compound.

Materials and methods

A novel bioactive protein (PEP) was extracted from Pleurotus eryngii fruiting bodies powder and purified on DEAE-52, CM-52 and Superdex 75 column chromatographies using an ÄKTA purifier. Its cytotoxicity on A549, BGC-823, HepG2, HGC-27 and RAW 267.4 cell lines was then evaluated using MTT, alamar blue (AB), trypan blue (TB), neutral red (NR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Annexin V FITC/PI and morphological change assays. Moreover, lysosomal enzyme activity, pinocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production assays were used to examine immunomostimulatory activity of PEP on RAW 267.4 cells.

Results

Based on high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, the isolated protein (PEP) had a molecular weight of 63 kDa, a secondary (α-helical) structure and was mainly composed of arginine, serine and glycine. PEP significantly (P<0.05) inhibited A549, BGC-823, HepG2 and HGC-27 tumor cells proliferation dose-dependently with an IC₅₀ range of 36.5±0.84 to 229.0±1.24 µg/ml. Contrarily, PEP stimulated the proliferation of macrophages.

Conclusion

Pleurotus eryngii fruiting bodies powder has a potential application as a natural antitumor agent with immunomodulatory activity, proposedly, by targeting the lysosomes of cancerous cells and stimulating macrophage-mediated immune responses.