小儿紫绀型先天性心脏病血浆MDA和血液流变学变化

测定３５例青紫型先天性心脏病患儿红细胞、血浆丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量、红细胞膜微粘度及血液流变学指标。结果患儿红细胞、血浆ＭＤＡ、膜微粘度、全血粘度、经细胞比积、红细胞聚集指数、刚性指数均显著高于正常组；ＭＤＡ含量，膜微粘度、红细胞刚性指数、聚集指数及全血粘度之间均存在正相关关系。提示患儿红细胞脂质过氧化反应增强，导致膜流动性降低、红细胞变形性差，聚集性增加，可能是血液粘度增加较为主要的原因。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者的血液流变学改变

目的 探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(Diabetic retinopathy，DR)的血液流变学改变意义．方法 对比分析了DR39例、NDR48例的血液流变学指标．结果 DR组血液红细胞聚集指数、刚性指数、全血粘度、红细胞压积、血沉均明显高于NDR组，红细胞变形指数则低于NDR组．结论 DR的发生发展与血液流变学异常所致的微循环功能障碍有关．     

高粘滞血症患者血液流变学研究

目的：本文观察150例高粘滞血症患者的血液流变学变化，探讨多种药物的治疗效果。方法：150例患者平均分成三组，分别用丹参，川芎嗪，肝素钙治疗，观察每组治疗前后的血液流变学10项指标的改变。统计学处理用方差分析。结果：每组治疗后的血液流变学10项指标值与治疗前相比明显降低（P＜0．01）。结论：本文表明丹参、川芎嗪、肝素钙能降低血液粘度，提高红细胞变形能力，抗血小板聚集，促进料溶活性，扩张微血管，改善微循环，是治疗高粘滞血症的有效药物。     

老年气虚血瘀证患者微循环和血液流变学特征及通心络胶囊的治疗作用观察

目的 :观察老年气虚血瘀证患者甲襞微循环和血液流变性特征及通心络胶囊的治疗作用。方法 :选择年龄 60岁以上的心、脑血管疾病患者 (中医辨证属气虚血瘀型 ) 60例 ,检测微循环和血液流变学指标 ,再随机分为治疗组 (通心络胶囊组 ) 3 3例和对照组 (尼莫地平组 ) 2 7例作比较 ,观察通心络胶囊对改善微循环和血液流变性及临床症状的治疗作用。结果 :气虚血瘀症患者治疗前甲襞微循环中度及重度异常者 5 2例 ( 86.67% ,5 2 /60 ) ,其中治疗组 2 9例 ( 87.9% ,2 9/3 3 ) ,对照组2 3例 ( 85 .7% ,2 3 /2 7) ,以形态积分 ( 2 .5 8) >流态积分 ( 2 .2 2 ) >袢周积分 ( 0 .83 )为主要特征 ;血液流变学指标两组异常率同为 10 0 % ,其中以全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数明显升高 ,红细胞变形能力降低为主要特征。治疗 3 0天后 ,微循环及血液流变学指标较治疗前均有显著改善 (P均 <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。并且治疗组与对照组比较均有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。临床治疗总有效率 ,治疗组为 90 .9% ,对照组为 70 .3 9 % ,两组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :老年气虚血瘀证患者甲襞微循环异常和血液流变学指标异常率极高 ,通心络胶囊对改善微循环和血液流变学指标有显著疗效     

PGI2对肾缺血再灌损伤兔肠系膜微循环和血液流变性的影响

目的：探讨前列腺素I2（PGI2）对兔肾缺血再灌注（IR）损伤时肠系膜微循环和血液流变性的影响。方法： 采用钳夹肾动脉的方法建立急性肾缺血再灌注损伤模型。日本大耳白兔36只，随机分为：假手术对照（sham）组、单纯缺血再灌注（IR）组和PGI2+IR（PGI2）组。运用微循环显微镜自动摄像分析系统，于肾缺血60 min和再灌注120 min时动态观察肠系膜微循环和测定血液流变学指标。结果： ①缺血期和再灌注期IR组的肠系膜微动、静脉管径减小，血流速度明显减慢，白细胞粘附聚集、白微栓及管周出血增多，全血粘度、血浆粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数、血沉、血沉方程K值、纤维蛋白原含量增高，红细胞变形指数降低，与假手术对照组比较有显著差异（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。②5-40 ng·kg-1·min-1PGI2可不同程度地影响肠系膜微循环和血液流变性，其中在10 ng·kg-1·min-1PGI2组，微血管管径和流速、白细胞粘附、白微栓、管周出血及上述各血液流变学指标与IR组比较显著差异（P＜0.01或P＜0.05），与假手术对照组比较微血管管径明显增大（P＜0.01），而其余指标无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论： 肾IR损伤时肠系膜微循环和血液流变性异常，PGI2对其具有明显的预防作用，以10 ng·kg-1·min-1PGI2为最佳有效预防剂量。     

β—七叶皂甙钠抗肢体缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的：观察β-七叶皂甙钠对肢体缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用，方法：建立兔肢体缺血再灌注损伤动物模型。实验分对照组，再灌注组和治疗组，观察各组动物血液流变学和微循环的变化，结果：再灌注组和对照组比较，血液流变学异常和微循环障碍导致各项指标差异明显（P＜0．01）。β-七叶皂甙钠可降低全血粘管度、血浆粘度和红细胞聚集指数，提高微血管张力和血流速度，减少白细胞粘附和白色微栓形成，治疗组与再灌注组比较，各项指标改善明显（P＜0．01，P＜0．05）。 结论：β-七叶皂甙钠可减轻肢体缺血再灌注损伤，对骼肌有保护作用。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者的血液流变学改变

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(Diabetic retinopathy, DR)的血液流变学改变意义.方法对比分析了DR 39例、NDR 48例的血液流变学指标.结果 DR组血液红细胞聚集指数、刚性指数、全血粘度、红细胞压积、血沉均明显高于NDR组,红细胞变形指数则低于NDR组.结论 DR的发生发展与血液流变学异常所致的微循环功能障碍有关.     

奥扎格雷钠注射液对短暂性脑缺血发作患者血液流变性和微循环的影响

目的:观察奥扎格雷钠注射液对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者异常血液流变性和甲襞微循环的影响。方法:奥扎格雷钠80mg加入5%葡萄糖液250ml中静脉滴注,每天2次,疗程15天。患者于治疗前后分别检测血液流变学指标及综合定量评价甲襞微血管形态、微血流流态,并与川芎嗪注射液治疗组对比分析。结果:TIA患者治疗前全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积及红细胞聚集指数明显增高,甲襞微循环形态异常,红细胞聚集,出现粒缓流。经两种药物治疗后,上述指标有不同程度改善,尤以奥扎格雷治疗组改善明显,与治疗前比较,差异有显著性意义。结论:奥扎格雷钠注射液能明显改善TIA患者血液流变性异常和微循环障碍,且效果优于川芎嗪注射液。     

大剂量激素对脑创伤家兔脑微循环及血液流变性的影响

为探讨大剂量激素对脑创伤后脑微循环及血液流变性的影响，将２４只家兔随机等分为３组：标准对照组、损伤对照组和地塞米松治疗组。分别在伤前０．５ｈ、伤后０．５ｈ、１ｈ、２ｈ、３ｈ测量软脑膜微动脉管径和血流速度的变化及伤后３ｈ血液流变学指标。结果表明：大剂量激素在伤后０．５ｈ就能明显地扩张损伤处软脑膜的微动脉并使血流速度明显加快。伤后３ｈ能明显降低血沉、全血粘度、红细胞压积及纤维蛋白原含量，并明显增强红细胞的变形能力，降低其聚集性。这些结果表明大剂量激素能明显改善脑创伤后家兔的脑微循环及血液流变性     

48例Binswanger病血液流变学分析

本文调查了48例Binswanger病血液流变学10项指标，并与44例正常老年人及47例脑梗塞患者作对照。结果表明；（1）Binswanger病组全血粘度、血浆高切粘度、血沉、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞刚性指数、血沉方程K值、全血还原粘度显著高于正常对照组（P＜0．001）；全血粘度、血浆高切粘度、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞刚性指数、全血还原粘度与脑梗塞组相似。（2）Binswanger病组红细胞变形指数明显低于正常对照组（P＜0．001），但显著高于脑梗塞组（P＜0．01）。结论：Binswanger病患者血液流变学处于一种高粘状态。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

Platelet-activating factor receptor and respiratory and metabolic responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia

Activation of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) regulates neural transmission. A PAFR blocker reduced the peak hypoxic (pHVR) but not hypercapnic ventilatory (HCVR) responses in rats [Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998) R604]. To further examine the role of PAFR in respiratory control, genotype-verified PAFR -/- and PAFR +/+ adult male mice underwent hypoxic and hypercapnic challenges. HCVR was similar in the two groups (p-NS). However, pHVR was significantly reduced in PAFR -/- mice (38 +/- 13% baseline [S.D.]) compared to PAFR +/+ mice (78 +/- 16% baseline; P < 0.001, ANOVA), with reduced tidal volume recruitments during pHVR. In addition, hypoxic ventilatory depression was attenuated in PAFR -/- mice (P < 0.01), and was primarily due to attenuation of the time-dependent decreases in oxygen consumption during sustained hypoxia (P < 0.01). Thus, PAFR expression/function modulates components of the acute ventilatory and metabolic adaptations to hypoxia but not to hypercapnia. Imbalances in PAFR activity may lead to maladaptive regulation of the tightly controlled metabolic-ventilatory relationships during hypoxia.