急性心肌梗塞静脉溶栓治疗后冠状动脉再通对左心功能的影响

目的：研究急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）静脉溶栓治疗后冠状动脉（冠脉）再通对左心功能的影响。方法：以２４例ＡＭＩ患者接受尿激酶（ＵＫ）静脉溶栓治疗为研究对象，再通组１４例，未通组１０例，于发病后３～４周在进行选择性冠脉造影或经皮穿刺冠脉内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的同时行Ｘ线左心室造影。结果：再通组射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）明显高于未通组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；室壁异常活动积分未通组明显高于再通组（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中室壁瘤发生率再通组显著低于未通组，分别为７．１４％与３０．００％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：监测ＬＶＥＦ及室壁局部运动是判断ＡＭＩ时溶栓治疗使梗塞区冠脉再通效果的有效指标；ＡＭＩ后及时有效的静脉溶栓治疗可缩小梗塞面积，改善左心功能，对改善ＡＭＩ患者的近期预后有十分重要的意义。     

栓体舒、尿激酶溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死80例疗效观察

目的：观察栓体舒（重组组织型纤溶酶原激活因子，ｒｔＰＡ）和尿激酶（ＵＫ）对急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者的溶栓疗效。方法：将ＡＭＩ患者８０例随机分为Ａ组（３８例，应用ｒｔＰＡ溶栓）和Ｂ组（４２例，应用ＵＫ溶栓）。结果：２组冠状动脉（冠脉）血管总再通率为６０．０％。Ａ组与Ｂ组冠脉血管再通率分别为７３．６％和４７．６％，２组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。病死率分别为５．３％和１１．９％，２组无显著性差异，Ｐ＞０．０５。继发内脏出血发生率分别为０和１４．３％，Ａ组明显低于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。溶栓再通患者病死率（０）明显低于未溶通者（２１．９％），Ｐ＜０．０１。溶栓开始的时间越早越好，发病６小时以内溶栓的患者血管再通率为７８．３％，明显高于６小时～２４小时溶栓者（３５．３％），Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：ｒｔＰＡ用于ＡＭＩ紧急溶栓的临床疗效明显优于ＵＫ，且副作用少。     

静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死患者对其室壁瘤形成的影响

目的：探讨静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者对其室壁瘤形成的影响。方法：对４８例首次ＡＭＩ患者接受静脉溶栓治疗后３周～４周进行左室造影检查。结果：获得梗死相关冠状动脉（冠脉）再通组与未通组分别为２５例和２３例，冠脉再通组发生室壁瘤３例（发生率为１２．０％），冠脉未通组发生室壁瘤１０例（发生率为４３．５％），２组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。再通组左心功能改善，左室射血分数（０．６１±０．１１）明显优于未通组（０．５１±０．１２），Ｐ＜０．０５。室性心律失常发生率再通组（２８．０％）低于未通组（５６．５％）。结论：ＡＭＩ静脉溶栓治疗后梗死相关冠脉再通可显著降低室壁瘤的发生率，改善患者的心功能和预后。     

硫酸镁对尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞的影响

目的：研究硫酸镁（ＭＳ）对尿激酶（ＵＫ）静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）的影响。方法：１００例ＡＭＩ住院患者随机分为ＭＳ＋ＵＫ组（ＭＵ组，５２例）和ＵＫ组（４８例）。ＭＵ组在静滴ＵＫ前后加用ＭＳ。结果：２组的再灌注率无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但ＭＵ组的再灌注心律失常（ＲＡ）发生率、４周病死率显著低于ＵＫ组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；开始治疗后并发的严重心律失常（ＳＡ）、心力衰竭（ＨＦ）及梗塞后心绞痛（ＰＩＡ）的发生率显著低于ＵＫ组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；休克、再梗塞（ＲＩ）及梗塞延展（ＩＥ）的发生率也均低于ＵＫ组（但Ｐ均＞０．０５）。结论：在ＵＫ静脉溶栓前后加用ＭＳ，可提高ＵＫ溶栓疗效，缩小梗塞面积，减少并发症，并有益于缺血再灌注损伤的防治。     

静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞远期预后的影响

目的：观察静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者远期预后的影响。方法：采用超声心动图、２４小时动态心电图、心电图运动试验及心室晚电位检查，对９４例接受溶栓治疗的ＡＭＩ患者进行６个月～３年的随访。结果：在６个月～３年的随访中，前壁再通组左房内径（ＬＡＤ）、左室舒张末内径（ＬＶＥＤ）和左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）均明显短于前壁未通组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；而下壁再通组与未通组ＬＡＤ、ＬＶＥＤ和ＬＶＥＦ无明显差别。再通组各种心律失常的发生率明显低于未通组，再通组的运动耐量明显高于未通组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。结论：静脉溶栓对改善前壁心肌梗塞患者远期心功能疗效显著，对下壁心肌梗塞患者心功能改善不明显；但静脉溶栓对前壁或下壁心肌梗塞患者，在减少远期心律失常的发生，增强运动耐量和提高生活质量方面均有着重要意义。     

直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术与冠状动脉内溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞的近期疗效比较

目的：探讨直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）与冠状动脉内溶栓（ＩＣＴ）治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）的近期临床疗效。方法：回顾分析１９９３年８月～１９９６年１２月ＡＭＩ胸痛后４５分钟～６小时〔平均（３．４±１．６）小时〕入院患者５２例临床资料，其中１９９５年８月前２４例行国产尿激酶ＩＣＴ，１９９５年８月后２８例行直接ＰＴＣＡ，以ＡＭＩ溶栓试验（ＴＩＭＩ）３级血流为血管再通标准。结果：ＩＣＴ与直接ＰＴＣＡ２组血管再通率分别为４１．７％和８９．３％（Ｐ＜０．００１），再通血管残留狭窄平均为９０．４％±６．７％和１４．５％±１０．３％（Ｐ＜０．００１），血管再通距胸痛发病时间２组差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５），再通存活患者梗塞后早期（起病后３０日内）心绞痛发生率分别为３０．０％（３／１０）和４．３％（１／２３），Ｐ＜０．０５。结论：在条件和设备允许的医院，可优先考虑直接ＰＴＣＡ治疗ＡＭＩ，以获彻底可靠的血管再通，ＩＣＴ可作为ＰＴＣＡ失败后的补充措施。     

急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗过程中血浆前列环素和血栓素A2的变化及其意义

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者溶栓治疗过程中血浆前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）及血栓素Ａ２（ＴＸＡ２）变化与再灌注损伤的关系。方法：将发病２４小时内入院的１０４例ＡＭＩ患者随机分为溶栓组６０例与未溶栓组４４例;溶栓组连续３日测定外周血ＰＧＩ２和ＴＸＡ２的代谢产物６酮前列腺素Ｆ１α（６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α）和血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）的浓度;并计算６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α／ＴＸＢ２比值（Ｋ／Ｔ）。结果：溶栓血管再通组（４２例）的６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α和ＴＸＢ２水平均高于溶栓血管未通组（１８例）和未溶栓组,以ＴＸＢ２增加的幅度更大,表现为溶栓血管再通组Ｋ／Ｔ比值显著低于后２组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;而溶栓血管未通组与未溶栓组间上述指标无显著性差异（Ｐ均＞０．０５）。另外,溶栓血管再通组中有再灌注心律失常者的Ｋ／Ｔ比值（０．７７±０．０７）显著低于无再灌注心律失常者（０．８８±０．１４,Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：ＡＭＩ时ＰＧＩ２与ＴＸＡ２平衡失调,其与再灌注心律失常的发生和冠状动脉再通的病理生理过程有关。溶栓治疗时,使用药物纠正ＰＧＩ２与ＴＸＡ２平衡失调可能有一定意义     

无心绞痛病史心肌梗塞患者的临床特征及预后

目的：探讨无心绞痛病史的心肌梗塞患者的临床特征及预后。方法：对１１８例无心绞痛病史的心肌梗塞患者（Ａ组）与同期２９３例心肌梗塞前反复出现心绞痛患者（Ｂ组）的临床及随诊资料作对比分析。结果：Ａ组５５．９３％患者诱因明显，多数患者发病年龄较轻，老年患者占１６．１０％，梗塞范围较大；Ｂ组有明显诱因患者仅占２９．３５％，老年患者占３７．２０％，两组比较均有非常显著性差异（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。此外在急性心肌梗塞和随诊期间Ａ组并发症多，病死率高，为９．３２％；Ｂ组病死率为４．１０％，两组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在随诊的３８４例中，Ａ组病死率，尤其是１年内的病死率较Ｂ组为高，且室壁瘤、心力衰竭、各种心律失常的发生率也均明显高于Ｂ组。结论：无心绞痛病史心肌梗塞患者心肌梗塞期间和远期预后不良，但若能在加强常规药物治疗的同时，尽早溶栓治疗并及时进行冠状动脉造影选择冠状动脉内球囊扩张术或冠状动脉旁路手术，可使相当部分患者预后得到改善。     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物与尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死疗效比较

目的：观察小剂量（５０ｍｇ）重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物（ｒｔＰＡ）与尿激酶（ＵＫ）静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效。方法：将患者随机分为ｒｔＰＡ和ＵＫ２组进行对比研究。结果：ｒｔＰＡ组冠状动脉（冠脉）总再通率为７５．０％,ＵＫ组冠脉总再通率为６１．３％。患者在发病＜３小时溶栓治疗,ｒｔＰＡ组冠脉再通率为８６．７％,ＵＫ组冠脉再通率为６６．７％,前者明显高于后者,但统计学处理尚无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,原因与例数较少有关;住院并发症和预后２组结果无明显差异,但平均ＣＣＵ时间和平均住院时间前者〔（７．１±１．２）日和（２２．５±６．１）日〕较后者〔（１１．７±３．１）日和（２７．３±７．３）日〕明显减少（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。结论：小剂量（５０ｍｇ）ｒｔＰＡ有良好的溶栓效果,冠脉再通率高,尤其在发病后３小时内进行治疗效果更佳;ｒｔＰＡ溶栓无出血不良反应发生,并能显著缩短患者平均住院时间。     

黄芪生脉散合尿激酶溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞的疗效观察

目的：探讨黄芪生脉散对急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）气虚血瘀、气滞血瘀型患者溶栓治疗的临床疗效的影响。方法：采用黄芪生脉散结合尿激酶（ＵＫ）溶栓治疗ＡＭＩ患者２２例（治疗组），并与２０例单用ＵＫ溶栓治疗者作对照（对照组）。结果：治疗组冠脉再通率为７２．７％，对照组冠脉再通率为６５．０％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；治疗组胸痛发生率１３．６％，对照组胸痛发生率５０．０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。实验室检查示：治疗组治疗后动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）、动脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）水平均明显升高（Ｐ均＜０．００１）；血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）水平均明显降低（Ｐ均＜０．００１）；全血粘度（ηｂ）、血浆粘度（ηｐ）水平均明显降低（Ｐ均＜０．０１）；与对照组比较均有显著性差异（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。结论：黄芪生脉散对气虚血瘀、气滞血瘀型ＡＭＩ患者ＵＫ溶栓治疗疗效有增强作用，并可改善心肌供血，防治胸痛和缓解机体应激状态等。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.