阿尔茨海默病行为和精神症状对于照料者心理健康的影响

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)行为和精神症状(BPSD)对照料者心理健康状况的影响。方法46例AD患者均作AD病理行为评分表(BEHAVE-AD),日常生活能力量表,简易智力状态检查,临床痴呆评定表评定,并作头颅CT,脑电图检查。患者之照料者均作一般调查问卷及90项症状清单(SCL-90)测定。对相关数据作统计分析。结果SCL-90总分除与BEHAVE-AD的幻觉分量表分无统计学显著性相关外,与其他分量表分及总分均呈正相关(P＜0．05)；SCL-90除强迫、精神病性两因子分与常模的差异无统计学显著性外,其他因子分和总分均较常模高(P＜0．01)；高BEHAVE-AD总分组照料者的SCL一90总分、因子分中的躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖及其他均较低BEHAVE—AD总分组照料者高(P＜0．05)。逐步回归分析发现影响照料者心理健康状况的因素主要是BEHAVE-AD总分和攻击行为分量表分。结论影响AD照料者心理健康状况的因素主要是患者的BPSD。     

阿尔茨海默病行为和精神症状及相关因素研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)行为和精神症状(BPSD)的特点及其相关因素.方法 对符合美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第四版修正版(DSM-IV-R)诊断标准的46例住院AD患者,进行一般资料调查,评定简易智力状态检查(MMSE)、临床痴呆评定表(CDR)、AD病理行为评分表(BEHAVE-AD)及日常生活能力量表(ADL),分析BPSD症状特点及与有关因素的关系.结果 BPSD的发生率为100%,其中以行为紊乱发生率最高(91.3%).幻觉发生率以重度AD最高(47.6%),MMSE分值与BEHAVE-AD幻觉分量表分呈负相关(P<0.05).患者年龄与BEHAVE-AD行为紊乱、日夜节律紊乱分量表分和总分呈负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01).ADL分值与BEHAVE-AD幻觉、行为紊乱、日夜节律紊乱分量表分及总分呈正相关(P<0.05).结论 住院AD患者BPSD的发生率非常高,应引起临床足够的重视.幻觉的出现可作为AD痴呆严重度的预警因素.AD患者BPSD可能与年龄和日常生活能力有关.     

高频重复经颅磁刺激辅助治疗阿尔茨海默氏病患者的精神行为症状:一项随机双盲伪刺激对照研究（英文）

背景:70-90%的阿尔茨海默氏病(Alzheimer’s Disease,AD)患者在不同阶段都伴有痴呆的精神与行为症状(behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia,BPSD),但现有的针对这些问题的方法疗效十分有限。目的:评估对AD患者的左背外侧前额叶皮层(left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DLPFC)进行高频重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rT MS)对其BPSD和认知功能的疗效。方法:将54例伴有BPSD的AD患者随机分为干预组(n=27)和对照组(n=27)。在常规抗精神病药物治疗的基础上,干预组采用20 Hz的rT MS治疗,每周五天,共四周;而对照组采用伪磁刺激治疗。评估者采用阿尔茨海默病行为病理学评定量表(Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale,BEHAVE-AD)、阿尔茨海默氏病评估量表-认知分量表(Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive,ADAS-Cog)和副反应量表(Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale,TESS)对患者分别在4周治疗期前后进行盲法评估。结果:每组都有26例患者完成了研究。抗精神病药治疗辅以磁刺激或伪磁刺激治疗4周后,两组BEHAVEAD总分的均值(标准差)和ADAS-Cog总分的均值与基线相比均显著降低。校正基线值后,干预组的BEHAVE-AD总分、BEHAVE-AD的7个因子分中5个(活动障碍、昼夜节律、攻击性、情感障碍、焦虑和恐惧)、ADAS总分以及ADAS量表4个因子分(记忆、语言、结构性练习、注意力)均显著低于对照组(即改善更明显)。事先将BEHAVE-AD总分比基线下降大于等于30%定义为症状改善,干预组中行为症状改善的患者比例显著高于对照组(73.1%vs.42.3%,X2=5.04,p=0.025)。结论:相较于单纯低剂量抗精神病药物治疗,高频rT MS辅助低剂量抗精神病药物治疗能显著改善AD患者的认知功能和精神行为症状。     

农村老年痴呆患者精神行为症状及相关因素调查

目的:探讨农村老年痴呆患者精神行为症状(BPSD)的特点及其相关因素。方法:应用阿尔茨海默病病理行为评分量表对77例上海青浦区农村地区老年痴呆患者的病理性行为进行评定,并分析其相关因素。结果:老年痴呆患者BPSD发生率为89.6%,其中以行为紊乱、攻击性行为、日夜节律紊乱和偏执与妄想多见。BPSD与性别、年龄、文化程度和病程无相关,轻、中度痴呆患者偏执和妄想症状较重度明显,阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆BPSD相似。结论:农村老年痴呆患者BPSD发生率较高。     

美金刚与喹硫平治疗痴呆的行为和精神症状对照研究

目的探讨美金刚与喹硫平治疗痴呆的行为和精神症状(BPSD)的疗效及安全性。方法将78例BPSD患者随机分为美金刚组与喹硫平组,每组39例,观察8周,于治疗前后采用痴呆病理行为评定量表(BEHAVE-AD)评定疗效,简易精神状况检查量表(MMSE)评定认知功能,日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定生活质量,副反应症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果美金刚组BEHAVE-AD评分、MMSE评分、ADL评分、不良反应、锥体外系反应及嗜睡方面均优于喹硫平组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论美金刚可有效控制BPSD患者的行为和精神症状,改善其认知功能,提高其日常生活能力,且安全性好。     

阿尔茨海默病精神行为症状的危险因素探讨

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者出现精神行为症状(BPSD)的相关因素。方法对符合美国精神疾病诊断与统计手册第四版(DSM-IV)AD诊断标准的158例门诊或住院的患者,进行一般资料调查表、AD病理行为评分表(BEHAVE-AD)、痴呆行为量表(DBD)评定,分析AD患者出现精神行为症状的相关因素。结果①病前无业余爱好的AD患者较病前有业余爱好的患者BPSD明显,以BEHAVE-AD总分、妄想、节律紊乱及情感障碍因子分增加明显(P<0.05或P<0·01);AD患者发病前有生活事件(包括丧偶、搬家、子女意外、被盗、工作变动、躯体疾病等)发生时,容易出现焦虑、恐惧、抑郁等情感与情绪的障碍(P<0·01)。②AD患者DBD、BEHAVE-AD总分及妄想因子分均与AD患者年龄及发病年龄相关,行为紊乱因子分与患者的年龄相关,情感障碍与病程相关,焦虑恐惧与AD病程相关(P<0·05或P<0·01)。结论影响AD患者BPSD的可能因素有年龄、病前业余爱好、发病前生活事件、发病年龄、AD病程等。建议普通人在工作之余培养一定的业余爱好;老年前期及老年期避免刺激性生活事件的发生,尽量安排舒适安逸的晚年生活。     

多奈哌齐联合奥氮平治疗老年痴呆精神行为障碍的随机对照研究

目的探讨多奈哌齐联合奥氮平治疗老年痴呆精神行为症状的疗效。方法 100例伴精神行为症状的痴呆患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,比较治疗前后痴呆病理行为评定量表(BEHAVE-AD)评分、简易智力状态检查(MMSE)评分、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分等。结果治疗组在改善BEHAVE-AD量表评分方面优于对照组(P0.05);两组MMSE、ADL评分差异无统计意义(P0.05)。结论奥氮平联合多奈哌齐治疗老年痴呆精神行为症状有效。     

综合干预对重性精神病患者危险行为的效果分析

目的探讨综合干预模式对农村社区重性精神疾病患者危险行为的防治效果。方法在己开展686项目管理的农村社区选取有危险行为的重性精神疾病患者105例(实际完成99例)进行综合干预(实验组),并与另一已开展686项目管理的农村社区的110例(实际完成100例)进行对照(对照组)。实验组根据患者的实际情况在常规药物治疗的基础上进行心理干预、家庭干预、劳动干预等综合干预模式,对照组只接受常规药物治疗,不进行综合干预,两组均干预1年。分别于干预前、干预6个月末和干预12个月末进行阳性与阴性症状评定量表(PANSS)、躁狂量表、抑郁量表、危险行为评估量表评估。结果干预6个月和干预12个月,实验组和对照组的PANSS总分、躁狂评分、抑郁评分较干预前差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),两组间比较,PANSS总分、阳性症状、阴性症状评分、躁狂评分、抑郁评分差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。对照组危险行为再次发生率高于实验组(P0.01),差异有统计学意义。结论综合干预模式有助于降低危险行为的再次发生率,提高治疗效果。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮口服液治疗门诊老年期痴呆精神行为症状的对照研究

目的 探讨阿立哌唑和利培酮口服液治疗门诊老年期痴呆精神行为症状(BPSD)的疗效和安全性.方法 将68例老年期痴呆伴BPSD患者随机分成阿立哌唑组35例,利培酮口服液组33例,疗程8周,采用痴呆病理行为评定量表(BEHAVE-AD)及激越性问卷(CMAI)评定疗效,采用治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定副反应.结果 两组治疗后第6、8周末BEHAVE-AD和CMAI评分与治疗前比较均显著下降(P＜0.01),两组之间比较治疗前及治疗后各时间点比较BEHAVE-AD评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组不良反应比较,阿立哌唑组不良发生率明显低于利培酮口服液组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 阿立哌唑和利培酮口服液治疗老年期痴呆伴发BPSD均有较好疗效,两者总体疗效、起效时间相当,而阿立哌唑的安全性优于利培酮口服液.     

齐拉西酮治疗老年痴呆精神行为障碍对照研究

目的：探讨齐拉西酮和氟哌啶醇对老年期痴呆患者精神行为症状（BPSD）的疗效和安全性。方法：将60例老年期痴呆伴BPSD患者随机分成两组,分别使用齐拉西酮和氟哌啶醇治疗8周,采用痴呆病理行为评定量表（BEHAVE-AD）,激越行为量表（CMAI）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果：两组治疗前后BEHAVE-AD和CMAI评分显著下降（P〈0.01）,两组患者之间治疗前后BEHAVE-AD总减分值差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但情感障碍和焦虑两因子减分值差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：齐拉西酮和氟哌啶醇治疗老年期痴呆患者BPSD的疗效相当,齐拉西酮的优势在于对情感障碍和焦虑的疗效更加明显,锥体外系不良反应轻。     

The contribution of neuropsychiatric symptoms to the cost of dementia care

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the contribution of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) to the costs of care. METHOD: A one-year prospective study of resource utilization recorded monthly by 500 caregivers of community dwelling patients with dementia. The effect of behavior on total, direct and indirect costs of care was examined. RESULTS: The total cost of care was $1,298 per month and there was a significant independent relationship between costs and BPSD. The incremental cost of a one point increase in Neuropsychiatric Inventory score was $30 per month (95% CI: $19-$41). CONCLUSION: BPSD contribute significantly to the overall costs of dementia care. Interventions targeted at BPSD may help to reduce the staggering societal costs of this illness.     

社区痴呆患者的家庭照料者心理状况研究

目的：为了社区痴呆患者的家庭照料者心理状况及相关因素，方法：采用MMSE，ADL，GDS，Be-AD和GHQ对103例社区痴呆患者的家庭照料者心理状况进行调查并分析。结果：家庭照料者的焦虑失眠症状明显，主要是痴呆患者的精神／行为问题相关，与照料者本身的年龄，文化和对痴呆知识的了解程度有关。结论：对老年痴呆的照料以及照料者的心理健康状况值得重视。     

No effects of a combination of caregivers support group and memory training/music therapy in dementia patients from a memory clinic population

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of a combination of caregiver support group and memory training/music therapy in dementia patients on behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) and caregiver burden compared to a control group. METHOD: Eighteen patient-carer-dyads in the treatment group and 18 patient-carer-dyads as controls were studied in the setting of a memory clinic of a psychiatric university hospital over a period of 2 years. Controls were matched for age, gender, diagnosis, dementia severity, living arrangement and medication. The interventions were conducted once per week for 1 hour run by a clinical psychogeriatric team. Outcome measures were patients' cognitive and functional status as well as BPSD and caregivers subjective burden and depression measured by validated scales. Data were obtained 6, 12 and 24 months after baseline. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the intervention and control group neither after 6, 12 nor after 24 months treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of a positive impact in alleviating caregiver burden or BPSD after intensive psychological interventions may result from extensive care in the routine clinical management including individual counselling for patients and families. The effect of 'treatment as usual' needs to be taken into account when comparing an intervention and control group, as well as the dosage of the intervention.     

Role of the home visit medical service for patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) living in the community

Background: It is important for patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in the community, who refuse to go to clinics, to be medically served by means of home visits. However, there are a few clinics in Japan that are specialized in home visits for BPSD. Methods: The home visit medical service provided to several patients with BPSD was reviewed and the strategy for the treatment of BPSD was analyzed. Results: It was found that the medical approach of home visits for patients with BPSD needed to be based on daily life information as well as medical information. Conclusions: The medical service alone is not enough to provide appropriate care for patients with BPSD who are living in the community. Using the case studies presented herein, we have demonstrated the importance of ‘daily life information’ for medical intervention. Issues relating to the exacerbation of BPSD and the cooperation of caregivers in the drug monitoring system at home are also considered.     

Sleep Disturbances and Predictive Factors in Caregivers of Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Background and Purpose

We examined the characteristics of sleep disturbances and sleep patterns in the caregivers of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and dementia.

Methods

We prospectively studied 132 patients (60 with aMCI and 72 with dementia) and their caregivers, and 52 noncaregiver controls. All caregivers and controls completed several sleep questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The patients were administered neuropsychological tests and the neuropsychiatric inventory to evaluate their behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD).

Results

The PSQI global score was 6.25±3.88 (mean±SD) for the dementia caregivers and 5.47±3.53 for the aMCI caregivers. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-S) predicted higher PSQI global scores in aMCI caregivers, and higher scores for the ISI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and GDS-S in dementia caregivers. BPSD, including not only agitation, depression, and appetite change in dementia patients, but also depression, apathy, and disinhibition in aMCI patients, was related to impaired sleep quality of caregivers, but nighttime behavior was not. Age and gender were not risk factors for disturbed sleep quality.

Conclusions

Dementia and aMCI caregivers exhibit impaired quality of sleep versus non-caregivers. ISI, GDS-S, and ESS scores are strong indicators of poor sleep in dementia caregivers. In addition, some BPSD and parts of the neuropsychological tests may be predictive factors of sleep disturbance in dementia caregivers.     

REVIEW ARTICLE: Issues facing home‐based medical support services

The first part of the present review describes the current status of elderly people with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in the community and basic viewpoints for differentiating between different forms of dementia. Specifically, it focuses on four points among the data and research related to determining the current status of elderly people with BPSD. We also propose basic concepts for differentiating between the core symptoms of dementia and BPSD, BPSD and delirium, and agitation and delirium. In the second part of the present review, various aspects of the symptom ‘agitation’ are discussed based on the experience of our home visit medical service for people with dementia by describing two cases. In cases such as Case 1, where the subject was given high doses of antipsychotics, we believe the problem was that the physicians immediately abstracted all of the abnormal behavior in the subject's life as ‘agitation’, and provided treatment to the subject accordingly. In Case 2, where the subject had dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), we propose that it is crucial to differentiate clearly between agitation and delirium. Both of these cases show the risks of focusing treatment simply on agitation. When BPSD occurs in a person with dementia, the burden on caregivers increases. At such times, physicians tend to side with the family rather than with the patient. However, medical care is intended to be for the afflicted person, and physicians should base their plans for medical intervention on this principle.     

The cost of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in community dwelling Alzheimer's disease patients

INTRODUCTION: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are highly prevalent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. They are a source of distress for the caregivers and one of the main reasons for nursing home placement, which is the major component of the cost of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the direct and indirect cost related to the care of BPSD within a prospective study examining the overall cost of AD in Israel. METHODS: Seventy-one community dwelling AD patients were interviewed. Interviews covered information about the number of caregivers' hours invested in caring for the patient and amount of expenditure such as in-house paid help and payments for day care. Effort devoted to BPSD was defined as the number of hours spent by primary and secondary caregivers in a typical week dealing with BPSD (managing aggression, pacing, attempts to leave the house under inappropriate circumstances, or comforting a hallucinating, depressed or anxious patient). RESULTS: The annual indirect cost for management of BPSD in an AD patient was approximately 2665 dollars -over 25% of the total annual indirect cost of care ($10 520). The annual direct cost of BPSD of an AD patient was approximately 1450 dollars -over 35% of the total annual direct cost of care (3900 dollars). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 30% (4115 dollars) of the total annual cost of AD (14420 dollars) is invested in the direct management of BPSD. Given the importance of BPSD as one of the main components of the cost of AD, future cost studies should be designed to measure the cost of specific components of BPSD and verify which are the most costly aspects of the disease. Despite the considerable methodological difficulties in disentangling the costs of the specific symptoms of AD, cost effectiveness studies of different interventions should be conducted in order to determine the optimal intervention with relation to cost.     

高龄老年认知功能障碍人群精神和行为异常症状的临床分析

目的研究高龄老年认知障碍人群精神和行为症状的发生率和严重程度。方法采用横断面研究方法,应用神经精神科问卷知情者版(neuropsychiatric inventory-questionnaire,NPI-Q)量表对作者医院住院和记忆门诊收治的80岁以上有记忆力障碍主诉的高龄老年人群进行调查,比较认知功能正常者和痴呆患者间精神和行为症状的发生率和严重程度。结果共纳入535例病例,其中认知功能正常组159例,痴呆组376例。NPI-Q检查结果显示,在过去1个月内高达86.7%的痴呆患者出现过至少一种精神和行为症状,而对照组的发生率为72.3%,显著低于痴呆组(P0.01)。在痴呆组,情感淡漠/漠不关心(59.8%)、夜间行为与睡眠障碍(47.3%)和易激惹/情绪不稳(46.8%)是最常见和最严重的3种表现,其中情感淡漠/漠不关心和易激惹/情绪不稳症状均显著高于认知功能正常组(P0.01)。痴呆患者组NPI-Q总分显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论在高龄老年痴呆人群中精神和行为异常症状的发生率和严重程度均显著高于认知功能正常者,正确认识和治疗这些症状有利于提高高龄老年痴呆患者的生存质量。     

Caregiver burden associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in elderly people in the local community

BACKGROUND: Despite many studies about the association between caregiver burden and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), there have been no population-based studies to evaluate caregiver burden associated with each BPSD. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate caregiver burden associated with the individual BPSD in elderly people living in the community. METHODS: The subjects were 67 participants with dementia living with their caregivers (diagnosed in the third Nakayama study): 51 Alzheimer's disease, 5 vascular dementia and 11 other. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and NPI Caregiver Distress Scale (NPI-D) were used to assess subjects' BPSD and related caregiver distress, respectively. RESULTS: In the subjects exhibiting BPSD, aberrant motor behavior had the highest mean NPI score, and depression/dysphoria had the lowest. Agitation/aggression had the highest mean NPI-D score, and euphoria/elation had the lowest. Delusion, agitation/aggression, apathy/indifference, irritability/lability and aberrant motor behavior showed a correlation between the NPI and NPI-D scores. CONCLUSION: The burden associated with BPSD is different for each symptom and does not always depend on frequency and severity of BPSD. These findings suggest that some symptoms, such as agitation/aggression and irritability/lability, may affect the caregivers significantly, although their frequency and severity are low.