大黄对危重症患者应激性胃肠粘膜病变的治疗作用及其机制的研究

研究大黄对脓毒症并发应激性胃肠粘膜病变的治疗作用及其机制。43例ICU患者中脓毒症并发应激性胃肠粘膜病变22例（治疗组），非脓毒症恢复期患者21例（对照组）。检测胃和直肠粘膜内pH值（pHi）和血流动力学参数。结果：大黄止血有效率为81．8％，治疗前患者胃和直肠pHi分别为7．0180±0．1170和7．0710±0．1860，大黄治疗后胃和直肠pHi分别为7．3050±0．0950和7．2680±0．0785，均有非常显著性差异（P均＜0．01）；对照组胃pHi为7．3350±0．1800。血流动力学参数显示，治疗前尽管全身氧输送和心排指数远远高于正常，但胃和直肠pHi很低，即胃肠道仍处于严重灌注不足和缺氧状态。作者认为：大黄对应激性胃肠粘膜病变有明显治疗作用，其作用机制可能通过增加胃肠粘膜灌注、清除氧自由基和促进胃肠粘膜新陈代谢实现的。     

大黄对危重病患者胃肠道并发症的治疗研究

目的：研究大黄对危重病患者胃肠道并发症的治疗作用。方法,采用SWAN－GANZ导管监测血流动力学和全身氧输送和氧消耗。应用胃肠粘膜内P肠粘膜的血流灌流和氧合情况,观察大黄对危重病患者应激性胃肠粘膜病变及中毒性肠麻痹的疗效。结果：大黄对危重症患者应激性胃肠粘膜病变伴出血的止血有效率达73％,与洛赛克对照治疗 无差异;大黄对中毒性肠麻痹的有效率达65％,高于西沙必利对照治疗组（P＜0．05）;危重症患者心排血指数、全身氧输送和氧消耗明显高于生理范围,但胃肠道仍处于严重缺血、低氧状态;大黄对血流动力学和全身氧输送和氧消耗无明显影响,但大黄能显著提高胃肠粘膜内,PhI（P＜0．001）。说明大黄能明显改善胃肠道氧合和功能状况,结论大黄能改善危重症患者胃肠粘膜的血液灌流和氧合状况,对应激性胃肠粘膜病变和中毒性肠麻痹有较好的疗效。     

VT和非VT病人QT_d比较及临床意义

本文回顾研究了５９例室性心动过速（ＶＴ）病人体表（１２）导联心电图上最大ＱＴ间期弥散度（ＱＴｄ）的变化，并与７２例没有ＶＴ的病人和４３例正常人ＱＴｄ比较。结果显示（１）ＶＴ病人ＱＴｄ７８±１７ｍｓ（ｐ＜０．０１），非ＶＴ病人３８±１０ｎｓ（ｐ＜０．０５），正常人对照组ＱＴｄ３５±７ｍｓ；（２）ＶＴ病人，ＥＦ值＞０．５时，ＱＴｄ为６４±１８ｍｓ，ＥＦ值＜０．５时，ＱＴｄ为９０±２２ｍｓ（ｐ＜０．００１）；（３）ＶＴ病人ＥＦ值与ＱＴｄ有相关性，ｒ＝－０．６１（ｐ＜０．０１）。因此我们认为ＱＴｄ增大，是心室复极不均、室性心律失常易感性的体表标志，心功能不全时ＱＴ增大。     

大黄对大鼠肠粘膜及肠血管通透性的影响

目的：研究大黄对肠粘膜及肠血管通透性的影响。方法：选用低血容量性休克和内毒素性休克大鼠动物模型，以荧光标记白蛋白和小肠湿／干重比值检测内毒素性休克肠血管通透性，以血浆内毒素含量来衡量肠粘膜通透性。结果：内毒素能引起小肠组织明显水肿，其湿／干重比值显著增高，同时明显提高肠血管壁对荧光标记白蛋白的通透性；而大黄能减轻肠壁水肿和湿／干重比值（内毒素组为３．７５±０．６８，大黄组为１．６６±０．３３，Ｐ＜０．０１），降低肠血管通透性〔小肠组织荧光标记白蛋白含量：内毒素组为（１．２５４±０．１１７）μｍｏｌ／ｇ，大黄组为（０．９００±０．０７１）μｍｏｌ／ｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕。低血容量性休克能破坏肠粘膜屏障，提高肠粘膜对内毒素的通透性，而大黄可明显降低低血容量性休克大鼠肠粘膜通透性，抑制肠道内毒素的吸收〔血浆内毒素含量：休克组为（０．５５７±０．０６９）ＥＵ／ｍｌ，大黄组为（０．３４５±０．０５５）ＥＵ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕。结论：大黄能保护肠粘膜屏障，抑制肠道内毒素吸收，降低肠粘膜及肠毛细血管通透性。     

大黄抗内毒素性休克大鼠炎性介质作用的实验研究

目的：研究大黄对内毒素性休克大鼠炎性介质作用的机制。方法：选用大鼠内毒素性休克模型。随机分为６组：单纯手术组、内毒素组、大黄预防用药组（１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组和７５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组）和大黄治疗组（１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组和７５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组）。检测磷脂酶Ａ２（ＰＬＡ２）和血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）的活性。结果：内毒素注射前６组大鼠平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）无显著性差异；注射内毒素后４小时ＭＡＰ明显降低；大黄预防用药组和大黄治疗组ＭＡＰ则与注射内毒素前及单纯手术组比较均无明显变化，并均显著高于内毒素组注射内毒素４小时后。注射内毒素后４小时，血清和小肠组织中ＰＬＡ２活性及ＰＡＦ含量均明显增高；与内毒素组注射内毒素后４小时比较，大黄预防组和治疗组则血清和小肠组织中ＰＬＡ２活性和ＰＡＦ含量显著降低。结论：大黄对内毒素性休克所致炎症反应有明显的预防和治疗作用     

大黄对有农药中毒并发胃肠功能衰竭的研究

目的：研究大黄对有机磷农药中毒（ＡＯＰＰ）合并胃肠功能衰竭的治疗作用。方法：采用昆明种小白鼠进行动物实验,分为２ 个治疗组及中毒组,观察小鼠中毒出现的时间和死亡时间。临床观察２６４例ＡＯＰＰ患者,其中２０４ 例作为治疗研究,６０例作为对照研究,观察大黄对出血胃粘膜止血和恢复胃肠蠕动的疗效。结果：动物实验２ 个治疗组与中毒组间中毒出现时间均有显著性差异〔（５．４±０．７）ｍ ｉｎ、（４．９±０．３）ｍ ｉｎ 比（１．２±０．３）ｍ ｉｎ,Ｐ 均＜ ０．０１〕;３ 组间死亡时间比较差异也极显著〔（４８．６±７．５）ｍ ｉｎ、（４２．７±０．６）ｍ ｉｎ 比（７．５±１．２）ｍ ｉｎ,Ｐ均＜ ０．０１〕。临床观察治疗组与对照组间缓解腹胀、恢复胃肠蠕动有显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,止血及预防再出血有显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。结论：ＡＯＰＰ时在内科综合治疗情况下采用口服大黄,能有效地防治ＡＯＰＰ并发胃肠功能衰竭,恢复胃肠蠕动,并可以改变中毒的自然演变过程。     

“清胃止血汤”治疗上消化道出血的疗效观察

目的：观察自拟“清胃止血汤”治疗上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法：上消化道出血患者６３例，随机分成中医组４２例和西医组２１例。中医组口服“清胃止血汤”加减；西医组用西咪替丁和止血芳酸静滴。结果：中医组治愈３７例，显效２例，好转１例，无效２例，总有效率９５．２％；对照组治愈１４例，显效２例，好转２例，无效３例，总有效率８５．７％。大便潜血试验转阴时间，中医组为４．３１±１．７３天，西医组４．９６±２．１８天，中医组疗效优于西医组，但无统计学意义。结论：“清胃止血汤”治疗上消化道出血有很好疗效。     

生长抑素治疗消化性溃疡急性大出血15例分析

１９９３年至１９９５年间，我院对消化溃疡病急性大出血１５例病人、经常规Ｈ２受体阻滞剂和质子泵拮抗剂治疗，以及胃镜下止血治疗后３￣５天仍出血不止者，应用生长抑素施他宁治疗。止和因成功率为８６．６７％（１３／１５），２例出现再出血，经反复应用生长抑素后止血成功，本人认为对年老体弱，有重要脏器疾患者，出血量大，手术高危以及常规治疗无效者，应积极应用生长抑素治疗。     

彩色多普勒在阳萎诊断中的应用

用彩色多普勒血流显像配合罂粟碱试验观察２６例阳萎阴茎深动脉峰值流速（Ｖｐ）、舒张末期最小流速（Ｖｍｉｎ）。结果表明：对罂粟碱反应良好１２例，反应低下１４例，Ｖｐ分别为３７．８±７．６ｃｍ／ｓ及２７．６±５．９ｃｍ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１），取９５％可信限，Ｖｐ大于３ｋｍ／ｓ可认为动脉功能正常。反应低下中６例有海绵体静脉疹，８例为动脉供血不足，二者Ｖｐ分别为３４．２±６．１ｃｍ／ｓ及２１．２±５．８ｃｍ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｖｍｉｎ分别为７．６±２．４ｃｍ／ｓ及２．２±１．１ｃｍ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。动脉供血不足者Ｖｐ均小于３０ｃｍ／ｓ。多普勒超声不仅能区别血管性与非血管性阳萎，而且对血管性阳萎中的动脉供血抑或静脉机能不全有所提示。影响流速测值的因素有：仪器类型、探头频率，是否采用角度校正以及注药后流速测定的时间。     

高效液相色谱法测定香草扁桃酸、高香草酸、肌酐含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定尿中的香草扁桃酸（ＶＭＡ）、高香草酸（ＨＶＡ）和肌酐（Ｃｒ）含量的方法。方法以０．０２ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ４缓冲液（ｐＨ５．７）为流动相；色谱柱采用ＹＷＧ－Ｃ１８柱；电化学和紫外检测器联合检测。尿样经适当稀释后直接进样测定，最后以ＶＭＡ和ＨＶＡ与Ｃｒ的比值表示含量。对１５例正常成人和１０例嗜铬细胞瘤患者进行了测定。结果方法的平均批内变异系数（ＣＶ）值ＶＭＡ／Ｃｒ为２．４％，ＨＶＡ／Ｃｒ为６．１％。正常成人的ＶＭＡ／Ｃｒ和ＨＶＡ／Ｃｒ分别为３．８４×１０－３±０．９１×１０－３（ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｍｏｌ）和３．３１×１０－３±１．１３×１０－３（ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｍｏｌ）；嗜铬细胞瘤患者的ＶＭＡ／Ｃｒ和ＨＶＡ／Ｃｒ分别为２８．７０×１０－３±２５．４６×１０－３和４．３８×１０－３±２．０８×１０－３（ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｍｏｌ）。结论方法能满足临床诊断嗜铬细胞瘤和神经母细胞瘤的需要     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.