外源氨基酸对福东链霉菌(Streptomyces fudongus)产生胃蛋白酶抑制剂的影响

胃蛋白酶抑制剂是一种专一性很强的酸性蛋白酶抑制剂。在医学上它能应用于治疗因人体内胃蛋白酶、组织蛋白酸D、血管紧张素释放酶活力变异而引起的胃溃疡、高血压、腹水瘤、关节炎等有关疾病;在食用菌生产中,它能有效地抑制食用菌菌体内酸性蛋白酶的活力,改变食用菌在生产长过程中酶的代谢作用,促进子实体形成与生长;在     

香菇多糖提取工艺和含量测定方法研究

食用真菌是人类在长期的实践活动中认识得最早、但并未得到充分利用的一类微生物.因其具有种类繁多、分布广泛[1]、营养成分丰富、药用保健价值高[2]等优点,目前已成为国内外学者研究的热点.有些食用菌中具有能抗癌和增强癌症患者抵抗力的生理活性物质,称为食用菌多糖,食用菌多糖的生理功能、化学结构以及构效关系正成为多糖研究的前沿阵地,取得了很大进展,其中香菇多糖是研究的比较多的一类食用菌多糖.香菇多糖是香菇中的主要活性成分.     

江苏省微生物研究所

江苏省微生物研究所建立于1978年,隶属于江苏省科委。是从事工业微生物、农业微生物和应用基础研究的综合性研究所。 江苏省微生物研究所地处无锡,座落在风景秀丽的太湖之滨,西邻梅园、所内有科研楼、中试楼和食用菌菌种中心等。现有人员144名,中高级科技人员90多名;研究领域涉及抗生素、核苷类、酶制剂、食用菌,有机酸、氨基酸、溶剂、维生素、保健饮料、蛋白质开发、生物制药;着重研究生产发展中迫切需要解决的有关微生物方面的科研课题,同时也将从事部份应用基础方面的研究工作,以促进学科的发展和高、新技术的储备。     

中药药渣资源利用研究现状

在倡导节能减排的社会,为中药药渣的合理充分利用提供思路,文章综述了药渣近年来的利用现状。目前中药渣资源化途径主要用作栽培基质、用于食用菌栽培、生产畜禽饲料、化工产品等。药渣含大量可利用的营养成分,具有广阔的应用前景,但同时由于药材的多样性、成分的复杂性,致使药渣再利用时存在很多技术问题。药渣的开发研究还需要进一步深入。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定5种食用菌中agaricoglyceride A的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)方法比较5种食用菌中agaricoglyceride A的含量。方法采用HPLC法,以C18柱为色谱柱,0.1%三氟乙酸(TFA)水溶液-乙腈作为流动相,ELSD检测器检测。结果 5种食用菌中agaricoglyceride A的含量分别是:灵芝3.72 mg·g-1,姬松茸1.63mg·g-1,灰树花7.53 mg·g-1,鸡腿菇4.92 mg·g-1,猴头菇5.79 mg·g-1。结论 5种食用菌中灰树花的agaricoglyceride A含量最高,该方法简便、定量准确,具有较好的重复性和可靠性。     

食用菌多糖药理作用研究进展

食用菌是人们喜爱的天然食品,食用菌种类繁多,营养丰富,含有人体必需的多种氨基酸和丰富的蛋白质,是众所周知的健康食品。食用菌多糖是一种特殊的生物活性物质,具有增强免疫力、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗病毒、降血脂、降血糖、抗辐射、     

食用菌衍生产品真的那样有效吗？

庞大的真菌家族,种类比自然界中的植物还要多出几倍。其中,仅可食用的大型真菌就达到2000余种之多。食用菌自古就是备受喜爱的食物,有“山珍”的美誉。上到宫廷,下到平民,食用菌对所有人来讲,不仅仅是珍馐美味,更是保健佳品。近年来,虽然以野生猴头菇为代表的野生食用菌资源已不断萎缩,但人们对食用菌的喜爱和追捧却逐年升温。一些企业更是以这些食用菌为原料加工制作出猴菇饼干等衍生产品投放市场,以养胃、助消化等功效为卖点大力宣传。然而当消费者将这些保健类食品买回家,却发现其产品包装上并没有证明保健功效的相关标识,人们不禁对其确切功效提出疑问：以猴头菇为代表的菌类及其衍生产品究竟效果如何？真的如宣传的那样有效吗？针对这一困惑,本刊记者采访了中国科学院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室研究员、中国菌物学会秘书长文华安,请他从科学的角度讲解食用菌的药用、食用价值。     

全复配食用菌提物的抗衰老作用研究

目的 探讨全复配食用荫提物的抗衰老作用.方法 以果蝇生存试验比较不同浓度全复配食用菌提物对果蝇生存期的影响;以果蝇及小鼠的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量比较不同浓度全复配食用菌提物的抗氧化功能.结果 全复配食用菌提物可延长果蝇的生存时间,降低果蝇及小鼠的MDA含量,增强SOD活性.结论 全复配食用菌提物具有抗衰老功能,提高机体内源性抗氧化酶活性、降低过氧化水平可能是其作用途径之一.     

贝叶多孔菌的抑诱变作用及其机理的探讨

贝叶多孔菌(Polyporus frondosus),又名灰树花(Grifola frondosa),是属于担子菌亚门多孔菌属的食用菌.据文献报导,灰树花多糖(Gri-folan)有较强的免疫抗癌作用,本课题用Ames和微核试验对该食用菌的抑诱变作用进行了观察,並探讨其抑诱变作用的可能机理。Ames试验结果     

东方云芝在白血病患者中的应用

目前治疗白血病的方法主要是化疗,而化疗药物最常见的副作用是骨髓抑制引起的白细胞减少及严重感染,因而使病人无法按期进行化疗。上海新冈制药厂和上海农科院食用菌研究所最近共同研制并由该厂生产的东方云芝具有免疫调节作用,与化疗药物联合应用,可减少化疗引起的白细胞减少的副     

毒蕈与易混淆可食蕈菌识别研究初探

目的初步探讨是否能用直观方法识别毒蕈与易混淆可食蕈菌,为确定毒蕈中毒控制工作重点提供依据。方法通过文献检索并结合专家意见筛选我国常见且危害较大毒蕈种类,比较我国部分常见毒蕈与易混淆可食蕈菌的宏观形态特征。野外采集蕈菌标本并进行宏观和微观的传统形态学鉴定。对文献、报刊报道和民间流传的毒蕈直观识别方法进行举例验证。结果初步筛选出15种我国常见且危害较大毒蕈种类,根据专业书籍、文献和既往工作经验对其中部分种类和与其易混淆的可食蕈菌进行宏观形态特征比较,结果证明无法仅根据宏观形态特征鉴别毒蕈与可食蕈菌。对野外采集的12种蕈菌进行传统形态学鉴定（包括宏观和微观形态特征）的结果证明,蕈菌的鉴别必须由专业人员结合宏观和微观依据完成。对6种广泛流传的毒蕈直观识别方法进行举例验证的结果表明,其中任何一种方法均不能成为通用的毒蕈识别方法。结论目前尚无通用直观毒蕈识别方法。毒蕈中毒控制工作应以毒蕈鉴定技术研究及纠正毒蕈识别误区为主。     

Comparative study of antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of selected edible wild mushrooms

The present study aims to assess the antioxidant activities (AOA) and total phenolic content (TPC) of water extracts of selected edible wild mushrooms: Pleurotus porrigens, Schizophyllum commune, Hygrocybe conica, and Lentinus ciliatus. The AOA were evaluated against DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation scavenging ability, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and beta-carotene-linoleate bleaching (beta-CB) assays, and the Folin-Ciocalteu method for TPC. BHA was used as reference. P. porrigens showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) DPPH* scavenging ability (90.78 +/- 0.30%) and FRAP (6.37 +/- 0.22 mM FE/100g), while Sch. commune showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) ABTS*+ inhibition activity (94.96 +/- 0.70%) and beta-CB inhibition activity (94.18 +/- 0.17%), respectively. TPC was found in a descending order of P. poriggens > L. ciliatus = Pleurotus ostreatus (cultivated) > H. conica = Sch. commune. Positive correlation was observed between the AOA and TPC. When compared to BHA (2 mM), P. porrigens showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) DPPH* scavenging ability and reducing power, while Sch. commune showed comparable DPPH* scavenging ability and ABTS*+ inhibition activity. All the mushrooms have better ABTS*+ inhibition activity than BHA (1 mM). The beta-CB inhibition activity of BHA was significantly higher than those of edible wild mushrooms. The water extracts of edible wild mushrooms showed potent antioxidant activities compared to BHA to a certain extent.     

Vialinin A, a novel potent inhibitor of TNF-alpha production from RBL-2H3 cells

Thelephora vialis is a mushroom that grows in symbiosis with pine trees in Yunnan, China, a place known to have some of the richest and most diverse bioresources in the world. This is one of the most favored edible mushrooms, due to its flavor. Our screening for bioactive compounds from these mushrooms isolated a novel potent antioxidant, vialinin A, together with known compounds, from the dry fruiting bodies of T. vialis. Vialinin A is a terphenyl derivative and was elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Vialinin A showed anti-allergic activities, inhibition of beta-hexosaminidase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin 4 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 release from RBL-2H3 cells, whereas atromentin and an inseparable mixture of ganbajunins D and E showed no such effects. Vialinin A displayed potent inhibition of TNF-alpha production from RBL-2H3 cells (IC50, 0.09+/-0.01 nM), indicating stronger inhibition than tacrolimus for organ transplantation (IC50, 0.25+/-0.03 nM). The potent inhibitory activities of these compounds against TNF-alpha production indicate promising new candidates for anti-allergic agents.     

Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Approximately 100 of the known species of mushrooms are poisonous to humans. New toxic mushroom species continue to be identified. Some species initially classified as edible are later reclassified as toxic. This results in a continually expanding list of toxic mushrooms. As new toxic species are identified, some classic teachings about mycetism no longer hold true. As more toxic mushrooms are identified and more toxic syndromes are reported, older classification systems fail to effectively accommodate mycetism. This review provides an update of myscetism and classifies mushroom poisonings by the primary organ system affected, permitting expansion, as new, toxic mushroom species are discovered.     

Assessment of the chlorinated hydrocarbons residues contamination in edible mushrooms from the North-Eastern part of Poland

The aim of the study was to determine the content of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in edible mushrooms from the north-eastern part of Poland. Material consisted of two species of fungi: Xerocomus mushrooms (Xerocomus badius), Boletus mushrooms (Boletus edulis). The dried samples (cups and cut-up material) were extracted with Soxhlet method in order to obtain lipid substances. In the fat chlorinated hydrocarbons were determined by Ludwicki et al. (1996) method. The separation and quantitative determination of DDT, DDE, DDD and γ-HCH were conducted with the method of gas chromatography using an electron capture detector – ECD. In all tested samples the presence of γ-HCH, DDT and its metabolites (DDE, DDD) was detected. The higher content of γ-HCH was found in Xerocomus mushrooms (average 0.125 μg/kg of mushrooms); in the Boletus mushrooms −0.11 μg/kg of mushrooms. The content of ΣDDT in cups of Xerocomus mushrooms was more than 2-fold higher than in those of Boletus mushrooms (3.78:1.71 mg/kg of mushrooms). The opposite relationship was observed for cut-up material. The higher concentration of ΣDDT was found in Boletus mushrooms (2.26 mg/kg of mushrooms) while in Xerocomus mushrooms this content was 0.91 mg/kg of mushrooms. Despite the fact that chlorinated hydrocarbons were determined in all samples under study, their contents do not exceed acceptable levels indicating that the consumption of mushrooms does not pose a health risk to consumers from the organochlorine compounds.     

The mutagenicity of edible mushrooms in a histidine-independent bacterial test system

In mutagenicity screening of 40 edible mushroom species, special attention was paid to the selection of the test system, since complex mixtures such as mushroom extracts may interfere with the genetic endpoint of the assay. This paper shows that the weak mutagenicity of some mushrooms in the Ames test, as reported by several authors, is actually an artefact due to the presence of free histidine in the mushroom extracts, which apparently increases the reversion of bacteria from histidine auxotrophy to prototrophy. To avoid amino-acid interaction, a combination of the forward mutation assay to 8-azaguanine resistance in Salmonella typhimurium TM677 and a liquid test was used. Out of 35 wild and commercially grown mushrooms tested, 13 species exhibited mutagenic activity. In the case of the five samples of dried mushrooms, weak mutagenicity could be detected for Auricularia sp. The presence of microsomal enzymes (S-9) reduced the mutagenic effects of all the mushrooms, with the exception of Agaricus abruptibulbus and Cantharellus cibarius, where metabolic activation enhanced the mutagenic activity.     

Cadmium in edible mushrooms from NW Spain: Bioconcentration factors and consumer health implications

Mushrooms do not constitute a significant portion of the human diet, but the consumption of wild and cultivated mushrooms has become increasingly in recent years. Some species accumulate high levels of toxic metals, both in unpolluted and polluted areas. In this study, we examined the accumulation capacity of cadmium in edible mushrooms in relation to certain factors and their possible toxicological implications. Cadmium concentrations were determined by an ICP-MS spectrometer in 238 samples of the fruiting bodies of 28 wild and cultivated growing edible mushrooms species and the underlying soil. The hymenophore (H) and the rest of the fruiting body (RFB) were analysed separately. The highest mean cadmium concentration (mg/kg dry weight) was found in Agaricus macrosporus (52.9 in H and 28.3 in RFB). All mushroom species accumulated cadmium in relation to the underlying soils. There were statistically significant differences between the hymenophore and the rest of the fruiting body (p < 0.001). Cadmium concentrations were compared to data in the literature and to levels set by legislation. It was concluded that consumption of our studied mushrooms is not a toxicological risk as far as cadmium content is concerned, although the species A. macrosporus should not be consumed.     

Bioactive microconstituents and antioxidant properties of wild edible mushrooms from the island of Lesvos,Greece

Crude composition, fatty acids, sterols, total phenolic content (TPC), individual polyphenols and terpenic acids were determined in five wild edible mushrooms species (Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius sanguifluus, Lactarius semisanguifluus, Russula delica, Suillus bellinii) from Lesvos Island, Greece. In addition, the DPPH scavenging capacity, the ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) and the ferrous ion chelating activity of mushroom methanolic extracts were assessed. Among sterols, ergosterol predominated at concentrations 9.2–18.0 mg/100 g fw. Total phenolic content of mushroom extracts ranged from 6.0 to 20.8 mg GAE/100 g fw. Up to 19 simple polyphenols were determined in mushrooms extracts, the more abundant being p-OH-benzoic acid, p-OH-phenylacetic acid, o-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and chrysin. In addition, the triterpenic acids oleanolic and ursolic were detected for the first time in mushrooms. All species exerted antioxidant activity and ferrous ion chelating capacity. Principal component analysis revealed good correlations between TPC, DPPH and FRAP but not with metal chelating activity. It seems that mushrooms polyphenols exert antiradical and reducing activities, but they are not strong metal chelators, the observed chelating ability being probably due to other classes of compounds.To our knowledge, this is the first report on the bioactive microconstituents and antioxidant activity of wild Greek edible mushrooms.     

Comparative study of wild edible mushrooms as sources of antioxidants

The purpose of the study was to explore sixteen of the most popular edible species of wild-growing mushrooms as potential sources of antioxidants. Among the mushrooms tested, the highest total polyphenol contents, exceeding 100 mg/100 g fresh mass, were found in five mushrooms: Boletus chrysenteron, B. edulis, Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum, and Macrolepiota procera. Antioxidant activity was measured with the FRAP, TEAC, DPPH scavenging ability and ferrous ions chelating ability assays. Results of the study show that wild mushrooms vary according to their antioxidant properties. The highest FRAP potentials, exceeding 1 mmol/100 g, were found in five species ofBoletales: Boletus edulis, B. chrysenteron, Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum, and Suillus grevillei. TEAC values were from 1.07 to 4.01 mmol/100 g fresh mass. High TEAC values (>2.3 mmol/100 g) were found in Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum, Macrolepiota procera, Boletus chrysenteron, and B. edulis. The DPPH radical scavenging effectiveness of mushroom extracts, expressed as EC50 values, was in range 2.91-13.86 mg/mL. Scavenging ability was the highest for B. edulis and B. chrysenteron. The metal chelating ability of mushroom extracts expressed as ECso values of chelating ability on ferrous ions were from 8.02 mg/mL in Cantharellus cibarius to 12.10 mg/mL in Suillus luteus. Among the mushrooms tested, Boletus chrysenteron and B. edulis were characterized by high scores of polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity in the FRAP, TEAC, and DPPH assays. These results place these culinary species of wild-growing mushrooms among products with considerable antioxidant potential.     

Ethnomycological studies of edible and medicinal mushrooms in the Mount Cameroon region (Cameroon, Africa)

Inhabitants of the Mount Cameroon region depend on the forest resources of the region for their livelihood, including the diverse use of macrofungi. With the increasing loss of forest due to exploitation and urbanization, they are liable to rapidly lose their indigenous knowledge of the forest resources, especially of mushrooms. An ethnomycological survey was conducted with the aim of documenting the indigenous knowledge of mushrooms as a prelude to conservation efforts. We also sought to assess the mycophilic and mycophobic tendencies of the inhabitants. It was revealed that traditionally, mushrooms were used as food, medicine, for mythological purposes, for aesthetics, and some poisonous species were also recorded. At least 15 different species were identified to be edible among the Bakweri people. Species used for ethnomedicine among the Bakweris belonged to several genera, including Termitomyces, Auricularia, Agaricus, Daldinia, Dictyophora, Pleurotus, Russula, Trametes, Chlorophyllum, and Ganoderma. Mushrooms were used as love charms, for dispelling evil spirits, and as part of cultural festivals.