基于互信息的多光谱图像配准

研究了多模态医学图像配准的一种，即多光谱图像的配准，分析了该配准存在的困难：运算量巨大，速度较慢，占用内存多，提出了用Parzen窗口函数来估计概率密度，以及用样本平均来估计熵；在搜索策略上采用了快速有效的模拟退火算法。实验证明，本文的方法很好地解决了多模态配准中存在的问题，能够快速稳定地实现多光谱图像的配准。     

多模态医学图像配准技术研究进展

多模态医学图像配准技术是目前医学图像处理中的研究热点,对于临床诊断和治疗有重要意义.首先分析了图像配准的过程,然后根据待配准图像的特征,包括图像的外部特征和内部特征,系统且详细地介绍了多模态医学图像配准的常用方法,并对这些方法进行了比较.     

"虚拟中国人男性一号"多模态图像配准

目的：解决“虚拟中国人男性一号”CT图像、MRI图像与断层切削图像之间的多模态图像配准问题。材料和方法：根据这三种图像的特点，选择CT图像为基准图像，在对MRI图像进行配准时，通过求解两幅图像梯度特征的最大互信息，搜索出最佳配准参数；在对断层切削图像进行配准时，采用基于解剖结构特征提取的配准方法获取最佳配准参数：最后．根据所得配准参数对待配图进行变换，从而达到配准目的。结果：对头部三种模态图像数据集进行了配准，与高精度手工分割图像数据集进行对比，配准正确率达到95．8％。结论：配准结果准确，解决了“虚拟中国人男性一号”多模态图像配准问题，为数字化虚拟人多模态图像配准提供了参考。     

基于掩膜优化的多模态医学图像刚性配准

目的:基于配准开源平台ITK和开源计算机显示视觉库OpenCV开发刚性配准程序,并集成到DeepPlan计划系统中,实现快速准确的多模态刚性配准。方法:基于形态学开运算初步去除图像中无需关注的细小区域和部分扫描床,使用最大类间方差法(Otsu)突出感兴趣的图像部位,Canny算子用于提取富含信息区域的边界信息。使用像素填充技术得到图像配准需要的掩膜,并采用OpenMP并行技术加速掩膜计算过程。最终在配准过程中将掩膜作用于参考图像或浮动图像。结果:测试了多组不同模态和部位的算例,实验结果表明基于掩膜优化的多模态医学图像刚性配准方法可以自动去除绝大部分背景图像和扫描床板,节约图像配准中一半以上时间,且图像配准质量并无下降;在1 min内可以完成两组100张左右的图像配准。且本方法以动态链接库的形式成功集成在治疗计划系统DeepPlan中。结论:在保证配准结果准确的基础上,基于掩膜优化的多模态医学图像刚性配准方法显著提高了图像配准速度,且算法稳定性能高,有很好的临床应用前景。     

多模态医学图像配准技术的分类与研究进展

多模态医学图像配准技术是目前医学图像处理中的研究热点 ,对于临床诊断和治疗有重要意义。本文首先分析了图像配准的过程 ,并在此基础上对配准方法进行了反映其本质的分类 ,然后综述了目前的一些主要的多模态医学图像的配准方法 ,最后提出了医学图像配准研究中的几个主要问题。     

多模态医学图像配准技术的分类与研究进展

多模态医学图像配次技术是目前医学处理中的研究热点,对于核准 重要意义。本文首先分析了图像配准的过程,并在此基础上对配准方法进行了反映其本质的分类。然后综述了目前的一些主要的多模态医学图像的配准方法,最后提出了医学图像配准研究中的几个主要问题。     

基于Demons算法的多模态医学图像非刚性配准研究

非刚性医学图像配准是医学图像研究领域的热门专题之一,具有重要的临床应用价值。本文提出一种改进的Demons算法,将灰度守恒模型和局部结构张量守恒模型结合起来,构造一个新的能量函数处理多模态配准问题,然后采用L-BFGS算法优化能量函数,解决复杂三维数据的优化问题,并采用多尺度分层细化的思想解决大形变配准。实验表明,本文算法对大形变和多模态三维医学图像配准都有较好的效果。     

基于局部互信息和自动更新的医学图像形变不均匀配准

针对互信息只考虑图像像素的灰度信息和图像存在形变不均匀的情况下,本文提出局部互信息和部分多层次B样条结合的方法。第一步采用主轴质心法对多模医学图像进行粗配准,从而快速实现两幅图像的粗配准。第二步采用部分多层次B样条法针对解决局部形变不均匀的配准对象,首先是粗网格进行全局粗配准,然后只是对部分区域实现细化网格处理,加快配准速度。文中对网格进行自动更新,将采用以局部互信息为相似度检测,结合这3种方法,从而实现多模医学图像的精确和快速配准。     

引入高斯函数的互信息法多模态图像配准

目的：最大互信息作为相似度测量在医学图像配准中已被广泛应用。在计算图像互信息时,为了避免引入新的灰度值一般采用部分体积插值统计两幅图像的联合直方图。但用该方法计算中,当图像平移整数点时,统计联合直方图会出现缺陷,使目标函数出现局部极值,从而造成误配准。方法：将高斯函数引入到直方图统计中,选取适当的邻域,用高斯函数计算邻域内各点像素对联合直方图的贡献。利用高斯函数的平滑性,避免了在互信息计算过程中统计图像联合直方图时出现误差。使用Powell优化方法,寻找最佳的优化参数,实现图像的最佳配准。结果：采用CT-PET数据进行实验,该方法平滑了目标函数,有效地消除了局部极值,提高了多模态图像配准的精确性,并且,对噪音图像配准也产生很好的效果。结论：该方法适用于多模态医学图像配准,克服了传统互信息计算时的不足,提高了配准的正确率和精确度。     

基于调幅-调频与熵图多模态医学图像的配准

背景：基于传统互信息量的多模态医学图像配准方法配准时需要利用二维直方图或者Parzen窗函数的方法估计概率密度分布,进而计算互信息量,这种方式计算速度慢,而且只考虑了图像的灰度信息,容易出现误配。 目的：针对目前主流的配准方法鲁棒性差、耗时的缺点,提出了一种新的基于调幅-调频(AM-FM)特征互信息量的快速配准方法。 方法：该方法考虑了图像的空间和结构信息;首先通过AM-FM模型对图像进行分解,得到图像的AM-FM特征,与图像的灰度特征一起组成高维特征;然后利用熵图和最小生成树加快AM-FM特征互信息量的计算,从而实现了医学图像的快速配准。 结果与结论：对20组磁共振T1-T2加权图像、CT/正电子发射计算机断层成像图像进行了实验,结果表明该方法在图像空间分辨率较低,有噪声影响等情况下均可以达到较好的结果,且配准精度优于国际上的主流方法,具有计算速度快,精度高,鲁棒性强的特点,适于临床应用。     

Image reconstruction of effective Mie scattering parameters of breast tissue in vivo with near-infrared tomography

A method for image reconstruction of the effective size and number density of scattering particles is discussed within the context of interpreting near-infrared (NIR) tomography images of breast tissue. An approach to use Mie theory to estimate the effective scattering parameters is examined and applied, given some assumptions about the index of refraction change expected in lipid membrane-bound scatterers. When using a limited number of NIR wavelengths in the reduced scattering spectra, the parameter extraction technique is limited to representing a continuous distribution of scatterer sizes, which is modeled as a simple exponentially decreasing distribution function. In this paper, image formation of effective scatterer size and number density is presented based on the estimation method. The method was evaluated with Intralipid phantom studies to demonstrate particle size estimation to within 9% of the expected value. Then the method was used in NIR patient images, and it indicates that for a cancer tumor, the effective scatterer size is smaller than the background breast values and the effective number density is higher. In contrast, for benign tumor patients, there is not a significant difference in effective scatterer size or number density between tumor and normal tissues. The method was used to interpret magnetic resonance imaging-coupled NIR images of adipose and fibroglandular tissues, and it indicated that the fibroglandular tissue has smaller effective scatterer size and larger effective number density than the adipose tissue does.     

监督FCM分割MRI颅脑组织探讨

本文利用监督模糊Ｃ均值法（ｆｕｚｚｙ ｃ－ｍｅａｎｓ,ＦＣＭ）和磁共振图像的多参数性,对磁共振图像进行人工干预分割处理,对颅内组织形态参数进行测定。使分割图像效果优于用非监督ＦＣＭ法分割结果。     

Effect of compression paddle tilt correction on volumetric breast density estimation

For the acquisition of a mammogram, a breast is compressed between a compression paddle and a support table. When compression is applied with a flexible compression paddle, the upper plate may be tilted, which results in variation in breast thickness from the chest wall to the breast margin. Paddle tilt has been recognized as a major problem in volumetric breast density estimation methods. In previous work, we developed a fully automatic method to correct the image for the effect of compression paddle tilt. In this study, we investigated in three experiments the effect of paddle tilt and its correction on volumetric breast density estimation. Results showed that paddle tilt considerably affected accuracy of volumetric breast density estimation, but that effect could be reduced by tilt correction. By applying tilt correction, a significant increase in correspondence between mammographic density estimates and measurements on MRI was established. We argue that in volumetric breast density estimation, tilt correction is both feasible and essential when mammographic images are acquired with a flexible compression paddle.     

Chalkley method in the angiogenesis research and its automation via computer simulation

The aim of this study was to develop a computer simulation evaluating microvessel density according to the Chalkley method on digital images taken from neovascular hot spots. An image analysis algorithm has been developed using ImageJ, an extensible, open source image processing and analysis software. The idea was to create a virtual Chalkley point array graticule, and to calculate Chalkley counts automatically by stepwise angular rotation of it on the superimposed images containing properly segmented microvessels. This eliminates the necessity of having the Chalkley graticule, an accessory that has to be mounted on the microscope's ocular. The proposed method is a faithful simulation of the original Chalkley counting procedure. It gives pathologists who do not have the Chalkley graticule an opportunity to evaluate microvessels quantitatively according to the basic principles underlying Chalkley counting. Evaluating microvessel densities in solid tumors is a frequent procedure in angiogenesis research. A few standard methods, including Chalkley counting, are used for the estimation of microvessel density. Several independent studies have shown that the Chalkley counting is more consistent and may provide useful data on prognosis. The obvious disadvantages lie in the facts that this method is time-consuming and requires a special hardware. Computer simulation may overcome these obstacles.     

Computerized image analysis: estimation of breast density on mammograms

An automated image analysis tool is being developed for the estimation of mammographic breast density. This tool may be useful for risk estimation or for monitoring breast density change in prevention or intervention programs. In this preliminary study, a data set of 4-view mammograms from 65 patients was used to evaluate our approach. Breast density analysis was performed on the digitized mammograms in three stages. First, the breast region was segmented from the surrounding background by an automated breast boundary-tracking algorithm. Second, an adaptive dynamic range compression technique was applied to the breast image to reduce the range of the gray level distribution in the low frequency background and to enhance the differences in the characteristic features of the gray level histogram for breasts of different densities. Third, rule-based classification was used to classify the breast images into four classes according to the characteristic features of their gray level histogram. For each image, a gray level threshold was automatically determined to segment the dense tissue from the breast region. The area of segmented dense tissue as a percentage of the breast area was then estimated. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, the computer segmentation results were compared to manual segmentation with interactive thresholding by five radiologists. A "true" percent dense area for each mammogram was obtained by averaging the manually segmented areas of the radiologists. We found that the histograms of 6% (8 CC and 8 MLO views) of the breast regions were misclassified by the computer, resulting in poor segmentation of the dense region. For the images with correct classification, the correlation between the computer-estimated percent dense area and the "truth" was 0.94 and 0.91, respectively, for CC and MLO views, with a mean bias of less than 2%. The mean biases of the five radiologists' visual estimates for the same images ranged from 0.1% to 11%. The results demonstrate the feasibility of estimating mammographic breast density using computer vision techniques and its potential to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of breast density estimation in comparison with the subjective visual assessment by radiologists.     

基于图像分析的骨髓间充质干细胞活性评价方法

细胞培养是一种体外研究活组织和活细胞的常用方法之一,而体外培养细胞的活性评价在体外细胞培养的研究中非常重要。现阶段主要使用医学和生物学的手段对细胞进行活性检测,不仅成本高,处理麻烦,且每次检测都会损失大量的细胞。本文提出了一种基于图像处理与分析方法的评价方法,在不破坏细胞的情况下获取活体细胞图像,通过对图像进行预处理和阈值化分割提取出生长晕,对其面积进行统计分析评价细胞的活性。对骨髓间充质干细胞的试验结果表明本文评价方法是准确有效的,能够大大降低细胞活性评价的成本,克服了传统评价方法破坏细胞的缺点。     

Fast implementation of the single scatter simulation algorithm and its use in iterative image reconstruction of PET data

In positron emission tomography (PET), scatter correction is usually performed prior to image reconstruction using a more or less exact model of the scatter processes. These models require estimates of the true activity and object density distributions of the imaged object. The problem is that these estimates are computed from measured data and, therefore, already contain scattered events. The purpose of this work was to overcome this problem by incorporating scatter characteristics directly into the process of iterative image reconstruction. This could be achieved by an optimized implementation of the single scatter simulation (SSS) algorithm, which results in a significant speed-up of the scatter estimation procedure. The scatter simulation was then included in the forward projection step of maximum likelihood image reconstruction. The results demonstrate that this approach leads to a more exact estimation of the scatter component which cannot be obtained by a simple sequential data processing strategy.     

Computation of mass-density images from x-ray refraction-angle images

In this paper, we investigate the possibility of computing quantitatively accurate images of mass density variations in soft tissue. This is a challenging task, because density variations in soft tissue, such as the breast, can be very subtle. Beginning from an image of refraction angle created by either diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) or multiple-image radiography (MIR), we estimate the mass-density image using a constrained least squares (CLS) method. The CLS algorithm yields accurate density estimates while effectively suppressing noise. Our method improves on an analytical method proposed by Hasnah et al (2005 Med. Phys. 32 549-52), which can produce significant artefacts when even a modest level of noise is present. We present a quantitative evaluation study to determine the accuracy with which mass density can be determined in the presence of noise. Based on computer simulations, we find that the mass-density estimation error can be as low as a few per cent for typical density variations found in the breast. Example images computed from less-noisy real data are also shown to illustrate the feasibility of the technique. We anticipate that density imaging may have application in assessment of water content of cartilage resulting from osteoarthritis, in evaluation of bone density, and in mammographic interpretation.     

Segmentation of sperms using the strategic hough transform

A new method based on theHough transform has been used for the quantitative estimation of the morphological characteristics of the sperm. Images of the sperms were acquired into the digital format using the optical microscope, CCD camera, and frame grabber. For each sperm in the image, the region of interest for the segmentation of the sperm head was selected using the density difference between the sperm head and background. The boundary of the sperm head was approximated with an ellipse and represented by five parameters. These five parameters representing an ellipse have been investigated by applying the Hough transform strategically. During the searching procedue using the Hough transform, we restricted the searching volume minimally and moved the next searching volume to the direction showing the steepest gradient of the estimation error. Also, we increased the parameter resolution from the three pixel distance to the one pixel distance. For the tested images, head boundaries of the sperms were estimated with an error of 1/2 pixel distance, and morphological parameters were calculated by the equations without further image processing. This new method separates sperm head based on the geometrical characteristic of the sperm and calculates morphological parameters simply from the derived boundary.