大黄对肠粘膜屏障的保护作用

本研究旨在证明大黄是否对出血性休克大鼠肠粘膜屏障具有保护作用。实验用雄性ＳＤ大鼠，右侧颈动脉放血，血压５．３２ｋＰａ（４０ｍｍＨｇ）维持１ｈ，失血回输，观察２４ｈ。大黄（１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）于复苏后即刻、６ｈ、１２ｈ分次经胃管注入。实验结果：①内脏含菌量：大黄治疗组大鼠各器官含菌量明显低于休克组和安慰剂治疗组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。②血浆内毒素水平：复苏后２４ｈ，大黄治疗组大鼠血浆内毒素水平明显低于休克组和安慰剂治疗组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。③病理形态学改变：大黄治疗组小肠病理改变程度明显轻于休克组和安慰剂治疗组。提示：大黄对出血性休克大鼠肠粘膜屏障有明显保护作用。     

大黄对大鼠肠缺血再灌注所致肺损伤过程肿瘤坏死因子、一氧化氮和磷脂酶A2的影响

目的：观察肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）、内源性一氧化氮（ＮＯ）和磷脂酶Ａ２（ＰＬＡ２）在大鼠小肠缺血再灌注（ＩＲ）所致肺损伤发病过程中的作用,及大黄对ＴＮＦ、ＮＯ和ＰＬＡ２的影响,探讨大黄防治肠源性肺损伤的机制。方法：ＳＤ大鼠随机分为肠缺血再灌注组、假手术组、大黄治疗组和安慰剂组。以１２５Ｉ标记小牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）肺摄取指数作为评价肺损伤的指标,以髓过氧化物酶（ＭＰＯ）作为评价多形核白细胞（ＰＭＮ）在组织中聚集的指标,分别测定各组动物不同时间血浆、肺组织ＴＮＦ含量,血浆（血清）、肺及小肠组织内源性ＮＯ含量及ＰＬＡ２活性。结果：大黄可显著改善ＩＲ导致的低血压状态并明显抑制再灌注导致的肺ＭＰＯ活性升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;抑制肠缺血和再灌注早期出现的血浆及肺组织ＴＮＦ水平升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;抑制肠缺血期和再灌注期血清、肺及小肠组织ＰＬＡ２活性升高（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）及再灌注期的内源性ＮＯ释放（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）;降低肺毛细血管通透性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：缺血再灌注早期应用大黄能明显防治大鼠ＩＲ所致的肺损伤,这种作用可能是通过抑制ＴＮＦ、内源性ＮＯ及ＰＬＡ２等介质的释放实现的。     

大黄煎剂延迟并下调肠道相关淋巴细胞凋亡

目的：探讨药用大黄煎剂的肠粘膜屏障保护作用机制。方法：制备小鼠肠系上动脉缺血－再灌注损伤的实验模型,术后６,１２和２４ｈ处死动物并以标本,检测血浆总抗氧化能力、内毒素,小肠组织相对含水量和肠粘膜上皮细胞（ＥＣ）、固有层淋巴细胞（ＬＰＬ）及Ｐｅｙｅｒ’ｓ结节淋巴细胞（ＰＰＬ）凋亡情况。结果：药用大黄煎剂可以显著提高小鼠的血浆总抗氧化能力（Ｐ〈０．０１）,降低血浆内毒素水平和小肠组织含水量（Ｐ〈０．０     

丙氨酰谷氨酰妥对创伤后肠粘膜屏障的修复作用研究

目的：利用ＳＰＦ大鼠模型，观察失血后低血容量性休克全胃肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）、ＴＰＮ液中添加Ａｌａ－Ｇｌｎ（ＴＰＮ加Ａｌａ－Ｇｌｎ）和经口进食（ＴＥＮ）３种营养模式对肠粘膜免疫系统、肠粘膜菌群双歧杆菌／大肠杆菌比值和血浆内毒素（ＬＰＳ）水平的影响，探讨Ａｌａ－Ｇｌｎ是否对损伤后肠粘膜屏障有修复作用。方法：２４只ＳＰＦ Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠实施失血后低血容量性休克，复共后以ＴＰＮ、ＴＰＮ加Ａｌａ－Ｇｌｎ和Ｔ     

大剂量维生素C对肠粘膜屏障保护作用的实验研究

本实验应用大剂量维生素Ｃ治疗出血性休克和内毒素所致肠粘膜屏障破坏，旨在为预防和治疗严重创伤等所致肠源性感染开拓新的途径。数据显示维生素Ｃ治疗动物肠道细菌移居发生率明显低于休克组（Ｐ〈０．０１）；细菌移居量显著低于休克组（Ｐ〈０．０１）和内毒素组（Ｐ〈０．０１）；小肠病理损伤程度亦明显轻于休克组和内毒素组。大剂量维生素Ｃ对出血性休克和内毒素以致肠粘膜屏障破坏有明显治疗作用，但其对前者的疗效明显优于后     

大黄对大鼠肠缺血再灌注所致肺损伤过程中内源性NO的影响

目的　在大鼠小肠缺血再灌注（ＩＩＲ） 模型上,研究内源性一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在ＩＩＲ所致肺损伤发病过程中的作用;观察大黄对ＮＯ的影响,探讨大黄防治肠源性肺损伤的机理。方法　ＳＤ大鼠随机分为肠缺血再灌注组、假手术组、大黄治疗组和安慰剂组监测平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）。以１２５Ｉ标记小牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ） 肺摄取指数作为评价肺毛细血管通透性的指标;采用镉还原柱层析和比色法分别测定各组动物不同时间血浆、肺及小肠组织内源性ＮＯ的含量。结果　大黄可明显改善ＩＩＲ导致的低血压状态;抑制血浆、肺及小肠组织内源性ＮＯ的释放（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５ 或Ｐ＜０－０１）;降低肺毛细血管通透性（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。结论　早期应用大黄有助于防止大鼠肠源性肺损伤的发生,这种作用部分是通过抑制内源性ＮＯ大量释放实现的。     

创伤后内毒素增敏效应在多器官损害中的作用

目的：探讨内毒素增敏系统——脂多糖结合蛋白（ＬＢＰ）和脂多糖受体（ＣＤ１４）在严重创伤后内毒素血症诱发多器官损害中的作用及其分子机制。方法：采用低血容量创伤性休克、重度低血容量性休克、肠缺血再灌注损伤、３５％Ⅲ度烫伤等动物模型，从不同层次观察ＬＢＰ／ＣＤ１４系统的变化规律及其与多器官损害的关系。同时，结合多发伤、大面积烧伤等临床病例进行前瞻性研究。结果：急性烫伤和休克的打击可导致内毒素易位，并明显上调机体主要脏器ＬＢＰ／ＣＤ１４ｍＲＮＡ的广泛表达，腹腔巨噬细胞ＣＤ１４ｍＲＮＡ表达亦显著增强（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。早期拮抗肠源性内毒素易位，可明显抑制ＬＢＰ／ＣＤ１４ｍＲＮＡ表达上调和减轻机体病理生理异常改变。临床资料显示，多发伤、休克早期血浆ＬＢＰ水平即迅速升高；严重烧伤后第７日患者血清可溶性ＣＤ１４含量亦明显上升，其中以出现多器官损害者改变尤为显著（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：肠源性内毒素经上调的ＬＢＰ／ＣＤ１４系统介导刺激机体产生细胞因子等炎性介质，在创伤后多器官功能损害中发挥了重要作用     

大黄抗内毒素性休克大鼠炎性介质作用的实验研究

目的：研究大黄对内毒素性休克大鼠炎性介质作用的机制。方法：选用大鼠内毒素性休克模型。随机分为６组：单纯手术组、内毒素组、大黄预防用药组（１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组和７５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组）和大黄治疗组（１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组和７５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组）。检测磷脂酶Ａ２（ＰＬＡ２）和血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）的活性。结果：内毒素注射前６组大鼠平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）无显著性差异；注射内毒素后４小时ＭＡＰ明显降低；大黄预防用药组和大黄治疗组ＭＡＰ则与注射内毒素前及单纯手术组比较均无明显变化，并均显著高于内毒素组注射内毒素４小时后。注射内毒素后４小时，血清和小肠组织中ＰＬＡ２活性及ＰＡＦ含量均明显增高；与内毒素组注射内毒素后４小时比较，大黄预防组和治疗组则血清和小肠组织中ＰＬＡ２活性和ＰＡＦ含量显著降低。结论：大黄对内毒素性休克所致炎症反应有明显的预防和治疗作用     

休克再灌注期间肠粘膜pH及肠粘膜与动脉血二氧化碳分压差的变化

目的：探讨低血容量性休克及再灌注进肠粘膜ｐＨ（ｐＨｉ）及肠粘膜与动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰＣＯ２）差（Ｐｉ－ａＣＯ２）的变化及意义。方法：采用兔低血容量性休克及主模型,通过Ｔｏｎｏｍｅｔｒｙ张力计测定半计算休克前（Ｓ０）,休克１小时（Ｓ１）及再灌注１小时（ＲＥＰ１）２小时（ＲＥＰ２）乙状结肠ｐＨｉ及Ｐｉ－ａＣＯ２、,     

急性坏死性胰腺炎早期血清细胞因子的变化及免疫干预的影响

目的：观察大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＮＰ）细胞因子变化及其与病理生理改变的关系,探讨进行免疫干预的可行性。方法：Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、ＡＮＰ组、抗ＴＮＦ单抗（ＴＮＦＭｃＡｂ）干预组和白细胞介素１受体拮抗剂（ＩＬ１ｒａ）干预组。观察各组大鼠胰腺病理、血淀粉酶、ＴＮＦα、ＩＬ１β、肠通透性和内毒素的变化。结果：ＡＮＰ后８小时,血清ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ１β水平升高〔（５６．１６±１７．７５）ｎｇ／Ｌ和（１５５．１４±９３．８３）ｎｇ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜０．０１〕,ＩＬ１ｒａ使ＴＮＦα水平明显下降〔（２１．７３±４．８６）ｎｇ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜０．０１〕。伴随血浆Ｄ乳酸在ＡＮＰ早期升高,血浆内毒素浓度增加〔８小时时（４４９±１６４）ＥＵ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜０．０１〕,ＴＮＦＭｃＡｂ和ＩＬ１ｒａ干预使Ｄ乳酸和内毒素的升高得到了抑制〔血浆内毒素水平分别为（２７４±１１０）ＥＵ／Ｌ和（２２９±７６）ＥＵ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．０１〕,胰腺炎组织学评分降低。结论：ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ１β是ＡＮＰ时炎性介质级联反应中的核心因子,在ＡＮＰ严重并发症的发生中起着重要作用;免疫干预有潜在的应用前景。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.