Chemical aversion treatment of alcohol dependence.

Developments in the application of chemical aversion therapy to the treatment of alcohol dependence are discussed. Historical factors leading to the early use of chemical aversion therapies are delineated and the theoretical underpinnings of chemical aversion interventions are evaluated. Ethical and procedural considerations are addressed and an assessment of the efficacy of the therapy is attempted. Future research activities that would lead to refinement of chemical aversion therapy protocols are highlighted. The effectiveness of chemical aversion treatment of alcohol dependence is discussed vis-a-vis production of condition alcohol-aversion and treatment outcome.     

与功效和毒性相关的吴茱萸化学成分研究进展

目的总结与功效和毒性相关的吴茱萸化学成分研究现状,明确吴茱萸的功效成分与毒性成分,为进一步研究吴茱萸化学成分与功效、毒性之间的相关性提供文献依据和思路。方法对近20年来国内外发表的相关文献进行分析、整理和归纳。结果生物碱是吴茱萸的主要化学成分和活性成分,是吴茱萸发挥功效的主要物质基础;药典和文献记载吴茱萸有小毒,而关于吴茱萸化学成分毒性的研究报道还很少,对吴茱萸的毒理学研究还不够深入。结论吴茱萸是否还含有其他发挥功效的物质基础和化学成分？吴茱萸产生毒性的物质基础和化学成分是什么？以及吴茱萸功效化学成分与毒性化学成分之间的相关性和吴茱萸化学成分与功效、毒性之间的＂量-效关系＂、＂量-毒关系＂如何,有待进一步深入研究,以期为吴茱萸的质量标准规范化研究和临床安全合理用药提供试验依据。     

几种金银花的模式识别

目的对金银花的种类进行模式识别 ;寻找与抑菌活性显著相关的化学成分。方法进行高效液相色谱分析 ,获得反映样品整体化学特征的数据 ,利用聚类分析进行分类 ,同时选择体外抑菌指标进行活性测定 ,用线性回归分析揭示化学信息和药理活性之间的相关关系。结果化学特征的系统聚类分析将样品划分为 7类 ,色谱指纹图谱中的 9个成分与抑菌活性相关。结论该方法能较好的识别金银花的种类并可寻找与药理指标相关的化学成分 ,为综合评价金银花质量提供有用的信息     

与功效、毒性相关的何首乌化学成分研究进展

目的总结与功效、毒性相关的何首乌化学成分研究现状,明确何首乌功效成分与毒性成分,为进行何首乌化学成分与功效、毒性相关性研究提供文献依据和研究思路。方法对近十几年来国内外发表的相关文献进行整理、分析、归纳。结果二苯乙烯苷是何首乌的主要化学成分和活性成分,是何首乌发挥功效的主要物质基础;蒽醌类是其可能的毒性成分和毒性表达的主要物质基础。临床报道何首乌可产生多种不良反应,而关于何首乌化学成分毒性的研究报道较少,对于何首乌毒性物质基础、毒性体内过程、毒性作用特点、毒性作用机制研究尚不够深入;目前关于何首乌化学成分、功效和毒性的研究都是孤立的,彼此之间缺少关联性。结论何首乌应在功效和毒性表达导向下进行定向的物质基础分离、合理毒性控制研究,以达到减少不良反应,保证临床安全用药的目的。     

褐藻胶M/G比值测定方法的比较

目的：对3种褐藻胶M／G比值的测定方法进行比较。方法：分别使用化学方法、高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法对褐藻酸钠中M／G比值进行测定。结果：3种方法的测定结果一致，但化学法操作复杂，耗时长，高效液相色谱法和气相色谱法重现性好。操作简便。结论：高效液相色谱法和气相色谱法比传统的化学方法更适用于M／G比值的测定。     

与功效、毒性相关的艾叶化学成分研究进展

目的通过梳理相关文献,总结与功效、毒性相关的艾叶化学成分研究现状,明确艾叶的功效成分与毒性成分,为进一步研究艾叶化学成分与功效、毒性间的相互关系提供依据和思路。方法对近25年来国内外发表的相关文献进行分析、整理和归纳。结果艾叶的化学成分主要分为水溶性和脂溶性两类化合物,其主要有效成分为挥发油、黄酮类化合物和三萜类化合物,其中挥发油既是艾叶的功效成分也是毒性成分。结论艾叶化学成分是其功效与毒性表达的物质基础,与功效、毒性之间存在一定的量效关系、量毒关系。     

基于生物检测的双黄连片溶出度研究(英文)

中药固体制剂的溶出度研究一直是中药现代化的难点问题。中药与化学合成药不同,中药药效物质十分复杂,临床疗效可能取决于其中的未知成分,也可能取决于各个成分的协同作用。单独使用化学方法测定中药固体制剂的溶出度不能全面反映其内在质量,本课题组首次提出基于生物检测的一种新的溶出度评价方法。在试验中,以清热解毒类中药固体制剂双黄连片为模型药,进行了溶出度研究。在pH值为6.8的溶解介质,即磷酸盐缓冲液中双黄连片不同溶出时间的溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用不同,应用微量量热法获得金黄色葡萄球菌的生长功率–时间曲线和该抑制作用的一系列生物热动力学参数。结果表明,基于生物热动力学的方法可以用于控制中药固体制剂的内在质量。生物热活性检测有望成为中药固体制剂体外溶出度评价的重要手段之一。     

Legal standards of causation in chemical exposure litigation

A discussion of the legal process that resolves disputes involving the questions of causation of exposure to chemical substances is presented. Toxicologists and pharmacologists called upon to testify in private litigation of whether or not exposure to a particular chemical caused an illness will have a clearer view of the law's notion of causation by the examples cited. The trends in the law on this subject are reviewed and ways are offered for scientists to influence future chemical exposure litigation.     

基于关键质量属性与质量源于设计的化学药物质量控制研究进展

我国化学创新药物产业正蓬勃发展，药物创新体系不断完善，国产创新药及高端制剂处于快速发展阶段，将为我国新药研发格局带来深刻变革。化学药物质量控制是药物研发的重点，是药品安全有效的前提。围绕化学药物产业发展战略，攻坚关键核心技术，要重视科技创新。结合当前国内外前沿理念及技术，未来我国化药制造将持续发展。从化药制造关键质量属性辨识、化药生产质量源于设计和化药质量控制与剂型改良3个角度展开论述，以近10余年国内外相关研究为参考，围绕化药产业发展战略，紧扣关键质量属性与质量源于设计理念对化药质量控制相关内容进行归纳总结，以期为化药质量控制提供方向和参考。     

Brief overview of chemical terrorism and its consequences

The article deals with chemical terrorism as a current security risk and its possible impacts on population and infrastructure. It also discusses aspects and implementation of biological, radiological, and nuclear terrorism. The 1995 attack by sarin in the Tokyo underground is briefly mentioned. The effects of chemical warfare agents and chemical toxic substances and the possibilities of their abuse by terrorists are thoroughly discussed. Based on computer modeling of impacts of attacks by chemical toxic substances, the authors present opinions on their possible abuse for acts of terrorism. They also discuss methods of protecting against chemical attacks used in the Czech Republic such as protective masks or new therapy after nerve gas attacks. Novel technical means of decontamination after an act of chemical terrorism are also considered.     

鱼腥草的化学成分及其药理作用

目的了解鱼腥草的化学成分与药理作用研究现状，以合理利用鱼腥草。方法查阅相关文献，对鱼腥草的化学成分及其药理作用进行了较全面的综述。结果鱼腥草化学成分复杂，含有多种对人体有效的物质，药理作用广，并且毒副作用低。结论鱼腥草是一种既具有广泛的药理活性，又具有食用价值的植物资源，极具开发潜力。     

2007年化肥国内市场分析及2008年趋势展望

从分析近几年我国化肥产销和进出口情况入手,介绍了2007年国家出台与化肥有关的主要政策,分品种分析了2007年度国内化肥市场所呈现出的主要特点,指出化肥市场运行中存在的突出问题.在此基础上.对2008年的化肥市场做出了初步预测和判断,并提出了化肥市场体系建设的政策建议.     

Chemical genomics as an emerging paradigm for postgenomic drug discovery

Chemical genomics approaches are evolving to overcome key problems limiting the efficiency of drug discovery in the postgenomic era. Many of these stem from the low success rates in finding drugs for novel genomics targets whose biochemical properties and therapeutic relevance is poorly understood. The fundamental objective of chemical genomics is to find and optimize chemical compounds that can be used to directly test the therapeutic relevance of new targets revealed through genome sequencing. An integrated approach to chemical genomics encompasses a diverse set of tools including quantitative affinity-based screens, computer-directed combinatorial chemistry, and structure-based drug design. The approach is most effectively applied across targets classes whose members are structurally related, and where some members are known to have bona fide therapeutic relevance.     

Diphoterine for emergent eye/skin chemical splash decontamination: a review

Eye/skin chemical splashes are a significant problem. Diphoterine is an hypertonic, polyvalent, amphoteric compound developed in France as an eye/skin chemical splash water-based decontamination solution. In vitro and in vivo, it actively decontaminates approximately 600 chemicals, including acids, alkalis, oxidizing and reducing agents, irritants, lacrimators, solvents, alkylating agents, and radionuclides. Its chemical bond energy for such agents is greater than that of tissue receptors. Its hypertonicity impedes chemical tissue penetration and may remove some amount of skin/cornea-absorbed toxicants not already bound to tissue receptors. Diphoterine chemical reactions are not exothermic. Diphoterine and its acid/alkali decontamination residues are not irritating to the eyes or skin; it is essentially nontoxic. Diphoterine can prevent eye/skin burns following chemical splashes and results in nearly immediate pain relief.     

Computer methods for the assessment of toxicity.

Abstract The prediction of the biological activity of chemical compounds by means of mathematical models is discussed. Biological activity of chemicals, including their toxicity on man and other biological organisms and systems, involves too complex phenomena to presently be predictable by fundamental models such as ab initio quantum mechanical models or statistical mechanical models. Hence one takes recourse to semi-empirical and empirical models which relate the variation in chemical structure of chemical compounds to the variation in their measured biological activity, e.g. toxicity in one or several test systems. These models are “calibrated” on series of similar compounds with “known” toxicity, the training set. Thereafter the models can — in fortunate cases — be used to predict the toxicity of compounds which are structurally similar to the training set compounds. The formulation and applicability of semi-empirical and empirical models relating chemical structure to biological activity is discussed. Causes and remedies for commonly encountered fallacies are presented.     

Electrochemical monitoring of biogenic amine neurotransmission in real time

Three techniques, constant-potential amperometry, high-speed chronoamperometry, and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, have been used extensively to investigate the rapid events associated with neurotransmission. These techniques vary in sensitivity, chemical resolution and temporal resolution. Amperometry provides the best temporal resolution but little chemical resolution. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry provides both good temporal and chemical resolution, while high-speed chronoamperometry offers good temporal resolution and moderate chemical resolution. The amount of chemical information which is needed for a neurochemical measurement depends upon the sample. For single cells, secondary methods, such as HPLC and capillary electrophoresis, offer extensive chemical information about the contents of a cell. With this information, chemical information is not needed during the electrochemical measurement. Therefore, amperometry is employed to obtain the greatest temporal resolution. However, when using more complex biological samples, such as brain slices or in vivo implantation, there is a greater demand for chemical resolution provided by the electrochemical measurement. To bolster results, further confirmation is sought from anatomical, physiological and pharmaceutical evidence. Within this review, the three electrochemical techniques are outlined and compared. Examples are then provided of measurements which have been made in the three predominant biological samples which have been studied: single cells, brain slices and intact animals.     

The development and application of the chemical mixture methodology in analysis of potential health impacts from airborne release in emergencies

The Chemical Mixture Methodology (CMM) is used for emergency response and safety planning by the US Department of Energy, its contractors and other private and public sector organizations. The CMM estimates potential health impacts on individuals and their ability to take protective actions as a result of exposure to airborne chemical mixtures. It is based on the concentration of each chemical in the mixture at a designated receptor location, the protective action criteria (PAC) providing chemical‐specific exposure limit values and the health code numbers (HCNs) that identify the target organ groupings that may be impacted by exposure to each chemical in a mixture. The CMM has been significantly improved since its introduction more than 10 years ago. Major enhancements involve the expansion of the number of HCNs from 44 to 60 and inclusion of updated PAC values based on an improved development methodology and updates in the data used to derive the PAC values. Comparisons between the 1999 and 2009 versions of the CMM show potentially substantial changes in the assessment results for selected sets of chemical mixtures. In particular, the toxic mode hazard indices (HIs) and target organ HIs are based on more refined acute HCNs, thereby improving the quality of chemical consequence assessment, emergency planning and emergency response decision‐making. Seven hypothetical chemical storage and processing scenarios are used to demonstrate how the CMM is applied in emergency planning and hazard assessment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of 13C labeled sulfur and nitrogen mustard metabolites as mass spectrometry standards for monitoring and detecting chemical warfare agents

¹³C labeled (>M + 4) metabolites of nitrogen and sulfur‐based chemical warfare agent metabolites were prepared from readily available and ¹³C labeled commercial starting materials. The new chemical routes are efficient in the number of chemical steps, can be scaled to afford gram quantities, and occur in good yields on the basis of the ¹³C label. These labeled compounds are useful as internal standards in mass spectrometry for monitoring chemical warfare agents and their metabolites. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.